The effect of Aeolian accessions on soil development on granitic-rocks in south eastern Australia. III. Micromorphological and geochemical evidence of weathering and soil development

Soil Research ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
CJ Chartres ◽  
PH Walker
Keyword(s):  
Fine Sand ◽  
Soil Development ◽  
Granitic Rocks ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
The West ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Swelling Clays ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Red Earth

Micromorphological, mineralogical and chemical data show that clay illuviatidn, clay decomposition and strong weathering of biotite and feldspars to clay mineral$ have all been significant processes of soil development in three red podzolic soils and one red earth. Decomposition of biotite and illuviation of swelling clays into fissures in the saprolite and C horizons appear to have aided the physical fragmentation of the granitic parent materials. Disruption of illuvial features by faunal activity and shrink-swell processes in the upper B horizons accentuate apparent illuvial clay maxima in the B3 and C horizons. Low clay contents in the A horizons of the red podzolic soils examined result from ehviation and clay decomposition, whereas the higher fine sand contents of these horizons result, in part, from the deposition of aeolian transported materials. Substantial aeolian deposition at another site has led to the development of a red earth. The deposition of greater amounts of aeolian material to the soils to the west of Canberra has led to the development of complex, polycyolic soil profiles in comparison to the profiles investigated towards the coast.

Weathering and soil formation on dolerite in Tasmania with particular reference to several trace elements

Soil Research ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 74 ◽  
Author(s):  
KG Tiller
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Nickel Copper ◽  
Soil Groups

The mineralogy and chemistry of weathering and soil formation have been studied at 17 widely separated sites with contrasting climatic conditions on comparatively uniform dolerite in Tasmania. The clay and fine sand mineralogy of the soils has been related to their degree of weathering. These studies have shown large chemical and mineralogical changes accompanying the initial stages of weathering in some krasnozem soils. The reorganization of cobalt, zirconium, nickel, copper, molybdenum, manganese, and zinc during genesis of four soil groups has been considered in terms of the factors involved. Some of these results indicate that the clay horizon of the podzolic soils has probably been formed by weathering in situ. Seasonal waterlogging in certain horizons has strongly mfluenced the chemistry and mineralogy of weathering in many of these soils. This study has shown that the composition of the parent material has only influenced the geochemistry of trace elements in less weathered soils and that pedogenic factors assumed greater significance as the soils became more strongly weathered. Geomorphic processes had a marked influence on the geochemistry of some soils by the truncation of mature soil profiles.

SELENIUM DISTRIBUTION IN CANADIAN SOIL PROFILES

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. LÉVESQUE
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Marked Accumulation ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Combined Data

The distribution of selenium (Se) in 54 Canadian soil profiles was examined according to horizon in the profile, and to soil properties. Apart from the organic surface layers, the Podzolic B horizons had the highest Se values (0.52 ppm), and so displayed a marked accumulation. The Luvisolic and Gleysolic B horizons also showed some accumulation. The Se content of parent materials was generally low (0.10 ppm). Simple correlation analyses of the combined data (irrespective of horizon) indicated that Se distribution was closely associated with both organic carbon and NH4-oxalate extractable Fe and Al. When the data were arranged according to genetic groupings, this association remained true only for Podzolic B horizons. Multiple regression analyses revealed that the predominant factors involved in the Se distribution were the Se content of parent materials, and the organic carbon content of the upper horizons, in that order, except for Podzolic soils. Clay had little or no influence on the Se distribution. In spite of the relationship of Se to parent materials, the contribution by atmospheric contaminants to the Se enrichment of soils could remain important.

The effect of Aeolian accessions on soil development on granitic-rocks in south eastern Australia. II. Oxygen-isotope, mineralogical and geochemical evidence for Aeolian deposition

Soil Research ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
CJ Chartres ◽  
AR Chivas ◽  
PH Walker
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Isotope ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Granitic Rocks ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Elemental Ratios ◽  
Aeolian Deposits ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Mineral Data ◽  
Quartz Grains

Oxygen-isotope abundance in quartz grains, total chemical analyses and clay mineral data are used to identify aeolian deposits in four soil profiles developed on granitic rocks. Results indicate that quartz fractions derived from I-type granitic rocks have �18O values less than 10.7%, whereas fine sand-sized (50-31 �m) quartz separates from the same soils have �18O values of > 11.6�. Similar, but less marked, differences were observed in a soil on an S-type granitic rock, suggesting that addition of aeolian material to all the soils investigated has been an important process of soil formation. X-ray diffraction data indicate the presence of decreasing proportions of clay mica h the soils with increasing distance from probable sources of aeolianites in the Riverine Plain, raising the possibility that clay mica, along with other clay minerals and clay-size quartz, may have been also deposited by wind in the soils. Titanium/zirconium elemental ratios are less useful indicators of aeolian accession because of complications arising from the weathering of biotite in the underlying granitic rocks. Probable losses of yttrium from the soils also appear to result from weathering of materials derived from the granitic rocks, although some data indicate that zirconium/yttrium ratios for the 50-2 �m fractions may also be indicative of aeolian accession.

PODZOLIC SOILS WITH LUVISOLIC-LIKE MORPHOLOGIES IN THE UPPER SUBALPINE SUBZONE OF THE CANADIAN ROCKIES. 1. STRATIGRAPHY AND MINERALOGY

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.A.S. SMITH ◽  
G.M. COEN ◽  
D.J. PLUTH
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Amorphous Material ◽  
Volcanic Glass ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Optical Identification ◽  
Sand Fraction ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Surficial Deposits ◽  
Eolian Origin

A lithological and textural discontinuity within the sola of Podzolic soils of the upper subalpine bioclimatic subzone at Sunwapta Pass, Alberta was investigated. The physical and mineralogical variability of parent materials, and the origin and mode of deposition of an overlying silty deposit were evaluated. Evidence supported an eolian origin for the extensive, thin silty surficial deposits observed in the central Rockies. This material was composed of a mixture of volcanic ash and local detritus. Optical identification of the fine plus very fine sand fraction, separated according to specific gravity, indicated volcanic glass, quartz, and plagioclase to be abundant in the surficial material, and primary carbonate and quartz to be abundant in the underlying till. The clay-sized fractions in the surficial material were equally distinct from the underlying material, with amorphous material and chloritic intergrades present in the former, muscovite and chlorite below.

RATE OF PODZOLIC SOIL FORMATION NEAR HUDSON BAY, ONTARIO

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. PROTZ ◽  
I. P. MARTINI ◽  
G. J. ROSS ◽  
J. TERASMAE
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Podzolic Soil ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Soil Development ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Hudson Bay ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Carbon Dating ◽  
Soil Age ◽  
Carbonate Leaching

Six soil profiles on a transect orthogonal to the Hudson Bay coast of Ontario are shown to be of increasing age from approximately 100 yr near the coast to > 5000 yr 70 km inland. The stages of Podzolic soil development from calcareous parent materials are documented. The Ah horizons required at least 750 yr to develop. The Ae-Bh horizon sequence required at least 1893 yr to form. The Ae-Bf horizon sequence required at least 2300 yr to develop. The depth of carbonate leaching and vermiculite formation in the A horizons are very closely correlated to soil age. Key words: Vermiculite, Podzolic B horizon, carbon dating, carbonate leaching

Prehistoric Man Round Bombay

1932 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. U. Todd
Keyword(s):  
Arabian Sea ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
The West ◽  
Fishing Village ◽  
Red Earth ◽  
The Hill ◽  
Steep Hill

The purpose of this paper is to put on record the discovery of various sites, containing traces of prehistoric man, in the neighbourhood of Bombay.The area of greatest importance is that of Worli. It is a cotton milling suburb of Bombay, distant some 4 miles from the Fort, and is situated on low lying marshy ground and bounded to the West by a low steep hill having a maximum height of 100 ft. O.D., and consisting of igneous basalt overlying amygdaloidal trap with a dyke of F.W. strata between. This dyke contains fossils of marsh tortoises, frogs and plants resembling bulrushes. The basalt is capped with red earth which is decomposing trap, and contains nodules of agate and blocks of chert. West of the hill is the Arabian Sea. The northern extremity of this hill ends in a spur which juts out into the sea, and here is the fishing village of Koliwada, consisting of mud huts.

Grain protein responses to nitrogen applied to wheat growing on a red earth

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 735 ◽  
Author(s):  
JF Angus ◽  
RA Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Red Earth ◽  
Subsequent Crop ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate

Dryland wheat was fertilized with ammonium nitrate or liquid urea-ammonium nitrate at the time of sowing or about 3 months later (generally at the terminal-spikelet stage) on a well-drained site near Harden on the south-west slopes of New South Wales. The experiments continued from the second to the fifth year (1981-1984) of the cropping phase of a crop-pasture rotation. The maximum agronomic efficiencies for yield in the four consecutive years were 19, 4, 23 and 25 kg grain per kg of applied nitrogen (N). The three large responses were obtained in wetter than average seasons and the small response was obtained during drought. In the last three years of the study the yield response to nitrogen at the terminal-spikelet stage was found to be close to but slightly less than that for N applied at sowing. In those years the agronomic efficiencies for the late-applied N were 0, 22 and 22. The apparent recovery of fertilizer N in the above-ground parts of the crop at maturity was up to 70% of the fertilizer applied in the year of sowing, and, after the drought during which there was little uptake of fertilizer N, up to 62% by the subsequent crop. The fertilizer efficiencies in the non-drought years were higher than generally reported in south-eastern Australia, and indicate potential for profitable delayed application of N fertilizer to wheat. Grain-protein responses were variable from year to year and are discussed against a simple theoretical background of the amount of N applied and grain-yield response.

Acidification of soils on a transect from plains to slopes, south western New-South-Wales

Soil Research ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 539 ◽  
Author(s):  
CJ Chartres ◽  
RW Cumming ◽  
JA Beattie ◽  
GM Bowman ◽  
JT Wood
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Soil Acidification ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
New South ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
The West ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Red Earth

Samples were collected from unimproved road reserves and adjacent paddocks on a 90 km transect crossing red-brown earth soils in the west and red earth soils in the east. Measurements of pH in water and CaCl2 indicated that the red earths have been acidified by approximately 0.5 pH units over the last 30-40 years. Small increases in CaCl2-extractable A1 were also recorded for the acidified red earths. The red-brown earths do not appear to have been markedly affected by soil acidification to date. Clay mineralogical data and measurements of cation exchange capacity of the <2 �m fraction indicate that red-brown earths are better buffered against acidification than red earths. However, small differences in management practices and rainfall along the transect may also be partially responsible for differences in acidification between soil types.

Comparative mitochondrial phylogeography of two legless lizards (Pygopodidae) from Queensland’s fragmented woodlands

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 142-150
Author(s):  
Jessica Worthington Wilmer ◽  
Andrew P. Amey ◽  
Carmel McDougall ◽  
Melanie Venz ◽  
Stephen Peck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
The West ◽  
European Settlement ◽  
Low Genetic Diversity ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Open Forests ◽  
Fossorial Species

Sclerophyll woodlands and open forests once covered vast areas of eastern Australia, but have been greatly fragmented and reduced in extent since European settlement. The biogeographic and evolutionary history of the biota of eastern Australia’s woodlands also remains poorly known, especially when compared to rainforests to the east, or the arid biome to the west. Here we present an analysis of patterns of mitochondrial genetic diversity in two species of Pygopodid geckos with distributions centred on the Brigalow Belt Bioregion of eastern Queensland. One moderately large and semi-arboreal species, Paradelma orientalis, shows low genetic diversity and no clear geographic structuring across its wide range. In contrast a small and semi-fossorial species, Delma torquata, consists of two moderately divergent clades, one from the ranges and upland of coastal areas of south-east Queensland, and other centred in upland areas further inland. These data point to varying histories of geneflow and refugial persistance in eastern Australia’s vast but now fragmented open woodlands. The Carnarvon Ranges of central Queensland are also highlighted as a zone of persistence for cool and/or wet-adapted taxa, however the evolutionary history and divergence of most outlying populations in these mountains remains unstudied.

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