Podzolized soils on hilly and steep land near Tennyson Inlet, Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand - Classification and relation to Landform, Slope and Altitude

Soil Research ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 115 ◽  
Author(s):  
MD Laffan ◽  
BK Daly ◽  
JS Whitton
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Soil Taxonomy ◽  
Genetic Classification ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Smectite Clays ◽  
Weathered Soils ◽  
Organic Complexes ◽  
Steep Slopes

Eight soil profiles ranging in altitude from 30 m to 820 m at Tennyson Inlet in the Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand, are described, classified and discussed in terms of morphology, chemistry and clay mineralogy. The soils are formed from greywacke on forested hilly and steep land under a superhumid climate. Profiles show eluvial and/or illuvial features typical of podzols and podzolized soils. Within the study morphological, chemical and mineralogical properties show patterns in weathering, leaching and podzolization. Differences in weathering are related mainly to geomorphic history and topography. The most strongly weathered soils occur at altitudes below about 200 m where parent materials were probably inherited from Late Pleistocene interglacial or interstadial weathering. Less weathered soils occur at higher altitudes where parent materials were derived from widespread periglacial erosion during the last glaciation, and from periodic erosion during the Holocene. Weathering and also leaching is least on soils on very steep slopes (>38�) at altitudes above 200 m, where rejuvenation by slope movement has been more active than on less steep slopes. Patterns in weathering are clearly shown by clay mineralogy, with strongly weathered soils dominated by kaolinite, and less weathered soils dominated by vermiculite. Differences in podzolization are attributed mainly to greater effective rainfall, leaching and accumulation of amorphous minerals and mineral-organic complexes with increasing altitude. The combination of field and laboratory data shows that at altitudes below about 200-300 m profiles are relatively weakly podzolized, while podzolized soils and podzols occur at higher altitudes. Podzolization patterns are clearly shown by subsoil values of acid-oxalate and pyrophosphate Fe and Al, NaF, pH and P retention. The profile at highest altitude is dominated by smectite clays and the greyish-coloured solum is interpreted mainly as a relatively thick (80 cm) eluvial horizon resting directly on bedrock. Neither the New Zealand Genetic Classification nor Soil Taxonomy satisfactorily classifies all the soils.

Genesis and classification of a sequence of soils formed From aeolian parent materials in East Otago, New Zealand

Soil Research ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 219 ◽  
Author(s):  
PD Mcintosh
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Phosphorus Sorption ◽  
Soil Taxonomy ◽  
Genetic Classification ◽  
Lower Altitude ◽  
Loess Deposition ◽  
Colour Patterns

Eight soil types occurring between 60 and 480 m altitude on Waiora Research Farm, East Otago, New Zealand, are described. The soils are classified in the New Zealand Genetic and Soil Taxonomy classification systems respectively as yellow-grey earths (Fragiochrepts and Fra'giaquepts), yellow-brown earths and podzolized yellow-brown earths (Dystrochrepts), and a podzol (Placorthod). The soils form a development sequence related primarily to altitude, demonstrated chemically by greater leaching of the higher altitude soils and morphologically by the presence of a fragipan in the drier soils at lower altitude and an iron pan in the soils at higher altitude. Fragipans of yellow-grey earths at higher altitudes are modified by the effect of perched water. In the yellow-brown earths, podzolized yellow-brown earths and podzols firm subsoils with gammate colour patterns are found in some profiles and are regarded as relict features of fragipans formed under a previously drier climate. Planar fractures in lower B and upper C horizons, subparallel to the present soil surface, are attributed to breaks of loess deposition due to intermittent colder conditions. Relationships between soils are better demonstrated by the New Zealand Genetic Classification, because of lack of differentiae related to leaching or phosphorus sorption properties at subgroup or family level in the USDA classification.

Clay mineralogy of soils formed in tuffaceous greywacke, Southland, New Zealand, in relation to genesis, soil properties and classification

Soil Research ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 493 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Churchman ◽  
PD Mcintosh ◽  
CM Burke ◽  
JS Whitton
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Soil Drainage ◽  
Geological Time ◽  
Soil Taxonomy ◽  
Simple Chemical ◽  
Parent Rocks ◽  
Upland Soils

The clay mineralogy of 12 soils (Dystrochrepts, a Eutrochrept, a Cryochrept and a Placaquept) formed in tuffaceous greywacke parent rocks is presented and discussed. In a New Zealand context, the soils are unusual because of their base-rich parent material which has been partly pre-weathered to smectite and kaolin minerals in geological time. Superimposed on this assemblage are the affects of present climate and soil drainage, which have altered smectite and vermiculite to dioctahedral (aluminous) chlorite. Conventional laboratory treatments cause dioctahedral chlorite to revert fully to smectite or vermiculite, or alternatively partially to interlayered hydrous mica. The labile nature of the interlayer Al is evident in high KCI-Al values. Allophane and gibbsite occur in acid upland soils that are also trace-element deficient. More intense leaching of upland soils with respect to lowland soils accounts for the upland soils' clay mineralogy and trace element deficiencies. The soils fall into three mineralogy classes of Soil Taxonomy and six classes of the proposed Whitton and Childs revision. The classes are not readily usable in the field, and subgroup or family distinctions based on simple chemical tests are suggested.

THE CLAY MINERALS IN SOME BRITISH COLUMBIA SUBSOILS

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Clark ◽  
J. E. Brydon ◽  
H. J. Hortie
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Diffraction Analysis ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
The South ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Northeastern Part ◽  
Montmorillonitic Clay

X-ray diffraction analysis was used to identify the clay minerals present in fourteen subsoil samples that were selected to represent some more important clay-bearing deposits in British Columbia. The clay mineralogy of the subsoils varied considerably but montmorillonitic clay minerals tended to predominate in the water-laid deposits of the south and illite in the soil parent materials of the Interior Plains region of the northeastern part of the Province.

Clay mineralogy of parent materials derived from uppermost Cretaceous and Tertiary sedimentary rocks in southern Saskatchewan

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Dubbin ◽  
A. R. Mermut ◽  
H. P. W. Rostad
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Iron Content ◽  
Sedimentary Rocks ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Total Iron ◽  
Total Iron Content ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
General Chemical ◽  
Detailed Chemical

Soils developed from parent materials derived from uppermost Cretaceous and Tertiary sedimentary rocks have been delineated from those which do not contain any of these younger sediments. The present study was initiated to determine the validity of this delineation. Parent materials from six locations in southwestern Saskatchewan were collected to determine their general chemical and physical properties. Clay fractions from each of these six parent materials were then subjected to detailed chemical and mineralogical analyses. The two parent materials containing the greatest amount of post-Bearpaw bedrock sediments (Jones Creek, Scotsguard) were characterized by substantially more organic carbon and less CaCO3. The presence of coal and the absence of carbonates in local bedrocks were considered to be the source of these deviations. In general, fine clays were comprised of 64–69% smectite, 14–21% illite and 10–13% kaolinite and coarse clay contained 32–39% smectite, 25–34% illite and 11–14% kaolinite. An exception was found in two fine clays which had less smectite but 3–6% vermiculite. Total iron content of the fine clays ranged from 7.16 to 8.11% expressed as Fe2O3. However, only a small fraction of this iron was extractable using the CDB technique. There were no substantial differences in surface areas or CECs of the clay fractions. Despite minor differences in the chemistry and mineralogy of these six parent materials, a separation of the soil associations does not appear to be warranted. Key words: Parent materials, uppermost Cretaceous, Tertiary, bedrock, clay mineralogy

scholarly journals Comment on clay mineralogy of two northland soils New Zealand

1983 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 555-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.L. Parfitt ◽  
C.W. Childs
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Clay Mineralogy

Soil classification in New Zealand - Legacy and lessons

Soil Research ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 843 ◽  
Author(s):  
AE Hewitt
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Soil Taxonomy ◽  
Regional Correlation ◽  
Reconnaissance Survey ◽  
Soil Landscape ◽  
History Of ◽  
Intensive Land Use ◽  
Made In

A brief review of the history of soil classification in New Zealand is made in order to place the most recent work in its historical context. The first comprehensive system was inspired by the Russian concepts of zonality, and was published as the New Zealand Genetic Soil Classification by Taylor in 1948. It may be regarded as a grand soil-landscape model that related soil classes to environmental factors. Although successful in stimulating the reconnaissance survey of New Zealand soils, it failed to support the requirements of more intensive land use. Soil Taxonomy was tested as an alternative modem system for a period of 5 years but was found to make inadequate provision for important classes of New Zealand soils. The New Zealand Soil Classification was developed using many of the features of Soil Taxonomy while preserving successful parts of the New Zealand Genetic Soil Classification. Historical lessons include the increasing importance of electronic databases and regional correlation, the importance of nomenclature, the necessity of a national system and the divorce of soil classification from soil-landscape modelling.

Morphological, physical, and clay mineralogy of calcareous and gypsiferous soils in North of Lorestan, Iran

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-494
Author(s):  
Kolsum Rahman Salari ◽  
Mohammad Amir Delavar ◽  
Mehrdad Esfandiari ◽  
Ebrahim Pazira
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Soil Taxonomy ◽  
Kaolinite Clay ◽  
Piedmont Plain ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Parent Rocks ◽  
Pedogenic Processes

There is limited information about the genesis, classification, and properties of calcareous and gypsiferous soils of western Iran. This study investigated the morphological, physical, and mineralogical characteristics of soils on different physiographic units, including plateau, colluvial fans, and piedmont plain in the Aleshtar region. The results indicated that the parent materials (calcareous and gypsiferous) as well as topographic conditions had the most influence on the soil profile development, pedogenic processes, and clay mineralogy. Illite, chlorite, smectite, palygorskite, and kaolinite clay minerals were identified using X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Illite, chlorite, and kaolinite have genetically been inherited from parent rocks. Neoformation of smectite and palygorskite other than genetic inheritance was formed as a result of calcite and gypsum precipitation and poor drainage. Calcareous soils with the petrocalcic horizon and gypsiferous soils contained more pedogenic palygorskite. In conclusion, we suggest adding a new great group of Gypsixerepts to the soil taxonomy to reflect the presence of pedogenic gypsum in Inceptisols.

THE CHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION OF SOIL PARENT MATERIALS IN NORTHEAST ALBERTA

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 721-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. SPIERS ◽  
M. J. DUDAS ◽  
L. W. TURCHENEK
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Oil Sands ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Mineral Species ◽  
Athabasca Oil Sands ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Minor And Trace Elements ◽  
Trace Element Levels

Seven major parent materials from the Athabasca oil sands area were investigated for detailed mineralogy and chemistry. The clay mineral species identified and quantified were mica, smectite, kaolinite, chlorite and vermiculite. The fine (50–250 μm) sand mineralogical suite was dominated by quartz, with lesser amounts of Na-, K-, and Ca-feldspars, and minor amounts of individual heavy mineral species. Electronoptical examination indicated that the feldspar grains in the parent materials have undergone extensive preglacial weathering. Regional mean levels of all analyzed elements (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Mn, P, Cr, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, and Zn), with the exception of Ca, are related to textural variability. The variability of Ca levels within the study area is related to the occurrence of calcareous parent materials. The highest levels of all major, minor, and trace elements were associated with either the Legend unit derived largely from Cretaceous bedrock or with the modern sediments of the Athabasca delta. Key words: Soil parent materials, clay mineralogy, trace element levels, sand mineralogy, feldspar morphology

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