Clinal Variation in the Common Brown Butterfly Heteronympha merope merope (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae)

1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 631 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Pearse ◽  
ND Murray
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Random Processes ◽  
Adaptive Significance ◽  
Clinal Variation ◽  
Wing Pattern ◽  
The Common ◽  
Interpopulation Variation ◽  
Pattern Of Variation ◽  
East West

Analyses of variation in seven wing pattern characters in H. merope merope females, from 22 sites throughout the range of the subspecies, show that the variation generally has a substantial genetic component. All characters exhibit significant interpopulation variation and one character (S) shows an obvious clinal pattern in a north-south direction. Variation in the total wing phenotype was examined by a multivariate principal component analysis. The first two principal components identified also show a clinal pattern: a north-south cline in component 1 and an east-west cline in component 2. Variation in component 1 is significantly associated with winter humidity and that in the second with yearly rainfall. Because the components cannot be identified simply as size, shape or colour vectors the possible adaptive significance of the results is not clear, although there is some indirect evidence that the pattern of variation is due to natural selection rather than random processes.

scholarly journals Integrating Welfare and Production Typologies: How Refinements of the Varieties of Capitalism Approach call for a Combination of Welfare Typologies

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARTIN SCHRÖDER
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Varieties Of Capitalism ◽  
Welfare Regimes ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
The Common ◽  
Historical Heritage ◽  
And Cluster Analysis ◽  
New Literature

AbstractThis article argues that existing typologies on production and welfare regimes should be combined into a typology unifying the study of production and distribution in advanced capitalist countries. The article utilises a principal component and cluster analysis to show that such a typology indeed reflects the empirical diversity of countries. This is further illustrated by a brief literature review of different typologies. It is then shown how the integration of the two approaches helps to resolve problems addressed in the new literature on the varieties of capitalism approach, notably how welfare arrangements relate to production systems. Thereby, the relevance of an integrated typology for policy-makers in the fields of welfare and production will be illustrated. Lastly, some thoughts follow on how an integrated typology allows for a perspective that explains the development of various welfare and production regimes based on the common historical heritage of families of nations.

scholarly journals Variation of Phenotypic Traits in Twelve Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) Genotypes and Two F2 Bi-Parental Segregating Populations

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1451
Author(s):  
Xiuqing Gao ◽  
Aliyu Siise Abdullah Bamba ◽  
Aloyce Callist Kundy ◽  
Kumbirai Ivyne Mateva ◽  
Hui Hui Chai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern Africa ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Bambara Groundnut ◽  
Structured Populations ◽  
Phenotypic Trait ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Vigna Subterranea ◽  
East West

Underutilised species such as bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) have the potential to contribute significantly to meeting food and nutritional needs worldwide. We evaluated phenotypic traits in twelve bambara groundnut genotypes from East, West and Southern Africa and Southeast Asia and two F2 bi-parental segregating populations derived from IITA-686 ×Tiga Nicuru and S19-3 ×DodR to determine phenotypic trait variation and their potential contribution to the development of improved crop varieties. All phenotypic traits in twelve genotypes were significantly influenced (p < 0.01) by genotypes. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that PC1 accounted for 97.33% variation and was associated with four genotypes collected from East and Southern Africa. PC2 accounted for 2.48% of the variation and was associated with five genotypes collected from East, West and Southern Africa. Transgressive segregation for a number of traits was observed in the two F2 bi-parental populations, as some individual lines in the segregating populations showed trait values greater or less than their parents. The variability between twelve genotypes and the two F2 bi-parental segregating populations and the negative relationship between plant architectural traits and yield related traits provide resources for development of structured populations and breeding lines for bambara groundnut breeding programme.

scholarly journals Restaurant’s Multidimensional Evaluation Concerning Food Quality, Service, and Sustainable Practices: A Cross-National Case Study of Poland and Lithuania

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Trafialek ◽  
Ewa Czarniecka-Skubina ◽  
Jurgita Kulaitiené ◽  
Nijolė Vaitkevičienė
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Sustainable Practices ◽  
Multidimensional Evaluation ◽  
Meal Quality ◽  
Food Losses ◽  
The Common ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
Cross National

The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze consumer choices and evaluate the restaurant service quality, including quality of meals and services, and sustainability practices in restaurants in Warsaw and Kaunas. Our research was conducted using a sample of 1200 adult Poles and Lithuanians. Polish and Lithuanian consumers used catering services with varying frequencies. Different elements influenced their choice of restaurant. However, the common feature was the quality of meals, which in Lithuania was compared only with the price of meals, and with other elements in Poland. In the context of restaurant’s sustainable practices, it has been revealed that surveyed consumers had only partially fit into the contemporary consumption trends. In both countries, consumers have appreciated the use of reusable cutlery and crockery, as well as local and seasonal ingredients, while they did not pay attention to sustainable restaurant practices, such as the use of alternative sources of protein, environmentally friendly forms of energy, and reducing waste and minimization of food losses. The use of cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) allowed a comprehensive assessment of consumer opinions on restaurants in terms of meal quality and service as well as sustainable practices. Restaurateurs should monitor the satisfaction of their customers and recognize the changing needs and habits of consumers.

scholarly journals Hygienic tendencies correlate with low geohelminth infection in free-ranging macaques

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 20150757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecile Sarabian ◽  
Andrew J. J. MacIntosh
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Japanese Macaques ◽  
Infection Risk ◽  
Risk Sensitivity ◽  
Health Maintenance ◽  
Maintenance Strategies ◽  
Food Items ◽  
The Common ◽  
Field Experimentation ◽  
Free Ranging

Parasites are ubiquitous in nature and can be costly to animal fitness, so hosts have evolved behavioural counter-strategies to mitigate infection risk. We investigated feeding-related infection-avoidance strategies in Japanese macaques via field-experimentation and observation. We first examined risk sensitivity during foraging tasks involving faecally contaminated or debris-covered food items, and then investigated individual tendencies to manipulate food items during natural foraging bouts. We concurrently monitored geohelminth infection in all subjects. We ran a principal component analysis on the observational/experimental data to generate a hygienic index across individuals and found that hygienic tendencies towards faeces avoidance and food manipulation correlated negatively with geohelminth infection. Females scored higher in hygienic tendencies than males, which might contribute to the common vertebrate pattern of male-biased infection. The behavioural tendencies observed may reflect a general form of hygiene, providing a mechanism of behavioural immunity against parasites with implications for the evolution and diversification of health maintenance strategies in humans.

Female sociality in the common eider duck during brood rearing

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 3326-3331 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. Schmutz ◽  
R. J. Robertson ◽  
F. Cooke
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Care ◽  
Adaptive Significance ◽  
Common Eider ◽  
Somateria Mollissima ◽  
Brood Rearing ◽  
The Common ◽  
Nutrient Reserves ◽  
Prolactin Hormone

This study investigates the potential adaptive significance of the behavior of female common eider ducks (Somateria mollissima) which have no young of their own ("aunts") but accompany other females and young. "Aunts" exhibited ambivalent aggression and protection toward ducklings. There was no evidence that the presence of "aunts" enhanced the survival of the ducklings they accompanied. Both females which had their clutch removed and females which had not laid eggs behaved as "aunts." The level of circulating prolactin hormone in "aunts" was lower than in incubating females and similar to the basal level of males. We therefore rejected the hypothesis that maternal care was misdirected during hormonal adjustment from breeding to nonbreeding. We suggest that "aunts" which have lost a clutch or brood, spend some time feeding away from the colony, and then return to the nesting grounds after replenishing their nutrient reserves. Upon returning, "aunts" may select sites for nesting in future years. During this time, they are temporarily attracted to broods. We propose that "aunts" flock and fend off predators during an attack in an attempt to seek safety in a flock rather than to protect ducklings of other females.

The Species Problem within Gasterosteus aculeatus on the Pacific Coast of North America

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Hagen ◽  
J. D. McPhail
Keyword(s):  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Simple Explanation ◽  
Species Problem ◽  
Insufficient Evidence ◽  
As Species ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Interpopulation Variation ◽  
Pattern Of Variation ◽  
Conclusive Data

Two kinds of Gasterosteus aculeatus, leiurus and trachurus, are considered species in several streams and lakes in British Columbia. The two sticklebacks may act as species over a much wider range, but at present there is insufficient evidence for firm conclusions. The data of Miller and Hubbs (Copeia 1969: 52–69, 1969) given as evidence for introgression between leiurus and trachurus on the Pacific coast cannot be taken as well established. Should conclusive data for introgression be forthcoming, it would then seem that the two sticklebacks act as species in places and as subspecies in others. At least along the Pacific coast the pattern of variation found within Gasterosteus is exceedingly complex and cannot be accounted for wholly upon any simple explanation in terms of hybridization between leiurus and trachurus. There is evidence that much of the interpopulation variation is a result of adaptation and natural selection — not introgression. It will in fact require much more investigation before we can proclaim the causes of the variation we see so strikingly in Gasterosteus.

scholarly journals Condition Monitoring of Sensors in a NPP Using Optimized PCA

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Wei Li ◽  
Minjun Peng ◽  
Yongkuo Liu ◽  
Shouyu Cheng ◽  
Nan Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fault Detection ◽  
Condition Monitoring ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Fault Detection And Isolation ◽  
Pca Method ◽  
The Common ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Selection Stage

An optimized principal component analysis (PCA) framework is proposed to implement condition monitoring for sensors in a nuclear power plant (NPP) in this paper. Compared with the common PCA method in previous research, the PCA method in this paper is optimized at different modeling procedures, including data preprocessing stage, modeling parameter selection stage, and fault detection and isolation stage. Then, the model’s performance is greatly improved through these optimizations. Finally, sensor measurements from a real NPP are used to train the optimized PCA model in order to guarantee the credibility and reliability of the simulation results. Meanwhile, artificial faults are sequentially imposed to sensor measurements to estimate the fault detection and isolation ability of the proposed PCA model. Simulation results show that the optimized PCA model is capable of detecting and isolating the sensors regardless of whether they exhibit major or small failures. Meanwhile, the quantitative evaluation results also indicate that better performance can be obtained in the optimized PCA method compared with the common PCA method.

scholarly journals The population of the medieval Plyos (based on archaeological excavations of the Varvara necropolis in Plyos, modern Ivanovo Region)

2020 ◽  
pp. 161-170
Author(s):  
S.V. Vasilyev ◽  
S.B. Borutskaya ◽  
V.A. Averin ◽  
S.Yu. Frizen
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Human Skeletal Remains ◽  
Volga River ◽  
Facial Profile ◽  
Intergroup Comparison ◽  
The Common ◽  
Limb Proportions ◽  
Archaeological Excavations

Traditionally, the emergence of the Russian medieval town of Plyos is attributed to the second half of the 12th c., when a fortress was built on the Sobornaya Mountain (upper part), and a settlement emerged in the lower area on the left bank of the River Shokhonka, right-bank tributary of the Volga River. Craftsmen and fishermen quar-ters, which presumably had appeared long before the fortress, located on the other side of Shokhonka. Plyos was first mentioned in written sources in 1141. During the archaeological excavations in the Varvarinskaya street (Varvara necropolis) on the territory of modern Plyos town (Ivanovo Region), managed by the «Ivanovo Archaeo-logical Expedition» company, human skeletal remains dated to the 10th–13th c. were found. This palaeoanthro-pological material characterizes the population which inhabited the Upper Volga region (Verkhnee Povolzhye) in the Middle Ages. The aim of this study was to analyse the formation of the anthropological features of the medie-val town population and assess its physical appearance. Material and methods: 17 skulls (11 male and 6 female) were examined according to standard craniological protocol, 19 uncomplete postcranial skeletons were measured following the standard osteometric protocol with some authors modifications: we present detailed data on the postcranial skeletons and the analysis of limb proportions and robustness of the long bones. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used for intergroup comparison with craniological series from ten different Russian and Belo-russian towns (11th–16th c.). Major results and conclusions. Presented paleoanthropological study has revealed a number of characteristics for the male skulls, associated with elongated cranium, average-high face and sharp horizontal facial profile. The female skulls exhibit mesocrania and smoother naso-molar area profile. Morphologi-cal analysis of the postcranial skeletons has demonstrated relatively elongated forearms and shortened shins in individuals from this burial ground. Reconstructed living stature of the males appears to be above average, and for women, on the contrary, below average. The problem of the common and specific patterns in the formation of the anthropological traits of the medieval town population cannot be addressed with the available anthropological material. However, PCA of the studied craniological sample indicates that the males are morphologically related to the medieval individuals from Yaroslavl (Russia) and partly to those from Novogrudok (Belarus). Thus, medie-val men buried on the territory of Plyos were undoubtedly related to (presumable) retainers buried in the sanitary graves in Yaroslavl.

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