Code-switching attitudes and their effects on acceptability judgment tasks

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Badiola ◽  
Rodrigo Delgado ◽  
Ariane Sande ◽  
Sara Stefanich
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Acceptability Judgment

Abstract The present study examines the effects of code-switching (CS) attitudes in Acceptability Judgment Tasks (AJTs) among early Spanish/English bilinguals in the United States. In doing so, we explore whether negative attitudes towards CS result in lower/degraded ratings, and, likewise, whether positive attitudes result in higher acceptability ratings. Fifty Spanish/English bilinguals completed a survey that comprised a linguistic background questionnaire and a set of monolingual and code-switched sentences featuring two sets of stimuli, pro-drop (Sande, 2015) and pronouns (Koronkiewicz, 2014), that they rated on a 1–7 Likert scale; additionally, the survey included a final component that gathered information about the speakers’ attitudes towards CS. The pro-drop and pronouns code-switched stimuli gave rise to a total of four conditions. Results from a Linear Mixed Model revealed that all participants, regardless of attitude, distinguished between all Conditions. Furthermore, an effect for attitude was found for two of the conditions, such that the more positive the attitude, the higher the rating given on the AJT. In fact, these two conditions were composed of the CS structures that were rated higher by participants in Sande (2015) and Koronkiewicz (2014). No effect for attitude was found for CS structures that were rated low in the original studies. Thus, this investigation suggests that the attitudes that bilingual speakers have towards CS play a role in the ratings that they provide in AJTs, but in a manner that highlights, rather than obscures, the rule-governed nature of CS.

scholarly journals Antidiscrimination Interventions, Political Ads on Transgender Rights, and Public Opinion: Results From Two Survey Experiments on Adults in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew R. Flores ◽  
Donald P. Haider-Markel ◽  
Daniel C. Lewis ◽  
Patrick R. Miller ◽  
Jami K. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Attitude Change ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
The United States ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Transgender People ◽  
Political Advertisements ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Survey Experiments ◽  
Political Ads

Political advertisements can shift attitudes and behaviors to become more exclusionary toward social out-groups. However, people who engage in an antidiscrimination exercise in the context of an experiment may respond differently to such ads. What interventions might foster inclusive attitudes in the presence of political communications about social policy issues like transgender rights? We examined two scalable antidiscrimination exercises commonly used in applied settings: describing a personal narrative of discrimination and perspective-taking. We then showed people political ads that are favorable or opposed to transgender rights to determine whether those interventions moderate how receptive people are to the messages. Relying on two demographically representative survey experiments of adults in the United States (study 1 N = 1,291; study 2 N = 1,587), we found that personal recollections of discriminatory experiences did not reduce exclusionary attitudes, but perspective-taking had some effects, particularly among those who fully complied with the exercise. However, both studies revealed potential backfire effects; recalling a discriminatory experience induced negative attitudes among a subset of the participants, and participants who refused to perspective-take when prompted also held more negative attitudes. Importantly, political ads favorable toward transgender rights consistently resulted in more positive attitudes toward transgender people. Future work needs to carefully examine heterogeneous responses and resistance to antidiscrimination interventions and examine what particular aspects of the political ads induced the attitude change.

scholarly journals Distance Traveled and Cross-State Commuting to Opioid Treatment Programs in the United States

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Rosenblum ◽  
Charles M. Cleland ◽  
Chunki Fong ◽  
Deborah J. Kayman ◽  
Barbara Tempalski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Treatment Programs ◽  
Prescription Opioid ◽  
Heroin Use ◽  
Opioid Treatment ◽  
Mixed Model Analysis ◽  
Commuting Patterns

This study examined commuting patterns among 23,141 methadone patients enrolling in 84 opioid treatment programs (OTPs) in the United States. Patients completed an anonymous one-page survey. A linear mixed model analysis was used to predict distance traveled to the OTP. More than half (60%) the patients traveled <10 miles and 6% travelled between 50 and 200 miles to attend an OTP; 8% travelled across a state border to attend an OTP. In the multivariate model (n=17,792), factors significantly (P<.05) associated with distance were, residing in the Southeast or Midwest, low urbanicity, area of the patient's ZIP code, younger age, non-Hispanic white race/ethnicity, prescription opioid abuse, and no heroin use. A significant number of OTP patients travel considerable distances to access treatment. To reduce obstacles to OTP access, policy makers and treatment providers should be alert to patients' commuting patterns and to factors associated with them.

scholarly journals Background ozone over Canada and the United States

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 21111-21164 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Chan ◽  
R. J. Vet
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
The United States ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Background Ozone ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Decadal Scale

Abstract. Planetary boundary layer (PBL) ozone temporal variations were investigated on diurnal, seasonal and decadal scales in various regions across Canada and the United States for the period 1997–2006. Background ozone is difficult to quantify and define through observations. In light of the importance of its estimates for achievable policy targets, evaluation of health impacts and relationship with climate, background ozone mixing ratios were estimated. Principal Component Analyses (PCA) were performed using 97 non-urban ozone sites for each season to define contiguous regions. Backward air parcel trajectories were used to systematically select the cleanest background air cluster associated with the lowest May–September 95th percentile for each site. Decadal ozone trends were estimated by season for each PCA-derived region using a~generalized linear mixed model (GLMM). Background ozone mixing ratios were variable geographically and seasonally. For example, the mixing ratios annually ranged from 21 to 38, and 23 to 38 ppb for the continental Eastern Canada and Eastern US. The Pacific and Atlantic coastal regions typically had relatively low background levels ranging from 14 to 24, and 17 to 36 ppb, respectively. On the decadal scale, the direction and magnitude of trends are different in all seasons across the regions (−1.56 to +0.93 ppb/a). Trends increased in the Pacific region for all seasons. Background ozone decadal changes are shown to be masked by the much stronger regional signals in areas that have seen substantial reductions of ozone precursors since the early 2000s.

scholarly journals Code-Switching Among Kuwaitis in the Social Context: Attitudes and Practices

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Arwa AlRumaihi
Keyword(s):  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Bilingual Speaker ◽  
Arabic And English

This paper investigates the Kuwaiti attitudes and code-switching practices between the two most common languages used: Arabic and English. Additionally, it discusses which factors may affect how Kuwaitis code-switch, as well as their attitudes toward this phenomenon. In this study, a qualitative approach was used to collect data by conducting one-on-one interviews with seven participants. The study results showed that four of the seven participants had positive attitudes toward code-switching, whereas the remaining few had either neutral or negative attitudes. The thematic analysis of the qualitative narratives revealed that all of the participants habitually employed code-switching in their social interactions, despite their different attitudes. Being a bilingual speaker is an advantage&mdash;it can widen users&rsquo; horizons and open new socioeconomic opportunities thanks to globalization and English as a lingua franca. Therefore, parents, teachers, and policymakers are encouraged to work and help create bilingual speakers who are competent users of their mother tongue and their second language, English.

scholarly journals Marriage in the Melting Pot: An evolutionary approach to European ancestry, homogamy and fertility in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Schahbasi ◽  
Susanne Huber ◽  
Martin Fieder
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Census Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
European Ancestry ◽  
Melting Pot ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Variance Explained

AbstractObjectiveTo understand marriage patterns, homogamy and fertility of women of European ancestry in the United States from an evolutionary perspective we aim to investigate if a prevalence for ancestral homogamy exists, the factors influencing a female preference for an ancestral homogamous vs. an heterogamous marriage, if an ancestral homogamous vs. heterogamous marriages influences fertility and if there is an inherted component of the tendency to marry homogamously vs. heterogamously. Furthermore we aim to determine the heritability of homogamous vs. heterogamous marriage behaviour.MethodsWe used the census data of 369,121 US women married only once and aged between 46 and 60 years, provided by IPUMS USA (https://usa.ipums.org/usa/). We used linear mixed models to determine associations of the probability of a homogamous vs. heterogamous marriage and the individual fertility of a women. We aimed to estimate the heritability (in our case genetic & parental environment) of marriage behaviour using a linear mixed model.ResultsWe found, that ancestral heterogamous marriages are more frequent (56.5%), compared to homogamous marriages (43.5%). Most of the variance in inter- ancestry marriage and fertility is explained by ancestry per se, followed by the ratio of individuals of a certain ancestral background in a county: the more individuals of a certain ancestry live in a county the lower is the tendency to marry someone of a different ancestral background. Furthermore we found that about 11.8% of the marriage behaviour is heritable. Being in a homogamous marriage as well as the income of the spouse are both significantly positively associated with the number of children a women has and the probability that a women has at least one child.DiscussionThe most important explaining factor (in terms of variance explained) for being in an ancestral homogamous vs. heterogamous marriage, for number of children, as well as childlessness is the ancestry of the women. Albeit we are not able to distinguish the genetic and social heritability on basis of our data, with a total value of 11.8% variance explained, only a small heritability for in-group vs, out-group marriage behaviour is indicated.

Integration to Inclusion in Hong Kong: Not an Easy Progression

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Peter Westwood
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Inclusive Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
Academic Standards ◽  
Education Policies ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Large Class Size ◽  
Inclusive Schooling ◽  
Education In Hong Kong

Abstract This article describes the evolution of inclusive education in Hong Kong, moving from segregation via integration to inclusion. The outside influence of education policies and trends from Britain, Australia, and the United States are identified, and the current situation is described. In particular, obstacles that are encountered on the route to inclusion are compared with those found in other countries. These obstacles include large class size, teachers’ often negative attitudes, parents’ expectations, teachers’ lack of expertise for adapting the curriculum and for providing differentiated teaching, and ongoing conflicts between the notion of ‘inclusive schooling for all’ and the ‘academic standards agenda’.

North American Attitudes toward Immigrants and Immigration in the Time of COVID-19: The Role of National Attachment and Threat

2021 ◽  
Vol 697 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-173
Author(s):  
Victoria M. Esses ◽  
Alina Sutter ◽  
Joanie Bouchard ◽  
Kate H. Choi ◽  
Patrick Denice
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Attitudes Toward Immigrants ◽  
Country Level ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Immigration Attitudes ◽  
National Attachment ◽  
National Representative Survey

Using a cross-national representative survey conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, we examine predictors of attitudes toward immigrants and immigration in Canada and the United States, including general and COVID-related nationalism, patriotism, and perceived personal and national economic and health threats. In both countries, nationalism, particularly COVID-related nationalism, predicted perceptions that immigration levels were too high and negative attitudes toward immigrants. Patriotism predicted negative immigration attitudes in the United States but not in Canada, where support for immigration and multiculturalism are part of national identity. Conversely, personal and national economic threat predicted negative immigration attitudes in Canada more than in the United States. In both countries, national health threat predicted more favorable views of immigration levels and attitudes toward immigrants, perhaps because many immigrants have provided frontline health care during the pandemic. Country-level cognition in context drives immigration attitudes and informs strategies for supporting more positive views of immigrants and immigration.

A comparative study of piano performance programs at university-level institutions in China and the United States: From current faculty members’ and students’ perspectives

2021 ◽  
pp. 025576142110657
Author(s):  
Yuan Jiang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Faculty Members ◽  
Prospective Students ◽  
Piano Performance ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Challenging Tasks ◽  
Applied Lessons ◽  
University Level ◽  
And Performance

This study investigated the perceptions of piano performance programs in higher education from current collegiate students and faculty members’ perspectives in China and the United States. Participants were from representative university-level institutions in the U.S. ( n = 41) and China ( n = 130). They were sent a questionnaire concerning (a) the factors that motivate students to pursue a piano performance degree, (b) the most important educational practices in their programs, (c) the most challenging tasks the students encounter, (d) students’ career goal, and (e) faculty members’ suggestions for prospective students and opinions on improving the piano performance programs. A summary of students and faculty members’ perceptions were outlined and the comparison between the two countries were explored. It is encouraging that not only students gave careful attention toward the applied lessons and performance opportunities in their studies, but also that a large percentage of the students believed they received excellent advice regarding practice strategies and artistry in their applied lessons in both countries. Most of the faculty participants in both countries expressed positive attitudes regarding the piano performance programs in their universities. By providing statistically significant data, this study provides a comprehensive vision for institutions to continue establishing piano programs.

scholarly journals Religious Americans Have Less Positive Attitudes Toward Science, but This Does Not Extend to Other Cultures

2020 ◽  
pp. 194855062092323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathon McPhetres ◽  
Jonathan Jong ◽  
Miron Zuckerman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Attitudes Toward Science ◽  
The United States ◽  
Science And Religion ◽  
Religion And Science ◽  
Interest In Science ◽  
Scientific Advancement ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
The World ◽  
Cross National

It is commonly claimed that science and religion are logically and psychologically at odds with one another. However, previous studies have mainly examined American samples; therefore, generalizations about antagonism between religion and science may be unwarranted. We examined the correlation between religiosity and attitudes toward science across 11 studies including representative data from 60 countries ( N = 66,438), nine convenience samples from the United States ( N = 2,160), and a cross-national panel sample from five understudied countries ( N = 1,048). Results show that, within the United States, religiosity is consistently associated with lower interest in science topics and activities and less positive explicit and implicit attitudes toward science. However, this relationship is inconsistent around the world, with positive, negative, and null correlations being observed in various countries. Our findings are inconsistent with the idea that science and religion are necessarily at odds, undermining common theories of scientific advancement undermining religion.

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