scholarly journals Hygienic tendencies correlate with low geohelminth infection in free-ranging macaques

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 20150757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecile Sarabian ◽  
Andrew J. J. MacIntosh
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Japanese Macaques ◽  
Infection Risk ◽  
Risk Sensitivity ◽  
Health Maintenance ◽  
Maintenance Strategies ◽  
Food Items ◽  
The Common ◽  
Field Experimentation ◽  
Free Ranging

Parasites are ubiquitous in nature and can be costly to animal fitness, so hosts have evolved behavioural counter-strategies to mitigate infection risk. We investigated feeding-related infection-avoidance strategies in Japanese macaques via field-experimentation and observation. We first examined risk sensitivity during foraging tasks involving faecally contaminated or debris-covered food items, and then investigated individual tendencies to manipulate food items during natural foraging bouts. We concurrently monitored geohelminth infection in all subjects. We ran a principal component analysis on the observational/experimental data to generate a hygienic index across individuals and found that hygienic tendencies towards faeces avoidance and food manipulation correlated negatively with geohelminth infection. Females scored higher in hygienic tendencies than males, which might contribute to the common vertebrate pattern of male-biased infection. The behavioural tendencies observed may reflect a general form of hygiene, providing a mechanism of behavioural immunity against parasites with implications for the evolution and diversification of health maintenance strategies in humans.

scholarly journals Integrating Welfare and Production Typologies: How Refinements of the Varieties of Capitalism Approach call for a Combination of Welfare Typologies

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARTIN SCHRÖDER
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Varieties Of Capitalism ◽  
Welfare Regimes ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
The Common ◽  
Historical Heritage ◽  
And Cluster Analysis ◽  
New Literature

AbstractThis article argues that existing typologies on production and welfare regimes should be combined into a typology unifying the study of production and distribution in advanced capitalist countries. The article utilises a principal component and cluster analysis to show that such a typology indeed reflects the empirical diversity of countries. This is further illustrated by a brief literature review of different typologies. It is then shown how the integration of the two approaches helps to resolve problems addressed in the new literature on the varieties of capitalism approach, notably how welfare arrangements relate to production systems. Thereby, the relevance of an integrated typology for policy-makers in the fields of welfare and production will be illustrated. Lastly, some thoughts follow on how an integrated typology allows for a perspective that explains the development of various welfare and production regimes based on the common historical heritage of families of nations.

Opportunistic infection

2013 ◽  
pp. 815-825
Author(s):  
Saraswathi Murthy ◽  
Susan Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Opportunistic Infection ◽  
Vascular Access ◽  
Infection Risk ◽  
Vascular Access Devices ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Common ◽  
Rheumatological Diseases ◽  
Common Infections

Approximately 400 000 adults (>600 per 100 000) living in the United Kingdom are affected by rheumatological diseases and infection is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in these individuals. This chapter provides an overview of the factors that potentiate infection risk within rheumatological diseases related to the diseases themselves and the treatment of the diseases. It reviews the common infections encountered and their aetiologies and management. Importantly it also focuses on preventable measures that should be undertaken, such as care of vascular access devices, vaccinations, immunizations, and prophylactic antimicrobials.

Automatically detecting and tracking free‐ranging Japanese macaques in video recordings with deep learning and particle filters

Ethology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 125 (5) ◽  
pp. 332-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masataka Ueno ◽  
Hidetaka Hayashi ◽  
Ryosuke Kabata ◽  
Kazunori Terada ◽  
Kazunori Yamada
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Particle Filters ◽  
Japanese Macaques ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Free Ranging

scholarly journals Analysis of Food Adulterants in Selected Food Items Purchased From Local Grocery Stores

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Sukumaran M. K. ◽  
Navya P ◽  
Raju K.
Keyword(s):  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Twin Cities ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Common Salt ◽  
Grocery Stores ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Mashed Potatoes ◽  
The Common ◽  
Living Being

Food is one among the basic needs for every living being. Food for human consumption should be in its possible purest form without adulterants and contaminants. The present study focuses on analyzing few selected food items purchased from local grocery stores located in the twin cities of Secunderabad and Hyderabad, Telangana. The extent of different adulterant present in the food items were, edible oil samples, argemone oil (30%), prohibited color (15%), mineral oil (20%), dyes in fat (15%) and castor oil (0%). 20% of ghee samples tested positive for vanaspathi and were negative for mashed potatoes and paraffin wax (0%). Coconut oil tested negative both for any other oil (0%) and turbidity (0%). None of the honey samples tested positive for water (0%). All the jaggery samples tested were negative for sodium bicarbonate (0%). Similar results were obtained in case of curd samples (negative for dalda (0%)). 55% of the common salt samples tested positive for the presence of impurities.

scholarly journals Restaurant’s Multidimensional Evaluation Concerning Food Quality, Service, and Sustainable Practices: A Cross-National Case Study of Poland and Lithuania

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Trafialek ◽  
Ewa Czarniecka-Skubina ◽  
Jurgita Kulaitiené ◽  
Nijolė Vaitkevičienė
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Sustainable Practices ◽  
Multidimensional Evaluation ◽  
Meal Quality ◽  
Food Losses ◽  
The Common ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
Cross National

The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze consumer choices and evaluate the restaurant service quality, including quality of meals and services, and sustainability practices in restaurants in Warsaw and Kaunas. Our research was conducted using a sample of 1200 adult Poles and Lithuanians. Polish and Lithuanian consumers used catering services with varying frequencies. Different elements influenced their choice of restaurant. However, the common feature was the quality of meals, which in Lithuania was compared only with the price of meals, and with other elements in Poland. In the context of restaurant’s sustainable practices, it has been revealed that surveyed consumers had only partially fit into the contemporary consumption trends. In both countries, consumers have appreciated the use of reusable cutlery and crockery, as well as local and seasonal ingredients, while they did not pay attention to sustainable restaurant practices, such as the use of alternative sources of protein, environmentally friendly forms of energy, and reducing waste and minimization of food losses. The use of cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) allowed a comprehensive assessment of consumer opinions on restaurants in terms of meal quality and service as well as sustainable practices. Restaurateurs should monitor the satisfaction of their customers and recognize the changing needs and habits of consumers.

Clinal Variation in the Common Brown Butterfly Heteronympha merope merope (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae)

1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 631 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Pearse ◽  
ND Murray
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Random Processes ◽  
Adaptive Significance ◽  
Clinal Variation ◽  
Wing Pattern ◽  
The Common ◽  
Interpopulation Variation ◽  
Pattern Of Variation ◽  
East West

Analyses of variation in seven wing pattern characters in H. merope merope females, from 22 sites throughout the range of the subspecies, show that the variation generally has a substantial genetic component. All characters exhibit significant interpopulation variation and one character (S) shows an obvious clinal pattern in a north-south direction. Variation in the total wing phenotype was examined by a multivariate principal component analysis. The first two principal components identified also show a clinal pattern: a north-south cline in component 1 and an east-west cline in component 2. Variation in component 1 is significantly associated with winter humidity and that in the second with yearly rainfall. Because the components cannot be identified simply as size, shape or colour vectors the possible adaptive significance of the results is not clear, although there is some indirect evidence that the pattern of variation is due to natural selection rather than random processes.

Association patterns and affiliative relationships outside a troop in wild male Japanese macaques, Macaca fuscata, during the non-mating season

Behaviour ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 153 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuro Kawazoe
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Macaca Fuscata ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Japanese Macaques ◽  
Interaction Patterns ◽  
Mating Season ◽  
Association Patterns ◽  
Wild Male ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Cluster 2

In many mammals, males disperse more than females. Although males in some male-dispersing species form all-male groups, little is known about the association patterns or social relationships among them. Studies on male–male social relationships have primarily focused on competition over fertile females, but affiliative relationships among males have attracted much interest recently. I suggested a novel method for the classification of males based on their behaviour by principal component analysis (PCA), and investigated association patterns, and affiliative relationships in male Japanese macaques, Macaca fuscata, during the non-mating season. I observed 12 wild male Japanese macaques for 809 h during the non-mating season. The number of other animals within visual range, the amount of time that males spent in the vicinity of other animals, and the frequency of grooming interactions were examined. I classified males into two distinctive clusters (Cluster 1 and 2) according to their association and interaction patterns. Cluster 1 males associated with females and participated in grooming with them. Cluster 2 males had less visual encounters with females and did not groom them. Cluster 2 males showed proximity to other Cluster 2 males in all possible dyads. Although Cluster 2 males showed less proximity to each other than Cluster 1 males did, they frequently exchanged grooming among themselves. Cluster 2 males groomed Cluster 1 males more frequently than they were groomed by them. These results suggested that Cluster 1 were troop males, and Cluster 2 were non-troop males. Cluster 2 males had less opportunity for social interaction than Cluster 1 (troop) males, and they may form all-male groups. Males in all-male groups engaged in more frequent grooming than troop males. In addition, they groomed troop males more frequently than they were groomed. These results suggest that males could be separated by their behaviour. Male–male affiliative relationships might be influenced by within-group potential competition and imbalanced grooming appears to cause troop males to tolerate non-troop males which might be immigrated in near future.

The Diet of the Common Toad (Bufo bufo) around a Pond in Mid-Wales

1987 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.P. Gittins
Keyword(s):  
Bufo Bufo ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Common Toad ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Inorganic Matter ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Common ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Toad Bufo ◽  
Toad Bufo Bufo

AbstractThere was no significant difference between the number of food items obtained by stomach-flushing toads caught in pitfall traps and from the dissection of corpses found on nearby roads. The frequencies of the different food categories were similar using the two methods. 97 % of the toads entering the pond in the spring had not recently fed, whereas 25% of toads leaving the pond had started to feed. Sloughed skin was found in 7% of stomachs. Vegetable matter was found in 15% of stomachs and inorganic matter in 6% of stomachs. The diet of the toad was found to be very varied, and the main food items were beetles, collembolans, millipedes, harvestmen and spiders. The diets of males, females and young toads were very similar, and only slight changes in diet were observed throughout the year. The size of food items ranged from 1 mm to 40 mm with most around 7 mm. There was no significant relationship between the size of the food item and the size of the toad for adult males and females, but there was for juveniles.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document