Adaptations to temperature in geographic races of the Queensland fruit fly Dacus (Strumenta) tryoni

1967 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1141 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Bateman
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Intermediate Temperature ◽  
The Other ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Innate Capacity ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Capacity For Increase

Four populations of Dacus tryoni collected from widely separated regions on the east coast of Australia (Cairns, Brisbane, Sydney, and East Gippsland) were compared in the laboratory to determine how they differed in their adaptations to temperature, and what adaptations have enabled the species to spread into colder areas. The main criteria used for the comparisons were the innate capacity for increase (rm) and its components : speed of development, survival rate, and fecundity. The races were compared at three different temperatures and in two successive years. Differences between the races from Cairns, Brisbane, and Sydney were often large and consistent, and in general they correlated well with differences in the climates of the respective geographic areas. At the lowest temperature the Sydney strain had the highest (rm), while the Cairns strain had the lowest. At the intermediate temperature there were no significant differences between the strains. At the highest temperature the Cairns strain had the highest (rm), while the Sydney strain had the lowest. The strain from East Gippsland behaved in an unpredictable way in most of the experiments, and rarely fitted into the trends set by the other three strains. The major differences appear to have been due primarily to adaptations affecting fecundity. There were also significant differences in the longevity of adults and the survival rates of immature stages, but not in speeds of development. The differences in fecundity may have been related to differences in the proportions of females fertilized in the experimental cages.

Experiments on the relative abundance of two sibling species of grain weevils.

1954 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 66 ◽  
Author(s):  
LC Birch
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Sibling Species ◽  
Large Strain ◽  
Small Strain ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Stored Wheat ◽  
Innate Capacity ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Capacity For Increase

The small "strain" and the large "strain" of Calandra oryzae L. are sibling species. The small "strain" is common in stored wheat and rare in stored maize. The reverse is true for the large "strain." A series of four experiments showed how wheat favoured the small "strain" and how maize favoured the large "strain." Given a choice of wheat and maize the small "strain" and the large "strain" laid most of their eggs in wheat but the proportion was larger for the small "strain" as compared with the large "strain." When the insects were reared for several generations in wheat they laid more of their eggs in wheat. Likewise when reared in maize they laid more of their eggs in maize. But this "host conditioning" was not sufficient to prevent them from laying many eggs in the "wrong" grain. The innate capacity for increase of the small "strain" was greater than that of the large "strain" in wheat but in maize the large "strain" had a greater innate capacity for increase than the small "strain." In crowded cultures wheat again favoured the small "strain" by permitting greater maximum populations as compared with the large "strain." Maize favoured the large "strain" in this respect. When the two "strains" occurred together in crowded cultures one always drove the other out. The small "strain" was the successful one in wheat and the large "strain" was the successful one in maize. Although these four series of experiments illustrate ways in which wheat favours the small "strain" and maize favours the large "strain" they do not, in themselves alone, account for the segregation of the two "strains" in stored grain.

Survival and apoptosis rates after vitrification in cryotop devices of in vitro-produced calf and cow blastocysts at different developmental stages

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 1141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roser Morató ◽  
Dolors Izquierdo ◽  
Maria Teresa Paramio ◽  
Teresa Mogas
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Embryo Culture ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dna Integrity ◽  
Integrity Index ◽  
High Degree

Two experiments were designed to determine the ability of in vitro-cultured blastocysts at different stages of development to survive the vitrification procedure using cryotop devices. Day 7 and Day 8 embryos were classified as non-expanded, expanded or hatching and/or hatched blastocysts. In the first experiment, we examined the survival rate of vitrified–warmed blastocysts after 3 h incubation in synthetic oviducal fluid (SOF) medium. In the second experiment, vitrified–warmed blastocysts were evaluated using the terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP–digoxigenin nick end-labelling (TUNEL) technique to detect nuclei with damaged DNA. In both experiments, results for cow and calf blastocysts were compared. No differences in survival rates were observed after vitrification of Day 8 expanded (52.4%) and hatched (50%) cow blastocysts or Day 8 expanded (54.5%) and hatched (59.4%) calf blastocysts. When embryos were vitrified on Day 7, survival rates of 78.4% and 66.7% were observed after warming expanded and hatched cow blastocysts, respectively, compared with rates of 80% and 76.9%, respectively, for calf blastocysts. Lowest survival rates were recorded for non-expanded blastocysts (26%–54%) compared with the other developmental stages, particularly those vitrified at Day 8 (≤40%). The DNA integrity index obtained after vitrification–warming was comparable to that for control fresh blastocysts, regardless of the length of embryo culture, the developmental stage of the embryo or the source of the oocytes. Our findings suggest that the cryotop vitrification method is particularly useful for the cryopreservation of blastocysts presenting with a high degree of expansion (expanded or hatched blastocysts), particularly when vitrification is performed after 7 days of in vitro embryo culture.

scholarly journals Effects of Entomopathogenic Fungi on Individuals as Well as Groups of Workers and Immatures of Atta sexdens rubropilosa Leaf-Cutting Ants

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Luis Eduardo Pontes Stefanelli ◽  
Tarcísio Marcos Macedo Mota Filho ◽  
Roberto da Silva Camargo ◽  
Carlos Alberto Oliveira de Matos ◽  
Luiz Carlos Forti
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
The Other ◽  
Main Ingredient ◽  
Atta Sexdens ◽  
Atta Sexdens Rubropilosa ◽  
High Pathogenicity ◽  
Leaf Cutting ◽  
Ant Control

In 2009, sulfluramid, the main ingredient in toxic baits for leaf-cutting ant control, was included in Annex B of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. This resulted in interest in the use of entomopathogenic fungi such as Beauveria bassiana and Trichoderma harzianum for leaf-cutting ant control. The efficiency of these fungi in controlling these insects and the way that ants react individually or in group to the biological risks posed by these fungi is poorly understood. For this reason, we assessed the effects of B. bassiana and T. harzianum on Atta sexdens rubropilosa larvae, pupae and workers. Moreover, we investigated whether the number of contaminated individuals within a group has an influence in controlling the spread of fungi among workers. We found that the fungus T. harzianum showed high pathogenicity against A. sexdens rubropilosa larvae and pupae, leading to faster mortality and a survival rates. On the other hand, the fungus B. bassiana was responsible for causing faster worker mortality and lower survival rates. In addition, we observed that an increase in individuals contaminated with B. bassiana or T. harzianum in the group decreases its survival rate. The results support the hypothesis that entomopathogenic fungi are efficient in controlling leaf-cutting ants when contaminated workers are allocated to groups of healthy workers.

The biology of Cryptolestes capensis (Waltl) (Coleoptera, Cucujidae)

1962 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 529-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. P. Lefkovitch
Keyword(s):  
Larval Density ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Innate Capacity ◽  
Harmful Effects ◽  
Capacity For Increase

Cryptolestes capensis (Waltl) has been reared successfully upon wheatfeed at constant temperatures of 15 to 32·5°C., at intervals of 2·5°C., and 90 per cent. R.H., and at 30°C. and 10 to 70 per cent. R.H. Newly formed adult males were found to weigh more than females bred under the same conditions. Oviposition was investigated at 90 per cent. R.H. and 17·5, 20, 30 and 32·5°C.; the highest rate was at 30°C. It was concluded that 30°C., 90 per cent. R.H. were the optimal conditions of those observed. Comparison with C. turcicus (Grouv.) which occurs in the same habitat as C. capensis, shows that the temperature limits of the former are higher, but that at those temperatures at which both species can breed, there is little, if any, difference between the total duration of the immature stages. At the observed optimum for the two species, C. capensis has a higher innate capacity for increase than C. turcicus. These observations do not account for the rarity of C. capensis in comparison with C. turcicus, and it is postulated that C. capensis is, like C. ferrugineus (Steph.), more susceptible to the harmful effects of high larval density than is C. turcicus.

Survival and fertility of bitches undergoing caesarean section

2019 ◽  
Vol 186 (13) ◽  
pp. 416-416
Author(s):  
Theresa Conze ◽  
Andrzej Jurczak ◽  
Vanessa Fux ◽  
Piotr Socha ◽  
Axel Wehrend ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Caesarean Section ◽  
High Mortality ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Medical Indication ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Overall Mortality

BackgroundWith the increasing popularity of planned caesarean section, the need for knowledge regarding this surgery has become increasingly important. The reported death and survival rates for caesarean sections vary widely. Another important aspect is the fertility rate in subsequent oestrous after caesarean section. The aim of this study was to investigate the mortality and survival rate of bitches during caesarean section. Additionally, the fertility of bitches after caesarean sections was determined.MethodsCaesarean sections which were performed in the years 1997–2009 at two university clinics were evaluated retrospectively. A distinction was made between bitches in which a conservative caesarean section was performed and bitches with a caesarean section followed by an ovariohysterectomy.ResultsA total of 482 caesarean sections were included in the study. The overall mortality rate was 3.11 per cent, with 2.59 per cent during or after a conservative caesarean section and 4.19 per cent during or after caesarean section with ovariohysterectomy. The reason for ovariohysterectomy was the owner’s preference in 63 bitches (47.01 per cent); in 71 (52.98 per cent) bitches, ovariohysterectomy was performed due to a medical indication. The fertility rate after caesarean section was 100 per cent.ConclusionThe results show a high mortality rate during and after caesarean section. On the other hand, caesarean section does not seem to have a big impact on further fertility. Further studies are needed to investigate possible reduction of litter sizes and the suitability of caesarean section in subsequent pregnancies.

Survival, Development Rates and Generation Times of the Queensland Fruit Fly, Dacus Tryoni, in a Marginally Favourable Climate: Experiments in Victoria.

1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 353 ◽  
Author(s):  
GT O'loughlin ◽  
RA East ◽  
A Meats
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Rapid Rate ◽  
Field Cage ◽  
Generation Times ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Trap Catches

The abundance of the Queensland fruit fly, Dacus tryoni (Froggatt), is greatest in the tropical-sub- tropical part of its range in Queensland and declines towards its southern extreme in Victoria, where conditions are not very favourable for survival in winter or for a rapid rate of increase in summer. The rate of detection of larval infestations and the level of trap catches of adults indicate that Melbourne (southern Victoria) has had a very low population of D. tryoni each summer for at least 8 years and probably for the last 30 years. Field cage studies in Melbourne, of cohorts started each month as eggs, pupae and teneral adults, indicated that adults emerging from mid-April to mid-May could survive to breed in the following spring. It appears that adults emerging earlier would not survive to produce eggs in spring, and that adults would not be expected to emerge later in autumn because the survival rates of larvae are very low and the survival rate of pupae is zero in winter months. Times taken for cohorts to develop from egg to pupariation, from egg to adult emergence and from egg to adult maturity agreed with the predictions ofthe model of Meats (1981) using temperatures prevailing over the study period. A continuing culture established in a field cage in northern Victoria achieved 3.7 generations in the 1981-82 season. The number and time span of generations also agreed with the predictions ofthe model. It is concluded that a permanent population in Melbourne would have two or sometimes three complete generations per year and never achieve a high density. However, populations in northern Victoria would have three or sometimes four complete generations per year, and relatively high densities may be reached in seasons permitting four generations.

Effect of temperature on the cereal aphids Metopolophium dirhodum (Wlk.), Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) and Macrosiphum avenue (F.) (Hem., Aphididae)

1974 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Dean
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Cereal Aphids ◽  
Metopolophium Dirhodum ◽  
Capacity For Increase

AbstractThe effect of temperature within the range 10–30°C on Metopolophium dirhodum (Wlk.), Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) and Macrosiphum avenae (F.) was measured in controlled environment cabinets. Development rates increased with temperature to a maximum at 20°C for Metopolophium dirhodum, 22·5°C for Macrosiphum avenae and 25°C for R. padi, decreasing thereafter to zero by 30°C when all the nymphs died. The fourth instar and pre-reproductive adult appeared to be affected at temperatures below those for the younger instars. Mortalities of immature M. avenae were similar between 10° and 25°C, but more immature Metopolophium dirhodum died at high, and R. padi at low, temperatures. Survival rates decreased with increase of temperature, and fecundity was largest at 20°C. Rates of increase became largest at 20°C for M. dirhodum and Macrosiphum avenae and at 25°C for R. padi. Above 15°C, R. padi had a 4–16 times larger capacity for increase than the other two species because it developed faster and achieved its rate of maximum fecundity sooner.

scholarly journals Lepistes ve Japon Balığı Larvalarının Beslenmesinde Artemia sp.’ye Alternatif Olarak Mikrokapsül Yemin Kullanılması

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 1575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmut Yanar ◽  
Çiğdem Çalım Akray ◽  
Ece Evliyaoğlu ◽  
Zeynep Erçen
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Hand Length

In this study, the effects of Artemia sp. nauplii and micro capsulated feed on growth performance and survival rate of guppy (Poecilia reticulata) and goldfish (Carassius auratus) larvae were compared at the end of three weeks of rearing period. Length of goldfish larvae (4.82 mm) fed Artemia sp. (from 4 to 12/mL/day) were between 7.97 and 9.76 mm at the end of the trial while these values were between 6.80 and 7.21 mm for those fed microencapsulated feed (from 10 to 30 mg/L/day). On the other hand length of guppy larvae fed Artemia sp. (from 5 to 25/mL/day) were between 13.02 and 17.00 mm, whereas these values were remained between 11.98 and 12.38 mm for those fed microencapsulated feed (from 10 to 40 mg/L/day). A similar result was also observed in survival rates. Survival rate of goldfish larvae fed Artemia sp. were 88.91-97.61% in while those fed microencapsulated feed were 6.19-87.14%. On the other hand survival rate of guppy larvae fed Artemia sp. were 99.17-100.00% whereas those fed microencapsulated feed were 57.50-87.50%. Eventually, microencapsulated feed was not as successful as Artemia sp. on the growth and survival rate of larvae of both species.

Survival Rates of the Queensland Fruit-Fly, Dacus-Tryoni, in Early Spring - Field-Cage Studies With Cold-Acclimated Wild Flies and Irradiated, Warm-Acclimated or Cold-Acclimated, Laboratory Flies

1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 187 ◽  
Author(s):  
HAC Fay ◽  
A Meats
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Relative Survival ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Field Cage ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Simultaneous Comparison ◽  
Better Than

During spring in 1976, 1977 and 1978, field-cage studies were undertaken 80 km SSW. of Sydney. These examined the relative survival abilities of irradiated Dacus tryoni, that had been conditioned either to warm or to cold prior to release, and of wild flies cold-conditioned to post-winter temperatures. In 1976, survival rate of warm-conditioned steriles was compared with that of wild flies. The former suffered higher mortality than the latter, and this was thought to be because of their inability to with- stand frosts. In 1977, a comparison was made between cold-conditioned irradiated flies and wild flies. There was no statistical difference in survival rate but both fly types suffered substantial mortality caused by successive extreme minima, lack of rain and, latterly, high daytime temperatures. A simultaneous comparison of both kinds of sterile fly and wild flies in 1978 showed that cold-conditioned steriles survived better than warm-conditioned ones during the initial weeks, when the cold-torpor thresholds of the two types remained distinct; survival of cold-conditioned steriles was similar to that of the wild flies.

Seasonal Distributions of Eggs and Larvae of Rhagoletis indifferens Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Cherries

2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wee L. Yee
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Fly ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Major Stage ◽  
Sweet Cherries ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Rhagoletis Indifferens ◽  
Eggs And Larvae

The seasonal distributions of eggs and first-, second-, and third-instar larvae of the western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae), in sweet cherries were determined at three sites in central Washington in 2002 and 2003. The egg was the major stage during early, mid and late season. The distributions of eggs (i.e., the percentages of total immature stages that were eggs) were similar all season, but those of first, second and third instars were greatest in late season. First, second and third instars occurred in similar numbers in 2002, but third instars were the most abundant in 2003. Tree quadrant had no effect on egg and larval densities and distributions. The majority of infested fruit had only one egg or larva, but there were significant increases in percentages of fruit with two or ≥ three eggs or larvae as percentages of fruit that were infested increased during the season. When there were two larvae in a fruit, one was larger than the other in 90.8% of cases. Results indicate time of season but not location within trees (1.5 to 2 m above ground) has differential effects on egg and larval distributions in fruit and on female oviposition behaviors that may result in multiple infestations and larval interactions. Seasonal effects on immature stages are probably related to developmental times and stage-specific mortality; whereas, effects on adults may be related to reduced availability of unoccupied fruit for oviposition.

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