Effects of soil pH and applied cadmium on cadmium concentration in wheat grain

Soil Research ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 571 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Oliver ◽  
the late K. G. Tiller ◽  
A. M. Alston ◽  
G. D. Cozens ◽  
R. H. Merry
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Coefficient ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Cadmium Concentration ◽  
Dilution Effect ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Soil Tests ◽  
Cd Uptake ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
The Relationship

The effects of pH and soil-applied Cd on Cd concentration in wheat grain were determined using 4 soils in a glasshouse study. Grain Cd concentrations increased significantly (P < 0·001) with increasing applications of Cd for all soils. Generally, for the Alfisols the Cd concentration in grain decreased with increasing soil pH for all Cd treatments. The Cd concentrations in grain from plants grown on the Haploxerert showed variable responses to pH, depending on the Cd treatment. Smaller decreases in grain Cd concentration with increasing pH were seen on soils with native Cd compared with grain from soils to which Cd had been added. Generally, Cd uptake (mg/pot) by grain grown in the Alfisols showed the same trends with increasing pH as seen with grain Cd concentrations, indicating no yield dilution effect. On the Bordertown soil (a Palexeralf) the ratio of Cd in shoot material (excluding grain) to Cd concentration in grain was found to increase significantly (P < 0·001) with increasing Cd treatments and decrease significantly (P < 0·001) with increasing pH. The ratio on the Bordertown soil did not remain constant across Cd or pH treatments, which suggests that the use of soil tests to predict Cd concentration in grain may be problematical. The transfer coefficients for Kapinnie, Freeling, and Bordertown soils were dependent on pH, whereas that for the Inman Valley soil was independent of pH. The relationship between the reciprocal of the distribution coefficient (K¡ 1 d) and the transfer coefficients (Cd grain/Cd soil) was generally good for all soils except the Vertisol from Inman Valley.

Wheat grain-yield response to lime application: relationships with soil pH and aluminium in Western Australia

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Anderson ◽  
Richard Bell
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Lime Application ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

Soil acidity, or more specifically aluminium (Al) toxicity, is a major soil limitation to growing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the south of Western Australia (SWA). Application of calcium carbonate (lime) is used to correct Al toxicity by increasing soil pH and decreasing soluble soil Al3+. Soil testing using a 0.01 m calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution can measure both soil pH (pHCaCl2) and soil Al (AlCaCl2) for recommending rates of lime application. This study aimed to determine which combination of soil pHCaCl2 or soil AlCaCl2 and sampling depth best explains the wheat grain-yield increase (response) when lime is applied. A database of 31 historical lime experiments was compiled with wheat as the indicator crop. Wheat response to lime application was presented as relative yield percentage (grain yield for the no-lime treatment divided by the highest grain yield achieved for lime treatments × 100). Soil sampling depths were 0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm and various combinations of these depths. For evidence that lime application had altered soil pHCaCl2, we selected the change in the lowest pHCaCl2 value of the three soil layers to a depth of 30 cm as a result of the highest lime application (ΔpHmin). When ΔpHmin &lt;0.3, the lack of grain-yield response to lime suggested that insufficient lime had leached into the 10–30 cm soil layer to remove the soil Al limitation for these observations. Also, under high fallow-season rainfall (228 and 320 mm) and low growing-season rainfall (GSR) (&lt;140 mm), relative yield was lower for the measured level of soil AlCaCl2 than in the other observations. Hence, after excluding observations with ΔpHmin &lt;0.3 or GSR &lt;140 mm (n = 19), soil AlCaCl2 provided a better definition of the relationship between soil test and wheat response (r2 range 0.48–0.74) than did soil pHCaCl2 (highest r2 0.38). The critical value (defined at relative yield = 90%) ranged from 2.5 mg Al kg–1 (for soil Al calculated according to root distribution by depth within the 0–30 cm layer) to 4.5 mg Al kg–1 (calculated from the highest AlCaCl2 value from the three soil layers to 30 cm depth). We conclude that 0.01 m CaCl2 extractable Al in the 0–30 cm layer will give the more accurate definition of the relationship between soil test and wheat response in SWA.

Effect of soil and foliar applications of zinc on cadmium concentration in wheat grain

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 677 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Oliver ◽  
N. S. Wilhelm ◽  
K. G. Tiller ◽  
J. D. McFarlane ◽  
G. D. Cozens
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Sulfate ◽  
Cadmium Concentration ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Cd Uptake ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Soil Zn

Summary. The effectiveness of foliar applications of zinc sulfate to decrease cadmium (Cd) concentration in wheat grain was assessed at 3 field sites in South Australia—Tumby Bay, Cummins and Keppoch. Foliar zinc (Zn) treatments were found to significantly (P<0.001) decrease Cd concentrations in grain at only 1 site, Tumby Bay. At this site the highest foliar Zn treatment (0.67 kg Zn/ha), which consisted of 2 applications of 0.33 kg Zn/ha applied early and late, decreased the mean Cd concentration in grain from 0.025 mg/kg for the nil treatment to 0.017 mg/kg. Timing of application of foliar Zn had no significant effect on Cd concentration in wheat grain. The effect of soil applications of zinc sulfate on grain Cd concentration was assessed at Tumby Bay only. There was no significant difference in grain Cd concentration between the soil Zn treatments. The results from this study suggested that the current recommended rates of foliar applications of Zn to ameliorate Zn deficiency are not high enough to decrease Cd concentration in wheat grain. This is most likely due to the recommended foliar rate of 0.33 kg Zn/ha not providing excess Zn to the plant such that there is enough Zn to be translocated to the root, which is the site of Cd uptake by the plant. The results suggest that the benefits of foliar Zn to minimise Cd concentration in grain are variable or that the rates used to correct Zn deficiency under field conditions are too low to decrease Cd uptake. Further work is required to distinguish between the 2 possibilities.

A comparison of three soil tests for assessing Cd accumulation in wheat grain

Soil Research ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Oliver ◽  
K. G. Tiller (dec.) ◽  
A. M. Alston ◽  
G. D. Cozens ◽  
R. Naidu
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Cd Accumulation ◽  
Concentration Step ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Extractable Soil ◽  
Soil Cd

Three extractants, namely ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), CaCl2, and Ca(NO3)2, were compared to assess the relationship between the amounts of cadmium (Cd) extracted from soil and the Cd concentration of wheat grain, with the view to using a soil test for predicting Cd concentrations in grain. The soils used came from 1 glasshouse experiment and 31 field sites sampled over 2 years, and they had received Cd only from historical applications of phosphatic fertilisers. The soils ranged from a heavy clay with a comparatively high carbon content to a sandy soil. The pH values ranged from 4.5 to 7.8. The relationship between Cd concentration in grain and CaCl2- and Ca(NO3)2-extractable soil Cd was variable and for most cases r2 value was <0.6. The use of pH alone to predict Cd concentration in wheat grain was significant (P < 0.05) for all soils used in the glasshouse except the soil with the highest clay content (Inman Valley). In the field experiments, the relationships between Cd concentration in grain and soil pH were significant (P < 0.05) but the r2 values were low, ranging from 0.28 to 0.66. The inclusion of pH and extractable soil Cd (CaCl2- and Ca(NO3)2-extractable) to determine Cd concentration in grain only improved the relationship in one half of the cases in this study. This suggests that there may be little to be gained in prediction of Cd concentration in grain from the use of extractants compared with using soil pH. Soil pH is also an easier, cheaper, and quicker measurement than an extractable soil Cd measurement, particularly in soils with low Cd concentrations where the extraction procedure involves a concentration step. In all cases, grain Cd concentration and EDTA-extractable soil Cd were poorly correlated.

scholarly journals Fractionation of Heavy Metals in Multi-Contaminated Soil Treated with Biochar Using the Sequential Extraction Procedure

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 448
Author(s):  
Mahrous Awad ◽  
Zhongzhen Liu ◽  
Milan Skalicky ◽  
Eldessoky S. Dessoky ◽  
Marian Brestic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Sequential Fractionation ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Heavy metals (HMs) toxicity represents a global problem depending on the soil environment’s geochemical forms. Biochar addition safely reduces HMs mobile forms, thus, reducing their toxicity to plants. While several studies have shown that biochar could significantly stabilize HMs in contaminated soils, the study of the relationship of soil properties to potential mechanisms still needs further clarification; hence the importance of assessing a naturally contaminated soil amended, in this case with Paulownia biochar (PB) and Bamboo biochar (BB) to fractionate Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu using short sequential fractionation plans. The relationship of soil pH and organic matter and its effect on the redistribution of these metals were estimated. The results indicated that the acid-soluble metals decreased while the fraction bound to organic matter increased compared to untreated pots. The increase in the organic matter metal-bound was mostly at the expense of the decrease in the acid extractable and Fe/Mn bound ones. The highest application of PB increased the organically bound fraction of Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu (62, 61, 34, and 61%, respectively), while the BB increased them (61, 49, 42, and 22%, respectively) over the control. Meanwhile, Fe/Mn oxides bound represents the large portion associated with zinc and copper. Concerning soil organic matter (SOM) and soil pH, as potential tools to reduce the risk of the target metals, a significant positive correlation was observed with acid-soluble extractable metal, while a negative correlation was obtained with organic matter-bound metal. The principal component analysis (PCA) shows that the total variance represents 89.7% for the TCPL-extractable and HMs forms and their relation to pH and SOM, which confirms the positive effect of the pH and SOM under PB and BB treatments on reducing the risk of the studied metals. The mobility and bioavailability of these metals and their geochemical forms widely varied according to pH, soil organic matter, biochar types, and application rates. As an environmentally friendly and economical material, biochar emphasizes its importance as a tool that makes the soil more suitable for safe cultivation in the short term and its long-term sustainability. This study proves that it reduces the mobility of HMs, their environmental risks and contributes to food safety. It also confirms that performing more controlled experiments, such as a pot, is a disciplined and effective way to assess the suitability of different types of biochar as soil modifications to restore HMs contaminated soil via controlling the mobilization of these minerals.

scholarly journals Soil Nutrient and Vegetation Diversity Patterns of Alpine Wetlands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6221
Author(s):  
Muyuan Ma ◽  
Yaojun Zhu ◽  
Yuanyun Wei ◽  
Nana Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Vegetation Diversity ◽  
Vegetation Biomass ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
The Relationship

To predict the consequences of environmental change on the biodiversity of alpine wetlands, it is necessary to understand the relationship between soil properties and vegetation biodiversity. In this study, we investigated spatial patterns of aboveground vegetation biomass, cover, species diversity, and their relationships with soil properties in the alpine wetlands of the Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. Furthermore, the relative contribution of soil properties to vegetation biomass, cover, and species diversity were compared using principal component analysis and multiple regression analysis. Generally, the relationship between plant biomass, coverage, diversity, and soil nutrients was linear or unimodal. Soil pH, bulk density and organic carbon were also significantly correlated to plant diversity. The soil attributes differed in their relative contribution to changes in plant productivity and diversity. pH had the highest contribution to vegetation biomass and species richness, while total nitrogen was the highest contributor to vegetation cover and nitrogen–phosphorus ratio (N:P) was the highest contributor to diversity. Both vegetation productivity and diversity were closely related to soil properties, and soil pH and the N:P ratio play particularly important roles in wetland vegetation biomass, cover, and diversity.

Effects of pH and alkalinity on sulfur-denitrification in a biological granular filter

1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 355-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroaki Furumai ◽  
Hideki Tagui ◽  
Kenji Fujita
Keyword(s):  
Enrichment Culture ◽  
Nitrite Reduction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nitrite Accumulation ◽  
Ph Dependency ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Rapid Removal ◽  
Nitrate And Nitrite ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biological Filters

Two laboratory-scale biological filters were operated to investigate the effects of alkalinity and pH on removal of nitrate and nitrite in sulfur denitrification filter processes. The concentration of sodium bicarbonate in the feed media was changed from 120 to 240 mg/l during about 3 months in a filter (Run A). The other filter was initially fed with 300 mg/l and then with 240 mg/l (Run B). The performance of the filter was monitored by measuring pH, nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, alkalinity, and thiosulfate. Nitrate concentration in effluent rapidly decreased to lower levels within several days for both filters after inoculation of enrichment culture of sulfur denitrifiers. However there was a large difference in removal of nitrite. When rapid removal of nitrate took place, nitrite accumulation was observed and remained while the bicarbonate concentration was 120 and 150 mg/l. On the other hand the nitrite accumulation disappeared when more bicarbonate (240 and 300 mg/l) was supplied. The experimental results indicated that the nitrite accumulation was closely related to pH condition and alkalinity level in the filter. The stable data of effluent water quality for 5 cases were collected and the relationship discussed between nitrite concentration and pH in effluents. The relationship indicated a strong pH dependency on nitrite accumulation below pH of 7.4. The pH condition around 7 is not so inhibitory to biological activity. Therefore, the pH within the biofilm would be low enough to suppress the nitrite reduction by sulfur denitrifiers, while the pH in effluent was not in the inhibitory range. It was recommended to keep the pH higher than 7.4 to prevent nitrite accumulation in the sulfur denitrification filter.

Adsorption of Cu(II) Ions from an Aqueous Solution by Cross-Linked Carboxymethyl Konjac Glucomannan

2011 ◽  
Vol 239-242 ◽  
pp. 2310-2316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun Mei Niu ◽  
Shao Ying Li ◽  
Dong Huang
Keyword(s):  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Copper Nitrate ◽  
Konjac Glucomannan ◽  
Ion Adsorption ◽  
Adsorption Time ◽  
Isotherm Equation ◽  
Langmuir Isotherm Equation ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Carboxymethyl Konjac Glucomannan

Crosslinked Carboxymethyl Konjac Glucomannan(CMKGM) with substitution degrees ofcarboxymethyl group（DS）0.265, 0.457 and 0.586 were prepared through reaction of monochloroacetic acid, konjac glucomannan(KGM) and epichlorohydrin and used to adsorb Cu(II) from the aqueous solutions of copper nitrate. The effects of pH, adsorbent dose, initial concentration of Cu(II), adsorption time and temperature on adsorption capacity were investigated. The results showed that adsorption capacity increased with an increasing DS of the carboxymethyl groups. Equilibrium adsorption time was 20 min or so and was independent on DS. The adsorption followed Langmuir isotherm equation. Ligand ion adsorption between carboxymethyl group and Cu(II) was thought to be predominate in the process of adsorption according to the relationship between DS and thermodynamic parameters. CMKGM can be used as cheaper and more effective adsorbents.

The effects of soil pH on Cd concentration in wheat grain grown in south-eastern Australia

1995 ◽  
pp. 791-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Oliver ◽  
K. G. Tiller ◽  
M. K. Conyers ◽  
W. J. Slattery ◽  
R. H. Merry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
South Eastern Australia

Natural-Convection Heat Transfer in Liquids Confined by Two Horizontal Plates and Heated From Below

1959 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Globe ◽  
David Dropkin
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Silicone Oil ◽  
Convection Heat Transfer ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Heat Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Silicone Oils ◽  
Prandtl Numbers ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Rayleigh Numbers

This paper presents results of an experimental investigation of convective heat transfer in liquids placed between two horizontal plates and heated from below. The liquids used were water, silicone oils of 1.5, 50, and 1000 centistoke kinematic viscosities, and mercury. The experiments covered a range of Rayleigh numbers between 1.51(10)5 and 6.76(10)8. and Prandtl numbers between 0.02 and 8750. Tests were made in cylindrical containers having copper tops and bottoms and insulating walls. For water and silicone oils the container was 5 in. in diam and 2 in. high. For mercury, two containers were used, both 5.28 in. in diameter, but one 1.39 in. high and another 2.62 in. high. In all cases the bottom plates were heated by electric heaters. The top plates were air-cooled for the water and silicone-oil experiments and water-cooled for the mercury tests. To prevent amalgamation, the copper plates of the mercury container were chromium plated. Surface temperatures were measured by thermocouples embedded in the plates. The test results indicate that the heat-transfer coefficients for all liquids investigated may be determined from the relationship Nu=0.069Ra13Pr0.074 In this equation the Nusselt and Rayleigh numbers are based on the distance between the copper plates. The results of this experiment are in reasonable agreement with the data reported by others who used larger containers and different fluids.

scholarly journals Spatial variation features description of soil available P, K, Mg and soil pH by proportional effect

2011 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 41-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Brodský ◽  
J. Száková ◽  
M. Bazalová ◽  
V. Penížek
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Available P ◽  
Relationship Strength ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Field Fluctuations ◽  
Proportional Effect ◽  
The Relationship

This paper investigates the proportional effect of selected soil properties &ndash; low spatial variation changes are related to their local magnitudes (here standard deviation vs. mean). Content of available P, K, and Mg, and soil pH were analysed on nine agricultural fields of the&nbsp;Xzech Republic. Firstly, strong direct within-field proportional effect based on Moving Window Statistics (MWS) was found for soil P and K, while Mg did not exhibit any clear proportionality. Soil pH showed indication of inverse proportional effect with high field-to-field fluctuations. The relationship strength of the effect was functionally related to the asymmetry (skewness) of distribution (r = 0.31 &times; skew 0.08). Secondly, between-field proportional effect of 9 surveyed fields, as a&nbsp;measure at different scale, showed generally parallel results with the MWS approach. Proportionality is therefore not scale dependent. However, slopes of linear relationships were different for the two scales. Finally, models for prediction of proportional variogram parameters were calculated. Correlation coefficients of relationship between semivariance parameters and mean proved that sill-nugget is more stable (r = 0.74 for P and 0.83 for K) than nugget (r = 0.30 for P and 0.53 for K).

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