Growth of Peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] Fruits After Treatment With Ethephon During Successive Periods of Fruit Development

1978 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 589 ◽  
Author(s):  
IR Dann ◽  
DJ Chalmers
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Increase ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Secondary Effect ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Peach Fruit ◽  
Weight Growth ◽  
Endogenous Ethylene

During the first stage of dry weight increase (DW I) of peach fruit, ethephon inhibited growth but stimulated the short-term uptake of 14C-labelled assimilate as well as the natural abscission of the fruitlets. Abscission appeared to be the primary effect, while inhibited growth was a secondary effect of ethephon. This stage of growth DW I) includes the first half of the lag phase of fresh weight increase (FW 11). During the remainder of FW I1 (after the start of DW 11), ethephon did not affect growth except at the highest concentration, which inhibited growth. After commencement of FW 111, which is the final stage of rapid fresh weight increase, ethephon stimulated fruit growth. The data indicated that growth could be stimulated with ethephon during periods when the rate of fresh weight growth was rising but not when it was falling. Thus, endogenous ethylene appears to limit growth of peach fruit during the stages of rapid increase in fresh weight.

A Reappraisal of the Growth and Development of Peach Fruit

1975 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 623 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Chalmers ◽  
BVD Ende
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Weight Increase ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Peach Fruit ◽  
Lag Period

Both the fresh weight and dry weigh increase of peach fruit [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. cv. Golden Queen] have a double-sigmoid pattern. However, the lag period of slow fresh weight increase (fresh- weight-stage II) began and finished 1 month earlier than the start and finish respectively of the lag period of dry weight increase (dry-weight-stage II). Similarly, after the fruit had matured the rate of fresh weight increase declined 1 week before the rate of dry weight increase declined. The stone increased in dry weight rapidly in fresh-weight-stage II and this was accompanied by a compensating decline in the rate of dry weight increase of the flesh. There was no rapid increase in the dry weight of the seed until the rate of dry weight increase of the stone declined at the beginning of dry-weight-stage II. Although the decrease in the growth rate of the stone was accompanied by a marked increase in soluble sugar in the flesh, there was no compensating increase in growth rate of the flesh. While the second rapid stage of fresh weight increase (fresh-weight-stage III) was not accompanied by other apparent physiological changes, the second rapid stage of dry weight increase began at the same time as ripening commenced. The rate of natural abscission and the rate at which chlorophyll was degraded, both of which are known to indicate the level of ethylene present in the tissue, were high in dry-weight-stage I and dry-weight-stage III and low in dry-weight-stage II. The rate of growth of the fruit and its parts during different stages, the growth of the seed, the rate of abscission and chlorophyll degradation and the level of the major metabolites present in the fruit were all intricately interrelated. We have discussed the physiological significance of these observations and the way in which they may relate to earlier studies of peach fruit growth.

Ethylene as a Growth Hormone in Peach Fruit.

1976 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 429 ◽  
Author(s):  
PH Jerie ◽  
DJ Chalmers
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Weight Increase ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Peach Fruit ◽  
Sigmoid Growth Curve

Ethylene production by whole fruit and mesocarp pieces of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. cv. Golden Queen] was measured throughout the growing season. Peach fruit have a double-sigmoid growth curve, in which a lag period of slow weight increase (stage II) is followed by a rapid stage of weight increase (stage III). Changes in ethylene production could not be related to stage I- stage II transitions, and ethylene remained low at the start of fresh weight stage III. Two weeks later, ethylene production rose sharply at the same time as the fruit started accumulating dry weight in dry weight stage III. Mesocarp pieces produced ethylene in a pattern similar to that of whole fruit. We conclude that, in peach, increasing ethylene production is one of the hormonal changes involved in dry matter accumulation during stage III of fruit growth.

scholarly journals Modeling the Peach Sugar Contents in Relation to Fruit Growth

1996 ◽  
Vol 121 (6) ◽  
pp. 1122-1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Génard ◽  
Michel Souty
Keyword(s):  
Growth Curve ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Weight Growth ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Good Agreement

The edible quality of peaches (Prunus persica L. Batsch) to a great extent depends on their sweetness, which is related to sugar composition. Our objective was to develop a model to predict carbon partitioning within fruit flesh and to predict the sucrose, sorbitol, glucose, and fructose contents. The model is dynamic and deterministic and was designed to be driven by the flesh dry-weight growth curve, flesh water content, and temperature data. It uses differential equations where the state of the system is defined by variables that describe how much carbon is present as each form of sugar and as other compounds (acids and structural carbohydrates). The rates of change of these amounts of carbon depend on the current values of corresponding variables and on the transfer functions between them. These functions are defined by rate constants or by functions of degree-days after full bloom. The model was calibrated and tested using data sets from treatments that covered several leaf: fruit ratios. The predictions of the model were in fairly good agreement with experimental data. A sensitivity analysis was performed to identify the most influential transfer function parameters. Carbon flows between sugar forms were analyzed. Sucrose, which was the most abundant sugar, and fructose, which is the sweetest, contributed most to fruit sweetness. Simulations were performed to study the effects of changes in fruit growth-curve parameters on sugar contents and concentrations.

scholarly journals Model Selection for Nondestructive Quantification of Fruit Growth in Pepper

2012 ◽  
Vol 137 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Maaike Wubs ◽  
Yun T. Ma ◽  
Ep Heuvelink ◽  
Lia Hemerik ◽  
Leo F.M. Marcelis
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Sigmoid Function ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Weight Growth

Quantifying fruit growth can be desirable for several purposes (e.g., prediction of fruit yield and size, or for the use in crop simulation models). The goal of this article was to determine the best sigmoid function to describe fruit growth of pepper (Capsicum annuum) from nondestructive fruit growth measurements. The Richards, Gompertz, logistic, and beta growth functions were tested. Fruit growth of sweet pepper was measured nondestructively in an experiment with three different average daily temperatures (18, 21, and 24 °C) and in an experiment with six cultivars with different fruit sizes (20 to 205 g fresh weight). Measurements of fruit length and fruit diameter or circumference were performed twice per week. From these, fruit volume was estimated. A linear relationship related fruit fresh weight to estimated fruit volume, and a Ricker or polynomial function related fruit dry matter content to fruit age. These relations were used to convert estimated fruit volume into fruit fresh and dry weights. As dry weight increased until harvest, fitting the sigmoid function to the dry weight data was less suitable: it would create uncertainty in the estimated asymptote. Therefore, the sigmoid functions were fitted to fresh weight growth of the fruit. The Richards function was the best function in each data set, closely followed by the Gompertz function. The fruit dry weight growth is obtained by multiplication of the sigmoid function and the function relating fruit dry matter content to fruit age.

scholarly journals Interactive Short-term Effects of Waterlogging and Salinity Stress on Growth and Carbohydrate, Lipid Peroxidation, and Nutrients in Two Perennial Ryegrass Cultivars

2017 ◽  
Vol 142 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiujie Yin ◽  
Chao Zhang ◽  
Xin Song ◽  
Yiwei Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Waterlogging can occur in salt-affected turfgrass sites. The objective of this study was to characterize growth and carbohydrate, lipid peroxidation, and nutrient levels in the leaves and roots of two perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) cultivars (Catalina and Inspire) to short-term simultaneous waterlogging and salinity stress. Previous research showed that ‘Catalina’ was relatively more tolerant to salinity but less tolerant to submergence than ‘Inspire’. Both cultivars were subjected to 3 and 7 days of waterlogging (W), salinity [S (300 mm NaCl)], and a combination of the two stresses (WS). Across the two cultivars, W alone had little effect on the plants, while both S and WS alone significantly decreased plant height (HT), leaf fresh weight (LFW), leaf dry weight (LDW), root fresh weight (RFW), root dry weight (RDW), leaf nitrogen (LN) and carbon (LC), and leaf and root K+ (RK+), and increased leaf water-soluble carbohydrate (LWSC) and root water-soluble carbohydrate (RWSC), malondialdehyde (MDA), and Na+ content, compared with the control. A decline in chlorophyll content (Chl) was found only at 7 days of WS. Leaf phosphorus (LP) content either decreased or remained unchanged but root phosphorus content increased under S and WS. Reductions in LFW and LDW were found at 3 days of S and WS, whereas RFW and RDW were unaffected until 7 days of S or WS. Both cultivars responded similarly to W, S, and WS with a few exceptions on RDW, LWSC, leaf MDA (LMDA), and root MDA (RMDA). Although WS caused declines in Chl and resulted in higher leaf Na+ (LNa+) and root Na+ (RNa+) than S at 7 days of treatment, S and WS had similar effects on growth, carbohydrate, MDA, N, C, and phosphorus, and K+ content across the two cultivars. The results suggested that S alone largely accounted for the negative effects of WS on plant growth and physiology including alteration of carbohydrate and nutrient content as well as induction of lipid peroxidation.

Effect of Preservation on the Weight of Marine Benthic Invertebrates

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric L. Mills ◽  
Karin Pittman ◽  
Brent Munroe
Keyword(s):  
Benthic Invertebrates ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tissue Composition ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Biomass Determination ◽  
Marine Benthic Invertebrates

It would be convenient if preserved animals could be used to determine fresh-weight biomass. However, marine annelids, nematodes, bivalves, amphipods, and isopods all lost weight when preserved and stored in 70% isopropanol. In 10% formalin only bivalves lost weight significantly; the other groups showed evidence of small increases or decreases. Many animals preserved in alcohol decreased sharply in weight within a few minutes, probably due to dehydration. In formalin most increased at first, then slowly decreased. The response to preservatives is complex, involving short-term changes of water content and long-term changes of tissue composition. Precision, though not accuracy, of preserved wet weights can only be achieved after specimens have been in preservatives for a month or more, especially in the case of isopropanol. For these reasons, wet and dry weight biomass figures should be determined from fresh, unpreserved animals.Key words: fixation, preservation (organisms), biomass determination, benthos

scholarly journals Postharvest properties of ultra-late maturing peach cultivars and their attributions to Melting Flesh (M) locus: Re-evaluation of M locus in association with flesh texture

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryohei Nakano ◽  
Takashi Kawai ◽  
Yosuke Fukamatsu ◽  
Kagari Akita ◽  
Sakine Watanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Peach Fruit ◽  
Endogenous Ethylene ◽  
The Common ◽  
Exogenous Ethylene

AbstractThe postharvest properties of two ultra-late maturing peach cultivars, ‘Tobihaku’ (TH) and ‘Daijumitsuto’ (DJ), were investigated. Fruit were harvested at commercial maturity and held at 25°C. TH exhibited the characteristics of normal melting flesh (MF) peach, including rapid fruit softening associated with an increase in endogenous ethylene production In contrast, DJ did not soften at all during three-week experimental period even though substantial ethylene production was observed. Fruit of TH and DJ were treated with 5000 ppm of propylene, an ethylene analog, continuously for seven days. TH softened rapidly whereas DJ maintained high flesh firmness in spite of an increase in endogenous ethylene production, suggesting that DJ but not TH lacked the ability to be softened in response to endogenous and exogenous ethylene/propylene. DNA-seq analysis showed that tandem endo-polygalacturonase (endoPG) genes located at melting flesh (M) locus, Pp-endoPGM (PGM) and Pp-endoPGF (PGF), were deleted in DJ. The endoPG genes at M locus are known to control flesh texture of peach fruit, and it was suggested that the non-softening property of DJ is due to the lack of endoPG genes. On the other hand, TH possessed an unidentified M haplotype that is involved in determination of MF phenotype. Structural identification of the unknown M haplotype, designated as M0, through comparison with previously reported M haplotypes revealed distinct differences between PGM on M0 haplotype (PGM-M0) and PGM on other haplotypes (PGM-M1). Peach M haplotypes were classified into four main haplotypes: M0 with PGM-M0; M1 with both PGM-M1 and PGF; M2 with PGM-M1; and M3 lacking both PGM and PGF. Re-evaluation of M locus in association with MF/non-melting flesh (NMF) phenotypes in more than 400 accessions by using whole genome shotgun sequencing data on database and/or by PCR genotyping demonstrated that M0 haplotype was the common haplotype in MF accessions, and M0 and M1 haplotypes were dominant over M2 and M3 haplotypes and co-dominantly determined the MF trait. It was also assumed on the basis of structural comparison of M haplotypes among Prunus species that the ancestral haplotype of M0 diverged from those of the other haplotypes before the speciation of Prunus persica.

scholarly journals Postharvest Properties of Ultra-Late Maturing Peach Cultivars and Their Attributions to Melting Flesh (M) Locus: Re-evaluation of M Locus in Association With Flesh Texture

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryohei Nakano ◽  
Takashi Kawai ◽  
Yosuke Fukamatsu ◽  
Kagari Akita ◽  
Sakine Watanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Peach Fruit ◽  
Endogenous Ethylene ◽  
The Common ◽  
Exogenous Ethylene

The postharvest properties of two ultra-late maturing peach cultivars, “Tobihaku” (TH) and “Daijumitsuto” (DJ), were investigated. Fruit were harvested at commercial maturity and held at 25°C. TH exhibited the characteristics of normal melting flesh (MF) peach, including rapid fruit softening associated with appropriate level of endogenous ethylene production In contrast, DJ did not soften at all during 3 weeks experimental period even though considerable ethylene production was observed. Fruit of TH and DJ were treated with 5,000 ppm of propylene, an ethylene analog, continuously for 7 days. TH softened rapidly whereas DJ maintained high flesh firmness in spite of an increase in endogenous ethylene production, suggesting that DJ but not TH lacked the ability to be softened in response to endogenous and exogenous ethylene/propylene. DNA-seq analysis showed that tandem endo-polygalacturonase (endoPG) genes located at melting flesh (M) locus, Pp-endoPGM (PGM), and Pp-endoPGF (PGF), were deleted in DJ. The endoPG genes at M locus are known to control flesh texture of peach fruit, and it was suggested that the non-softening property of DJ is due to the lack of endoPG genes. On the other hand, TH possessed an unidentified M haplotype that is involved in determination of MF phenotype. Structural identification of the unknown M haplotype, designated as M0, through comparison with previously reported M haplotypes revealed distinct differences between PGM on M0 haplotype (PGM-M0) and PGM on other haplotypes (PGM-M1). Peach M haplotypes were classified into four main haplotypes: M0 with PGM-M0; M1 with both PGM-M1 and PGF; M2 with PGM-M1; and M3 lacking both PGM and PGF. Re-evaluation of M locus in association with MF/non-melting flesh (NMF) phenotypes in more than 400 accessions by using whole genome shotgun sequencing data on database and/or by PCR genotyping demonstrated that M0 haplotype was the common haplotype in MF accessions, and M0 and M1 haplotypes were dominant over M2 and M3 haplotypes and co-dominantly determined the MF trait. It was also assumed on the basis of structural comparison of M haplotypes among Prunus species that the ancestral haplotype of M0 diverged from those of the other haplotypes before the speciation of Prunus persica.

scholarly journals Papaya Fruit Growth, Calcium Uptake, and Fruit Ripening

1995 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 246-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunxia Qiu ◽  
Melvin S. Nishina ◽  
Robert E. Paull
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Uptake Rate ◽  
Calcium Uptake ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Weight Growth ◽  
Ca Uptake ◽  
Dry Weight Growth

The uptake of Ca by `Sunset' papaya (Carica papaya L.) fruit and its role in ripening was studied. The highest mesocarp Ca uptake rate occurred in fruit that were <40 days postanthesis when fruit transpiration was probably highest. Ca uptake rate by the mesocarp was low, from 60 to 80 days postanthesis when fruit fresh and dry weight increased. Mesocarp Ca uptake rate increased again from 100 to 140 days postanthesis when fruit fresh weight growth rate declined and dry weight growth rate increased. Mesocarp Ca concentration did not significantly differ from the peduncle to the blossom end. although Ca was significantly higher in the outer than inner mesocarp at the fruit equator. Mesocarp Ca concentration fluctuated significantly throughout the year ranging from 68 to 204 μg·g-1 fresh weight (FW). Soil Ca application did not always increase fruit mesocarp Ca concentration, while K and N fertilization decreased mesocarp Ca concentration. Attempts to increase mesocarp Ca concentration by spraying CaCl2 onto papaya fruit during growth and by postharvest vacuum infiltration and dipping of the cut peduncle into CaCl2 were unsuccessful. Mesocarp Ca concentration was positively correlated to the firmness of ripe papaya fruit and the rate of softening of mesocarp plugs. Less correlation was found between fruit firmness and the ratio of Ca concentration to K or Mg concentration, or to Mg plus K concentrations. Mesocarp Ca concentration of 130 μg·g-1 FW or above was associated with slower fruit softening rate than fruit with a lower concentration.

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