scholarly journals Variation of Phenotypic Traits in Twelve Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) Genotypes and Two F2 Bi-Parental Segregating Populations

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1451
Author(s):  
Xiuqing Gao ◽  
Aliyu Siise Abdullah Bamba ◽  
Aloyce Callist Kundy ◽  
Kumbirai Ivyne Mateva ◽  
Hui Hui Chai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern Africa ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Bambara Groundnut ◽  
Structured Populations ◽  
Phenotypic Trait ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Vigna Subterranea ◽  
East West

Underutilised species such as bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) have the potential to contribute significantly to meeting food and nutritional needs worldwide. We evaluated phenotypic traits in twelve bambara groundnut genotypes from East, West and Southern Africa and Southeast Asia and two F2 bi-parental segregating populations derived from IITA-686 ×Tiga Nicuru and S19-3 ×DodR to determine phenotypic trait variation and their potential contribution to the development of improved crop varieties. All phenotypic traits in twelve genotypes were significantly influenced (p < 0.01) by genotypes. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that PC1 accounted for 97.33% variation and was associated with four genotypes collected from East and Southern Africa. PC2 accounted for 2.48% of the variation and was associated with five genotypes collected from East, West and Southern Africa. Transgressive segregation for a number of traits was observed in the two F2 bi-parental populations, as some individual lines in the segregating populations showed trait values greater or less than their parents. The variability between twelve genotypes and the two F2 bi-parental segregating populations and the negative relationship between plant architectural traits and yield related traits provide resources for development of structured populations and breeding lines for bambara groundnut breeding programme.

scholarly journals Multivariate trait analysis reveals diatom plasticity constrained to a reduced set of biological axes

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Phoebe A. Argyle ◽  
Nathan G. Walworth ◽  
Jana Hinners ◽  
Sinéad Collins ◽  
Naomi M. Levine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Marine Diatom ◽  
Phenotypic Trait ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Phytoplankton Ecology ◽  
Biogeochemical Models ◽  
Trade Offs

AbstractTrait-based approaches to phytoplankton ecology have gained traction in recent decades as phenotypic traits are incorporated into ecological and biogeochemical models. Here, we use high-throughput phenotyping to explore both intra- and interspecific constraints on trait combinations that are expressed in the cosmopolitan marine diatom genus Thalassiosira. We demonstrate that within Thalassiosira, phenotypic diversity cannot be predicted from genotypic diversity, and moreover, plasticity can create highly divergent phenotypes that are incongruent with taxonomic grouping. Significantly, multivariate phenotypes can be represented in reduced dimensional space using principal component analysis with 77.7% of the variance captured by two orthogonal axes, here termed a ‘trait-scape’. Furthermore, this trait-scape can be recovered with a reduced set of traits. Plastic responses to the new environments expanded phenotypic trait values and the trait-scape, however, the overall pattern of response to the new environments was similar between strains and many trait correlations remained constant. These findings demonstrate that trait-scapes can be used to reveal common constraints on multi-trait plasticity in phytoplankton with divergent underlying phenotypes. Understanding how to integrate trait correlational constraints and trade-offs into theoretical frameworks like biogeochemical models will be critical to predict how microbial responses to environmental change will impact elemental cycling now and into the future.

scholarly journals Morphological Variation in Selected Accessions of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc) in South Africa

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amara Evangeline Unigwe ◽  
Abe Shegro Gerrano ◽  
Patrick Adebola ◽  
Michael Pillay
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Quantitative Traits ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Bambara Groundnut ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Vigna Subterranea ◽  
Subsistence Level

<p>Bambara groundnut (<em>Vigna subterranea </em>L. Verdc) is an underutilized crop in the African continent. It is a drought tolerant crop and fixes atmospheric nitrogen. Bambara groundnut is primarily grown for the protein content of its seeds and is mainly produced by small scale farmers at subsistence level. The objective of the study was to assess the morphological variation of landraces of bambara groundnut in South Africa. Thirty accessions of bambara groundnut were evaluated for their variability in agronomic and morphological traits. The field experiment was conducted at ARC-VOPI in Roodeplaat research farm during the 2014/2015 summer cropping season. The field trial was arranged as a complete randomized block design with three replications. Eighteen quantitative traits were recorded to estimate the level of genetic variability among accessions. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the phenotypic traits evaluated. The UPGMA cluster analysis based on the quantitative traits produced four distinct groups of genotypes and a singleton. Genotypes SB11-1A, SB19-1A, SB12-3B and Bambara-12 were found to possess good vegetative characters and are recommended for use as suitable parents when breeding cultivars for fodder production. Desirable yield and yield-related traits were identified in B7-1, SB4-4C, SB19-1A, Bambara-12 and SB16-5A and are recommended as suitable parental lines for bambara groundnut grain production improvement. The phenotypic characters therefore provide a useful measure of genetic variability among bambara genotypes and will enable the identification of potential parental materials for future breeding programs in South Africa.</p>

scholarly journals DNA fingerprinting, fixation-index (Fst), and admixture mapping of selected Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea [L.] Verdc.) accessions using ISSR markers system

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Mahmudul Hasan Khan ◽  
Mohd Y. Rafii ◽  
Shairul Izan Ramlee ◽  
Mashitah Jusoh ◽  
Md Al Mamun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Issr Markers ◽  
Bambara Groundnut ◽  
Fixation Index ◽  
Vigna Subterranea ◽  
Information Index ◽  
Issr Primers

AbstractAs a new crop in Malaysia, forty-four Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. verdc.) genotypes were sampled from eleven distinct populations of different origins to explore the genetic structure, genetic inconsistency, and fixation index. The Bambara groundnut, an African underutilized legume, has the capacity to boost food and nutrition security while simultaneously addressing environmental sustainability, food availability, and economic inequalities. A set of 32 ISSRs were screened out of 96 primers based on very sharp, clear, and reproducible bands which detected a total of 510 loci with an average of 97.64% polymorphism. The average calculated value of PIC = 0.243, RP = 5.30, H = 0.285, and MI = 0.675 representing the efficiency of primer set for genetic differentiation among the genotypes. The ISSR primers revealed the number of alleles (Na = 1.97), the effective number of alleles (Ne = 1.38), Nei's genetic diversity (h = 0.248), and a moderate level of gene flow (Nm = 2.26) across the genotypes studied. The estimated Shannon’s information index (I = 0.395) indicates a high level of genetic variation exists among the accessions. Based on Nei’s genetic dissimilarity a UPMGA phylogenetic tree was constructed and grouped the entire genotypes into 3 major clusters and 6 subclusters. PCA analysis revealed that first principal component extracted maximum variation (PC1 = 13.92%) than second principal component (PC2 = 12.59%). Bayesian model-based STRUCTURE analysis assembled the genotypes into 3 (best ΔK = 3) genetic groups. The fixation-index (Fst) analysis narrated a very great genetic diversity (Fst = 0.19 to 0.40) exists within the accessions of these 3 clusters. This investigation specifies the effectiveness of the ISSR primers system for the molecular portrayal of V. subterranea genotypes that could be used for genetic diversity valuation, detection, and tagging of potential genotypes with quick, precise, and authentic measures for this crop improvement through effective breeding schemes.

scholarly journals Genetic Variability, Heritability, and Clustering Pattern Exploration of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc) Accessions for the Perfection of Yield and Yield-Related Traits

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Md Mahmudul Hasan Khan ◽  
Mohd Y. Rafii ◽  
Shairul Izan Ramlee ◽  
Mashitah Jusoh ◽  
Al Mamun
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Bambara Groundnut ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Genetic Advance ◽  
Vigna Subterranea ◽  
Pair Group ◽  
Upgma Cluster Analysis ◽  
Clustering Pattern

Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc.) is considered an emerging crop for the future and known as a crop for the new millennium. The core intention of this research work was to estimate the variation of landraces of Bambara groundnut considering their 14 qualitative and 27 numerical traits, to discover the best genotype fitted in Malaysia. The findings of the ANOVA observed a highly significant variation ( p ≤ 0.01 ) for all the traits evaluated. There was a substantial variation (7.27 to 41.21%) coefficient value, and 14 out of the 27 numerical traits noted coefficient   of   variation   CV ≥ 20 % . Yield (kg/ha) disclosed positively strong to perfect high significant correlation ( r = 0.75 to 1.00; p ≤ 0.001 ) with traits like fresh pod weight, dry pod weight, and dry seed weight. The topmost PCV and GCV values were estimated for biomass dry (41.09%) and fresh (40.53%) weight with high heritability (Hb) and genetic advance (GA) Hb = 95.19 %, GA = 80.57 % and Hb = 98.52 %, GA = 82.86 %, respectively. The topmost heritability was recorded for fresh pod weight (99.89%) followed by yield (99.75%) with genetic advance 67.95% and 62.03%, respectively. The traits with Hb ≥ 60 % and G A ≥ 20 % suggested the least influenced by the environment as well as governed by the additive genes and direct selection for improvement of such traits can be beneficial. To estimate the genetic variability among accessions, the valuation of variance components, coefficients of variation, heritability, and genetic advance were calculated. To authenticate the genetic inequality, an unweighted pair group produced with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) and principal component analysis was executed based on their measurable traits that could be a steadfast method for judging the degree of diversity. Based on the UPGMA cluster analysis, constructed five distinct clusters and 44 accessions from clusters II and IV consider an elite type of genotypes that produce more than one ton yield per hectare land with desirable traits. This study exposed an extensive disparity among the landraces and the evidence on genetic relatives will be imperative in using the existing germplasm for Bambara groundnut varietal improvement. Moreover, this finding will be beneficial for breeders to choose the desirable numerical traits of V. subterranea in their future breeding program.

scholarly journals Characteristics of the Underutilised Pulse Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) Relevant to Food & Nutritional Security

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 199
Author(s):  
Razlin Azman Halimi ◽  
Bronwyn J. Barkla ◽  
Sean Mayes ◽  
Graham J. King
Keyword(s):  
Seed Oil ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Bambara Groundnut ◽  
Species Variation ◽  
Vigna Subterranea ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Nutritional Security ◽  
Total Fatty Acids ◽  
Underutilised Crops

Underutilised crops contribute only marginally to global food and nutritional security, despite their regional nutritional, economic, and cultural significance. Their potential to make a greater contribution is often overlooked, in part due to the scarcity of data reflecting the range of nutritional variation. Bambara groundnut (BG; Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.), a pulse native to West Africa has been proposed as an exemplar underutilised crop. We analysed variation in the major nutritional components of 100 BG accessions of diverse geographical origins and compared these values with representatives of four related pulse crops. We found considerable intra-species variation for major components: 13.8–26.4% protein, 4.6–8.2% oil, 0.9–12.9% total dietary fibre, and 47.8–71.4% available carbohydrate. The range in seed protein and oil concentrations was similar to that measured in chickpea and mungbean. Linoleic (C18:2, n-6) accounted for up to 48% of total fatty acids in BG seed oil, and oleic (C18:1, n-9) up to 28%, with palmitic (C16:0) representing the other major component. Principal component analysis indicated that oleic, behenic (C22:0) and lignoceric (C24:0) acids are strongly associated with seed oil concentration. These data were obtained from material where there has been no systematic selection for enhancement of nutritional composition. The range of variation suggests that there is potential within the BG genepool to develop distinct sets of high-protein, high-oil cultivars. With the addition of more detailed genomic information, BG could benefit from similar breeding approaches that have been successfully adopted for crops such as cowpea and soybean.

Genetic Inconsistency Assessment and Selection Criteria of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L.Verdc.) Landraces for High Yield Revealed by Qualitative and Quantitative traits

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Mahmudul Hasan Khan ◽  
Mohd Y. Rafii ◽  
Shairul Izan Ramlee ◽  
Mashitah Jusoh ◽  
Md Al-Mamun
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Quantitative Traits ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Bambara Groundnut ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Genetic Advance ◽  
Vigna Subterranea

Abstract As a crop for the new millennium Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc.) considered as leading legumes in the tropical regions due to its versatile advantages. The main intent of this study was to find out the high yielding potential genotypes and considering these genotypes to develop pure lines for commercial cultivation in Malaysia. Considering the 14 qualitative and 27 quantitative traits of fifteen landraces the variation and genetic parameters namely, variability, heritability, genetic advance, characters association, and cluster matrix were determined. ANOVA revealed significant variation for all the agronomic traits (except plant height). Among the accessions, highly significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) were found for almost all the traits excluding fifty percent flowering date, seed length, seed width. The 16 traits out of the 27 quantitative traits had a coefficient of variation (CV) ≥ 20%. A positive and intermediate to perfect highly significant association (r = 0.23 to 1.00; P < 0.00) was found between yield and its related traits. The trait dry seed weight per plant (g) had the highest GCV = 59.91% and PCV = 59.57% whereas the trait fresh pod weight (99.55%), dry seed weight (98.86%), and yield (98.10%) were highly heritable. The genetic advance recorded the highest for dry seed weight (122.01%) and lowest (3.97%) for plant height. To validate the genetic disparity, an unweighted pair-group produce with arithmetic mean (UPGMA), principal component analysis (PCA), and Hˊ-index was performed considering 27 quantitative traits. The constructed dendrogram showed five distinct groups of accessions. Genotypes G2, G3, and G9 from Group IV consider as promising lines which gave 70.05% higher mean yield compared to grand mean yield (1180 kg ha-1) with desirable traits. Group II had a maximum number of accessions while group III and group V had one of each. However, findings declared that the availability of genetic variance will be beneficial for this crop improvement and plant breeders to prefer desirable traits in V. subterranea L. Verdc. for further breeding purposes.

scholarly journals Selection for Yield Improvement in Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-53
Author(s):  
Nwakuche C. Onwubiko ◽  
Michael I. Uguru ◽  
Grace O. Chimdi
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Bambara Groundnut ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Vigna Subterranea ◽  
Seed Shape ◽  
Seed Length ◽  
High Positive Correlation

Selection as the most practical and economical way of improving yield in an extreme autogamous crop was carried out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications, with thirty three accessions of Bambara groundnut {Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc}. Qualitative characters displayed a reasonable range of variation except for eye pattern, seed shape, pod texture and growth habit. The result on the analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant differences (p0.05) for all traits except for plant height, number of leaves per plant and seed length that were statistically insignificant. The principal component analysis result revealed that eight components (Eigen values ≥ 1) accounted for 78.36 % of the phenotypic variance, and quantitative traits revealed more phenotypic variation among the accessions Pearson’s correlation coefficient showed that petiole length (r= 0.64), vigour index (r= 0.49), seed length (r=0.53), canopy width (r=0.38), and internode length (0.58). had a high positive correlation with seed yield. Ranking of the accessions based on significantly strong correlated traits with yield using the rank summation index (RSI) method, and the selection of the best top 5% of the entries identified accessions TVSU 1688 and 1638 with RSI scores of 31 and 43 respectively as the best high yielding Bambara groundnut lines. Correspondingly, accessions TVSU 1688 and 1638 had the highest mean seed yield per plant of 1150.5g and 720.8g respectively in the 3-year field evaluation; which further confirmed the precision of the ranking and selection result. Invariably these two accessions were inherently high yielding Bambara groundnut accessions.

scholarly journals Assessment of genetic diversity and structure of Bambara groundnut [Vigna subterranea (L.) verdc.] landraces in South Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adré Minnaar-Ontong ◽  
Abe S. Gerrano ◽  
Maryke T. Labuschagne
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Ssr Markers ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Bambara Groundnut ◽  
Vigna Subterranea ◽  
Legume Crop ◽  
Population Structure Analysis ◽  
Genetic Diversity And Structure

AbstractWith its drought tolerant and protein-rich properties, Bambara groundnut [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.], an indigenous African legume crop can contribute immensely to food security. This miracle crop is used as food and for the enhancement of soil fertility in South Africa. Knowledge on the genetic diversity and structure among the Bambara groundnut landraces can pave the way for the effective use and cultivation of this crop in southern Africa, especially South Africa. The aim of this study was to assess the genetic diversity and structure among Bambara groundnut landraces collected across South Africa and compared to a limited number of accessions from southern Africa using SSR markers. Seventy-eight Bambara groundnut accessions were genotyped using 19 Bambara specific SSR markers. SSR loci explored in this study, were all polymorphic. A total of 127 alleles were detected with a mean of 6.7 alleles per locus. Allele diversity and frequency among genotypes varied from 0.21 to 0.85 with an average of 0.62 per locus. Genetic variation as described by the analysis of molecular variance indicated higher genetic diversity (92%) within landraces than between (8%) different landraces. Population structure analysis showed that three subpopulations existed, and most of the South African accessions were restricted to one subpopulation, indicating that Bambara landraces has the ability to form unique haplotypes in different environments. Information harnessed in this study is helpful for further use in breeding programs for crop improvement.

scholarly journals Genetic analysis and selection of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea [L.] Verdc.) landraces for high yield revealed by qualitative and quantitative traits

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Mahmudul Hasan Khan ◽  
Mohd Y. Rafii ◽  
Shairul Izan Ramlee ◽  
Mashitah Jusoh ◽  
Md Al Mamun
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Quantitative Traits ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Bambara Groundnut ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Genetic Advance ◽  
Vigna Subterranea

AbstractAs a crop for the new millennium Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea [L.] Verdc.) considered as leading legumes in the tropical regions due to its versatile advantages. The main intent of this study was to find out the high yielding potential genotypes and considering these genotypes to develop pure lines for commercial cultivation in Malaysia. Considering the 14 qualitative and 27 quantitative traits of fifteen landraces the variation and genetic parameters namely, variability, heritability, genetic advance, characters association, and cluster matrix were determined. ANOVA revealed significant variation for all the agronomic traits (except plant height). Among the accessions, highly significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) were found for almost all the traits excluding fifty percent flowering date, seed length, seed width. The 16 traits out of the 27 quantitative traits had a coefficient of variation (CV) ≥ 20%. A positive and intermediate to perfect highly significant association (r = 0.23 to 1.00; P < 0.00) was found between yield and its related traits. The trait dry seed weight per plant (g) had the highest GCV = 59.91% and PCV = 59.57% whereas the trait fresh pod weight (99.55%), dry seed weight (98.86%), and yield (98.10%) were highly heritable. The genetic advance recorded the highest for dry seed weight (122.01%) and lowest (3.97%) for plant height. To validate the genetic disparity, an unweighted pair-group produce with arithmetic mean (UPGMA), principal component analysis (PCA), heatmap, and H’-index was performed considering 27 quantitative traits. The constructed dendrogram showed five distinct groups of accessions. Genotypes G2, G3, and G9 from Group IV consider as promising lines which gave 70.05% higher mean yield compared to grand mean yield (1180 kg ha−1) with desirable traits. Group II had a maximum number of accessions while group III and group V had one of each. However, findings declared that the availability of genetic variance will be beneficial for this crop improvement through cross breeding as well as the plant breeders to prefer desirable traits in V. subterranea L. Verdc. for further breeding purposes.

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