Soil studies at Swan Hill, Victoria, Australia. III. Some aspects of soil development on aeolian materials

Soil Research ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 117 ◽  
Author(s):  
HM Churchward
Keyword(s):  
Soil Development ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Dense Matrix ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Depositional Fabric

The progress of soil development at Swan Hill has been examined by the comparison of four successively older soil profiles which have all developed on aeolian materials at different times in history. The initial development is one of homogenization effected by biotic agencies that obliterates the depositional fabric and structure. There are found to be several other trends in profile differentiation which have advanced further in each older soil. These trends include the leaching of lime from the surface and its concentration into concretions, and the removal of clay from the surface and its deposition as coatings to grains, pores, and peds and as a dense matrix.

The effect of Aeolian accessions on soil development on granitic-rocks in south eastern Australia. III. Micromorphological and geochemical evidence of weathering and soil development

Soil Research ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
CJ Chartres ◽  
PH Walker
Keyword(s):  
Fine Sand ◽  
Soil Development ◽  
Granitic Rocks ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
The West ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Swelling Clays ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Red Earth

Micromorphological, mineralogical and chemical data show that clay illuviatidn, clay decomposition and strong weathering of biotite and feldspars to clay mineral$ have all been significant processes of soil development in three red podzolic soils and one red earth. Decomposition of biotite and illuviation of swelling clays into fissures in the saprolite and C horizons appear to have aided the physical fragmentation of the granitic parent materials. Disruption of illuvial features by faunal activity and shrink-swell processes in the upper B horizons accentuate apparent illuvial clay maxima in the B3 and C horizons. Low clay contents in the A horizons of the red podzolic soils examined result from ehviation and clay decomposition, whereas the higher fine sand contents of these horizons result, in part, from the deposition of aeolian transported materials. Substantial aeolian deposition at another site has led to the development of a red earth. The deposition of greater amounts of aeolian material to the soils to the west of Canberra has led to the development of complex, polycyolic soil profiles in comparison to the profiles investigated towards the coast.

INFLUENCE OF DISCONTINUITIES IN PARTICLE SIZE ON THE GENESIS OF TWO SOILS OF THE HONEYWOOD CATENA

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. K. ASAMOA ◽  
R. PROTZ
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Vertical Movement ◽  
Soil Development ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Soil Profiles

Particle-size discontinuities were located in two soil profiles of the Honeywood catena. Discontinuities in the distribution of clay, Na-dithionite and NH4-oxalate extractable Fe, Al, and Mn indicated varying degrees of translocation of these elements across the established particle-size discontinuities. The particle-size discontinuities appeared to have influenced the movement and accumulation of clay and extractable Fe, Al, and Mn through their effects on the vertical movement of water within the profiles. The degree of pedogenesis within the profiles was assessed by matching soil horizon boundaries and pedogenesis breaks with the established discontinuities. It was concluded that soil development had progressed more in the Embro profile than in the Honeywood profile. Dithionite-Fe breaks appeared to be useful in identifying the lower boundaries of Ae and Bt horizons, whereas oxalate-Fe breaks appeared to be associated with the illuvial B horizons.

The Levenshtein metric, a new means for soil classification tested by data from a sand-podzol chronosequence and evaluated by discriminant function analysis

Soil Research ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 115 ◽  
Author(s):  
IP Little ◽  
DR Ross
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Discriminant Function Analysis ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Soil Development ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Dissimilarity Matrix ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Depth Function

Soil profiles are difficult to compare by statistical methods because sampling depths and intervals and the number of samples per profile may vary. This paper discusses a novel method for handling the problem. Chemical data from 52 soil profiles, which formed a chronosequence of podzols from Fraser Island, south-eastern Queensland, was classified using the Levenshtein metric. The soils varied from undifferentiated sands to deeply weathered podzols with many metres of bleached A, horizon. The data used were the proportions by weight in the soil samples of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe and Al extracted by mild acid digests. A polythetic divisive program was used to form seven groups from a matrix of six attributes and 573 samples. These groups were used to code profiles into strings of digits whose length equalled the number of samples in a profile. The Levenshtein metric then formed these strings into a dissimilarity matrix, which in turn was used to produce groups by an agglomerative hierarchical procedure. The groups produced by this procedure were checked using discriminant function analysis applied to depth function parameters derived from the original data set used in the pattern analysis procedures. These parameters were derived from a model which is consistent with ideas of soil genesis, hence their use should favour a classification related to soil development. The classificatory procedure could also be weighted for the depth to the B horizon, a procedure that was considered to be a direct weighting for the degree of soil development. Discriminant function analysis showed that the groups produced could be discriminated on the basis of depth function parameters regardless of any depth weighting. The groups were consistent with the known geochronology, but contained an important component due to other factors such as parent material and surface accumulation due to plant activity. Classification involving the Levenshtein metric proved to be a sound means of taking adequate account of the variation present in the data. Supplementary procedures provided by TAXON enable fresh insights into the nature of the individuals and their interrelationships to be obtained.

scholarly journals Carbon Isotope Measurement as An Index of Soil Development

Radiocarbon ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 885-891 ◽  
Author(s):  
S J Ladyman ◽  
D D Harkness
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Isotope ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Soil Development ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Isotopic Evidence ◽  
Isotope Measurement ◽  
Carbon Isotope Measurement ◽  
Organic Decomposition

14C and 13C enrichment values are reported for a series of surface soil profiles which represent the progressive transition from mor to mull humus induced by birch (Betula pendula) colonization.Variations in Δ and δ13C, which range between 85 to 154‰ modern and −28.1 to −25.3‰ (PDB), respectively, reflect changes in the rate and mode of organic decomposition. The most marked alterations in soil character occur over the first few decades following the introduction of birch, with clear isotopic evidence for the deeper penetration and accelerated mineralization of organic material.

Weathering and soil development on a sequence of river terraces

Soil Research ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 293 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Brewer ◽  
PH Walker
Keyword(s):  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Soil Development ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Depth Functions ◽  
River Terraces ◽  
Grain Size Distributions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Alluvial Terraces ◽  
Profile Development

Five soil profiles on alluvial terraces in the Macleay River Valley, N.S.W., have been studied to determine changes in soil development with increasing age. The criteria used were mainly macromorphology, micromorphology (basic fabric, evidence of weathering of lithorelicts and biotite, and depth functions of illuviated clay), depth functions of grain-size distributions, and clay mineralogy. The evidence suggests that the four youngest soil profiles represent successive stages of profile development by weathering for the most part and, to a lesser extent, formation of an horizon of illuviated clay; data for the oldest soil indicate a different history of profile development.

scholarly journals Bodenentwicklung im Hochgebirge : ein Beispiel vom Vorfeld des Steingletschers in der Schweiz

1980 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Heikkinen ◽  
P. Fogelberg
Keyword(s):  
Soil Development ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
High Mountains ◽  
Soil Age

Abstract. Soil development in high mountains: an example from the Steingletscher foreland, Switzerland. Three soil profiles on moraines of different age were studied, and chemical analyses were made. The oldest soil (age 10 000 years) an iron-humus podzol, showed distinct horizons, the second one (age 300-350 years) showed signs of beginning podzol formation; tendencies to horizons could be seen from the chemical analyses but hardly by the eye. The youngest profile (age 120-130 years) was still an undeveloped raw soil, and not even the chemical analyses showed any differentiation.

RATE OF PODZOLIC SOIL FORMATION NEAR HUDSON BAY, ONTARIO

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. PROTZ ◽  
I. P. MARTINI ◽  
G. J. ROSS ◽  
J. TERASMAE
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Podzolic Soil ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Soil Development ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Hudson Bay ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Carbon Dating ◽  
Soil Age ◽  
Carbonate Leaching

Six soil profiles on a transect orthogonal to the Hudson Bay coast of Ontario are shown to be of increasing age from approximately 100 yr near the coast to > 5000 yr 70 km inland. The stages of Podzolic soil development from calcareous parent materials are documented. The Ah horizons required at least 750 yr to develop. The Ae-Bh horizon sequence required at least 1893 yr to form. The Ae-Bf horizon sequence required at least 2300 yr to develop. The depth of carbonate leaching and vermiculite formation in the A horizons are very closely correlated to soil age. Key words: Vermiculite, Podzolic B horizon, carbon dating, carbonate leaching

The Alteration of the Pore Spaces in Sandstones

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 210-211
Author(s):  
R. E. Ferrell ◽  
G. G. Paulson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Depositional Fabric ◽  
Soluble Components ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Shape And Size

The pore spaces in sandstones are the result of the original depositional fabric and the degree of post-depositional alteration that the rock has experienced. The largest pore volumes are present in coarse-grained, well-sorted materials with high sphericity. The chief mechanisms which alter the shape and size of the pores are precipitation of cementing agents and the dissolution of soluble components. Each process may operate alone or in combination with the other, or there may be several generations of cementation and solution.The scanning electron microscope has ‘been used in this study to reveal the morphology of the pore spaces in a variety of moderate porosity, orthoquartzites.

Early Development of Drug-Induced Hepatic Necrosis

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 576-577
Author(s):  
F. G. Zaki ◽  
E. Detzi ◽  
C. H. Keysser
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Hepatic Necrosis ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Dense Matrix ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Hepatocellular Damage ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Microscopic Studies

This study represents the first in a series of investigations carried out to elucidate the mechanism(s) of early hepatocellular damage induced by drugs and other related compounds. During screening tests of CNS-active compounds in rats, it has been found that daily oral administration of one of these compounds at a dose level of 40 mg. per kg. of body weight induced diffuse massive hepatic necrosis within 7 weeks in Charles River Sprague Dawley rats of both sexes. Partial hepatectomy enhanced the development of this peculiar type of necrosis (3 weeks instead of 7) while treatment with phenobarbital prior to the administration of the drug delayed the appearance of necrosis but did not reduce its severity.Electron microscopic studies revealed that early development of this liver injury (2 days after the administration of the drug) appeared in the form of small dark osmiophilic vesicles located around the bile canaliculi of all hepatocytes (Fig. 1). These structures differed from the regular microbodies or the pericanalicular multivesicular bodies. They first appeared regularly rounded with electron dense matrix bound with a single membrane. After one week on the drug, these vesicles appeared vacuolated and resembled autophagosomes which soon developed whorls of concentric lamellae or cisterns characteristic of lysosomes (Fig. 2). These lysosomes were found, later on, scattered all over the hepatocytes.

Effects of EDTA, Hyaluronidase and Collagenase on Epiphyseal Cartilage Matrix

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 56-57
Author(s):  
H. Clarke Anderson ◽  
Priscilla R. Coulter
Keyword(s):  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Matrix Vesicles ◽  
Cartilage Matrix ◽  
Collagen Fibrils ◽  
Epiphyseal Cartilage ◽  
Dense Matrix ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Bovine Testicular Hyaluronidase ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Testicular Hyaluronidase

Epiphyseal cartilage matrix contains fibrils and particles of at least 5 different types: 1. Banded collagen fibrils, present throughout the matrix, but not seen in the lacunae. 2. Non-periodic fine fibrils <100Å in diameter (Fig. 1), which are most notable in the lacunae, and may represent immature collagen. 3. Electron dense matrix granules (Fig. 1) which are often attached to fine fibrils and collagen fibrils, and probably contain protein-polysaccharide although the possibility of a mineral content has not been excluded. 4. Matrix vesicles (Fig. 2) which show a selective distribution throughout the epiphysis, and may play a role in calcification. 5. Needle-like apatite crystals (Fig. 2).Blocks of formalin-fixed epiphysis from weanling mice were digested with the following agents in 0.1M phosphate buffer: a) 5% ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) at pH 8.3, b) 0.015% bovine testicular hyaluronidase (Sigma, type IV, 750 units/mg) at pH 5.5, and c) 0.1% collagenase (Worthington, chromatograhically pure, 200 units/mg) at pH 7.4. All digestions were carried out at 37°C overnight. Following digestion tissues were examined by light and electron microscopy to determine changes in the various fibrils and particles of the matrix.

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