Genesis and classification of a sequence of soils formed From aeolian parent materials in East Otago, New Zealand

Soil Research ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 219 ◽  
Author(s):  
PD Mcintosh
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Phosphorus Sorption ◽  
Soil Taxonomy ◽  
Genetic Classification ◽  
Lower Altitude ◽  
Loess Deposition ◽  
Colour Patterns

Eight soil types occurring between 60 and 480 m altitude on Waiora Research Farm, East Otago, New Zealand, are described. The soils are classified in the New Zealand Genetic and Soil Taxonomy classification systems respectively as yellow-grey earths (Fragiochrepts and Fra'giaquepts), yellow-brown earths and podzolized yellow-brown earths (Dystrochrepts), and a podzol (Placorthod). The soils form a development sequence related primarily to altitude, demonstrated chemically by greater leaching of the higher altitude soils and morphologically by the presence of a fragipan in the drier soils at lower altitude and an iron pan in the soils at higher altitude. Fragipans of yellow-grey earths at higher altitudes are modified by the effect of perched water. In the yellow-brown earths, podzolized yellow-brown earths and podzols firm subsoils with gammate colour patterns are found in some profiles and are regarded as relict features of fragipans formed under a previously drier climate. Planar fractures in lower B and upper C horizons, subparallel to the present soil surface, are attributed to breaks of loess deposition due to intermittent colder conditions. Relationships between soils are better demonstrated by the New Zealand Genetic Classification, because of lack of differentiae related to leaching or phosphorus sorption properties at subgroup or family level in the USDA classification.

scholarly journals Classification of acid sulphate soils of Finland according to Soil Taxonomy and the FAO/Unesco legend

1997 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markku Yli-Halla
Keyword(s):  
Soil Surface ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
Soil Taxonomy ◽  
International Context ◽  
Acid Sulphate ◽  
Soil Map ◽  
Acid Sulphate Soils ◽  
The World

In order to place acid sulphate soils (a.s. soils) of Finland in an international context, five pedons from cultivated a.s. soils from Liminka, Ylistaro and Laitila on the western coast of Finland were analyzed and classified according to Soil Taxonomy and the revised legend of the FAO/Unesco Soil Map of the World. Three of the pedons (Liminka 1 and 2, Laitila 1) had sulfuric horizons within 50 cm of soil surface and qualify as Typic Sulfaquepts. One pedon (Ylistaro) had a sulfuric horizon at the depth of 100-150 cm and was classified as a Sulfic Cryaquept. The fifth pedon (Laitila 2) did not have either a sulfuric horizon or sulfidic materials, but it had a pH

scholarly journals Advances and challenges in barcoding pathogenic and environmentalLeptospira

Parasitology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 145 (5) ◽  
pp. 595-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
VANINA GUERNIER ◽  
KATHRYN J. ALLAN ◽  
CYRILLE GOARANT
Keyword(s):  
Human Disease ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Source Tracking ◽  
Poor Correlation ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Genetic Classification ◽  
Human Contamination ◽  
Animal Hosts

SUMMARYLeptospirosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease of global importance. A large spectrum of asymptomatic animal hosts can carry the infection and contribute to the burden of human disease. Environmental sources of human contamination also point to the importance of a hydrotelluric reservoir. Leptospirosis can be caused by as many as 15 different pathogenic or intermediateLeptospiraspecies. However, classification of these bacteria remains complicated through the use of both serological and genetic classification systems that show poor correlation. With the advent of molecular techniques, DNA-based barcoding offers a conceptual framework that can be used for leptospirosis surveillance as well as source tracking. In this review, we summarize some of the current techniques, highlight significant successes and weaknesses and point to the future opportunities and challenges to successfully establish a widely applicable barcoding scheme forLeptospira.

scholarly journals Grey forest soils in the different classification systems

2017 ◽  
pp. 120-134
Author(s):  
Halyna Ivanyuk
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soils ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Soil Taxonomy ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Urgent Task ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Diagnostic Horizons

According to various data, the area of grey forest soils in the world is 94–120.2 million ha, in Ukraine – 4.7–5.5 million ha (about 9 % of the country’s territory). The diversity of conditions for the formation of these soils, discussions about their genesis are the causes of different approaches to the classification of grey forest soils. The history of the classification of grey forest soils is analysed; the most common variants of their classification in Ukraine are presented. Seeking to find approximate equivalents, an attempt to find grey forest soils in the classification systems of different countries (Russia, Moldova, Bulgaria, Romania, Czech Republic, Poland, USA, Canada), as well as in the legend of the FAO-UNESCO map and the WRB has been made. To establish exact analogues of soils practically it is impossible due to different principles of classification’s construction. Modern soil classifications of different countries are as close as possible to WRB and “Soil Taxonomy”. The following names of grey forest soils are identified as the most grounded: light grey forest, grey forest and dark grey podzolic. The following equivalents of the WRB nomenclature (2014) for sub-types of grey forest soils are offered: light grey forest – Albic Luvisols, grey forest – Haplic Luvisols, dark grey podzolic – Luvic Greyzemic Phaeozems. To the names of analogues of these soils with gleyic properties, the qualifier “Gleyic” should be added before the name of the reference soil group. The urgent task for soil scientists of Ukraine is to create a new soil classification that would preserve the acquisitions of genetic soil science but took into account the world trends: the allocation of diagnostic horizons and features that have clearly defined quantitative boundaries. In the new classification, it is proposed to combine the light grey and grey forest soils by a separate group, dark grey podzolic soils to be grouped together in a group with podzolic chernozems. The need for such selection is confirmed by the study of the dark grey soils position in different classification systems of the world, most of which these soils are in the chernozemic type group (Mollisols, Phaeozems and Chernozems). Key words: classification, grey forest soils, Greyzems, Luvisols, Mollisols, Phaeozems.

Podzolized soils on hilly and steep land near Tennyson Inlet, Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand - Classification and relation to Landform, Slope and Altitude

Soil Research ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 115 ◽  
Author(s):  
MD Laffan ◽  
BK Daly ◽  
JS Whitton
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Soil Taxonomy ◽  
Genetic Classification ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Smectite Clays ◽  
Weathered Soils ◽  
Organic Complexes ◽  
Steep Slopes

Eight soil profiles ranging in altitude from 30 m to 820 m at Tennyson Inlet in the Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand, are described, classified and discussed in terms of morphology, chemistry and clay mineralogy. The soils are formed from greywacke on forested hilly and steep land under a superhumid climate. Profiles show eluvial and/or illuvial features typical of podzols and podzolized soils. Within the study morphological, chemical and mineralogical properties show patterns in weathering, leaching and podzolization. Differences in weathering are related mainly to geomorphic history and topography. The most strongly weathered soils occur at altitudes below about 200 m where parent materials were probably inherited from Late Pleistocene interglacial or interstadial weathering. Less weathered soils occur at higher altitudes where parent materials were derived from widespread periglacial erosion during the last glaciation, and from periodic erosion during the Holocene. Weathering and also leaching is least on soils on very steep slopes (>38�) at altitudes above 200 m, where rejuvenation by slope movement has been more active than on less steep slopes. Patterns in weathering are clearly shown by clay mineralogy, with strongly weathered soils dominated by kaolinite, and less weathered soils dominated by vermiculite. Differences in podzolization are attributed mainly to greater effective rainfall, leaching and accumulation of amorphous minerals and mineral-organic complexes with increasing altitude. The combination of field and laboratory data shows that at altitudes below about 200-300 m profiles are relatively weakly podzolized, while podzolized soils and podzols occur at higher altitudes. Podzolization patterns are clearly shown by subsoil values of acid-oxalate and pyrophosphate Fe and Al, NaF, pH and P retention. The profile at highest altitude is dominated by smectite clays and the greyish-coloured solum is interpreted mainly as a relatively thick (80 cm) eluvial horizon resting directly on bedrock. Neither the New Zealand Genetic Classification nor Soil Taxonomy satisfactorily classifies all the soils.

scholarly journals Appropriate classification of three Swedish soils for agrarian and environmental management

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 378 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. SLÅNBERG ◽  
L. HYLANDER
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Management ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Arable Soils ◽  
Soil Taxonomy ◽  
Reference Base ◽  
World Reference Base ◽  
High Base

Classification of soils according to internationally agreed criteria forms a valuable base for scientifi c and political analyses. The objectives of this study were to evaluate two soil classification systems and relate them to agricultural and environmental concerns, principally phosphorus leakage, by classifying three Swedish, arable soils. The Bjärröd soil was classifi ed as a Rupti-Endogleyic Phaeozem according to the World Reference Base for Soil Resources and as a coarse-loamy, mesic Oxiaquic Hapludoll according to the Soil Taxonomy. Bjelkesta was classified as an Orthieutric Gleysol and a fi ne, frigid, Typic Endoaquept, respectively, and Götala as a Haplic Arenosol and a frigid Typic Udipsamment. We evaluated some changes to the classification systems proposed by Nordic scientists and found the classification of Bjärröd misleading and suggest it being classified as a Cambisol/Inceptisol and that information of the characteristically high base saturation in Bjelkesta and the spodic character in Götala being included in their names. This information is useful for decisions regarding agrarian and environmental management of the soils.;

scholarly journals Classification of Post-Fire Responses of Woody Plants to include Pyrophobic Communities

Fire ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynda D. Prior ◽  
David M. J. S. Bowman
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Seed Banks ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Woody Vegetation ◽  
General Category ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Soil Seed Banks ◽  
Obligate Seeder ◽  
In Fire

Developing standardised classification of post-fire responses is essential for globally consistent comparisons of woody vegetation communities. Existing classification systems are based on responses of species growing in fire-prone environments. To accommodate species that occur in rarely burnt environments, we have suggested some important points of clarification to earlier schemes categorizing post-fire responses. We have illustrated this approach using several Australasian conifer species as examples of pyrophobic species. In particular, we suggest using the term “obligate seeder” for the general category of plants that rely on seed to reproduce, and qualifying this to “post-fire obligate seeder” for the narrower category of species with populations that recover from canopy fire only by seeding; the species are typically fire-cued, with large aerial or soil seed banks that germinate profusely following a fire, and grow and reproduce rapidly in order to renew the seed bank before the next fire.

scholarly journals Interobserver agreement of the Paris and simplified classifications of superficial colonic lesions: a Western study

2021 ◽  
Vol 09 (03) ◽  
pp. E388-E394
Author(s):  
Francesco Cocomazzi ◽  
Marco Gentile ◽  
Francesco Perri ◽  
Antonio Merla ◽  
Fabrizio Bossa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interobserver Agreement ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Size Estimation ◽  
Rater Agreement ◽  
Staff Members ◽  
Video Clips ◽  
Paris Classification ◽  
Level Of Agreement

Abstract Background and study aims The Paris classification of superficial colonic lesions has been widely adopted, but a simplified description that subgroups the shape into pedunculated, sessile/flat and depressed lesions has been proposed recently. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and inter-rater agreement among 13 Western endoscopists for the two classification systems. Methods Seventy video clips of superficial colonic lesions were classified according to the two classifications, and their size estimated. The interobserver agreement for each classification was assessed using both Cohen k and AC1 statistics. Accuracy was taken as the concordance between the standard morphology definition and that made by participants. Sensitivity analyses investigated agreement between trainees (T) and staff members (SM), simple or mixed lesions, distinct lesion phenotypes, and for laterally spreading tumors (LSTs). Results Overall, the interobserver agreement for the Paris classification was substantial (κ = 0.61; AC1 = 0.66), with 79.3 % accuracy. Between SM and T, the values were superimposable. For size estimation, the agreement was 0.48 by the κ-value, and 0.50 by AC1. For single or mixed lesions, κ-values were 0.60 and 0.43, respectively; corresponding AC1 values were 0.68 and 0.57. Evaluating the several different polyp subtypes separately, agreement differed significantly when analyzed by the k-statistics (0.08–0.12) or the AC1 statistics (0.59–0.71). Analyses of LSTs provided a κ-value of 0.50 and an AC1 score of 0.62, with 77.6 % accuracy. The simplified classification outperformed the Paris classification: κ = 0.68, AC1 = 0.82, accuracy = 91.6 %. Conclusions Agreement is often measured with Cohen’s κ, but we documented higher levels of agreement when analyzed with the AC1 statistic. The level of agreement was substantial for the Paris classification, and almost perfect for the simplified system.

scholarly journals Biochar Chemistry in a Weathered Tropical Soil: Kinetics of Phosphorus Sorption

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 295
Author(s):  
Marina Moura Morales ◽  
Nicholas Brian Comerford ◽  
Maurel Behling ◽  
Daniel Carneiro de Abreu ◽  
Iraê Amaral Guerrini
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Initial Reaction ◽  
Phosphorus Sorption ◽  
P Sorption ◽  
Published Research ◽  
Kinetics Of

The phosphorus (P) chemistry of biochar (BC)-amended soils is poorly understood. This statement is based on the lack of published research attempting a comprehensive characterization of biochar’s influence on P sorption. Therefore, this study addressed the kinetic limitations of these processes. This was accomplished using a fast pyrolysis biochar made from a mix of waste materials applied to a highly weathered Latossolo Vermelho distrofico (Oxisol) from São Paulo, Brazil. Standard method (batch method) was used. The sorption kinetic studies indicated that P sorption in both cases, soil (S) and soil-biochar (SBC), had a relatively fast initial reaction between 0 to 5 min. This may have happened because adding biochar to the soil decreased P sorption capacity compared to the mineral soil alone. Presumably, this is a result of: (i) Inorganic phosphorus desorbed from biochar was resorbed onto the mineral soil; (ii) charcoal particles physically covered P sorption locations on soil; or (iii) the pH increased when BC was added SBC and the soil surface became more negatively charged, thus increasing anion repulsion and decreasing P sorption.

scholarly journals Reliability of the classification of cartilage and labral injuries during hip arthroscopy

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 448-457
Author(s):  
Stephanie W Mayer ◽  
Tobias R Fauser ◽  
Robert G Marx ◽  
Anil S Ranawat ◽  
Bryan T Kelly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Head ◽  
Transition Zone ◽  
Central Compartment ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Cartilage Injury ◽  
Intraobserver Agreement ◽  
Acetabular Cartilage ◽  
Femoral Head Cartilage ◽  
Labral Tears

Abstract To determine interobserver and intraobserver reliabilities of the combination of classification systems, including the Beck and acetabular labral articular disruption (ALAD) systems for transition zone cartilage, the Outerbridge system for acetabular and femoral head cartilage, and the Beck system for labral tears. Additionally, we sought to determine interobserver and intraobserver agreements in the location of injury to labrum and cartilage. Three fellowship trained surgeons reviewed 30 standardized videos of the central compartment with one surgeon re-evaluating the videos. Labral pathology, transition zone cartilage and acetabular cartilage were classified using the Beck, Beck and ALAD systems, and Outerbridge system, respectively. The location of labral tears and transition zone cartilage injury was assessed using a clock face system, and acetabular cartilage injury using a five-zone system. Intra- and interobserver reliabilities are reported as Gwet’s agreement coefficients. Interobserver and intraobserver agreement on the location of acetabular cartilage lesions was highest in superior and anterior zones (0.814–0.914). Outerbridge interobserver and intraobserver agreement was >0.90 in most zones of the acetabular cartilage. Interobserver and intraobserver agreement on location of transition zone lesions was 0.844–0.944. The Beck and ALAD classifications showed similar interobserver and intraobserver agreement for transition zone cartilage injury. The Beck classification of labral tears was 0.745 and 0.562 for interobserver and intraobserver agreements, respectively. The Outerbridge classification had almost perfect interobserver and intraobserver agreement in classifying chondral injury of the true acetabular cartilage and femoral head. The Beck and ALAD classifications both showed moderate to substantial interobserver and intraobserver reliabilities for transition zone cartilage injury. The Beck system for classification of labral tears showed substantial agreement among observers and moderate intraobserver agreement. Interobserver agreement on location of labral tears was highest in the region where most tears occur and became lower at the anterior and posterior extents of this region. The available classification systems can be used for documentation regarding intra-articular pathology. However, continued development of a concise and highly reproducible classification system would improve communication.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document