Ethylene as a Growth Hormone in Peach Fruit.

1976 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 429 ◽  
Author(s):  
PH Jerie ◽  
DJ Chalmers
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Weight Increase ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Peach Fruit ◽  
Sigmoid Growth Curve

Ethylene production by whole fruit and mesocarp pieces of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. cv. Golden Queen] was measured throughout the growing season. Peach fruit have a double-sigmoid growth curve, in which a lag period of slow weight increase (stage II) is followed by a rapid stage of weight increase (stage III). Changes in ethylene production could not be related to stage I- stage II transitions, and ethylene remained low at the start of fresh weight stage III. Two weeks later, ethylene production rose sharply at the same time as the fruit started accumulating dry weight in dry weight stage III. Mesocarp pieces produced ethylene in a pattern similar to that of whole fruit. We conclude that, in peach, increasing ethylene production is one of the hormonal changes involved in dry matter accumulation during stage III of fruit growth.

A Reappraisal of the Growth and Development of Peach Fruit

1975 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 623 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Chalmers ◽  
BVD Ende
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Weight Increase ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Peach Fruit ◽  
Lag Period

Both the fresh weight and dry weigh increase of peach fruit [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. cv. Golden Queen] have a double-sigmoid pattern. However, the lag period of slow fresh weight increase (fresh- weight-stage II) began and finished 1 month earlier than the start and finish respectively of the lag period of dry weight increase (dry-weight-stage II). Similarly, after the fruit had matured the rate of fresh weight increase declined 1 week before the rate of dry weight increase declined. The stone increased in dry weight rapidly in fresh-weight-stage II and this was accompanied by a compensating decline in the rate of dry weight increase of the flesh. There was no rapid increase in the dry weight of the seed until the rate of dry weight increase of the stone declined at the beginning of dry-weight-stage II. Although the decrease in the growth rate of the stone was accompanied by a marked increase in soluble sugar in the flesh, there was no compensating increase in growth rate of the flesh. While the second rapid stage of fresh weight increase (fresh-weight-stage III) was not accompanied by other apparent physiological changes, the second rapid stage of dry weight increase began at the same time as ripening commenced. The rate of natural abscission and the rate at which chlorophyll was degraded, both of which are known to indicate the level of ethylene present in the tissue, were high in dry-weight-stage I and dry-weight-stage III and low in dry-weight-stage II. The rate of growth of the fruit and its parts during different stages, the growth of the seed, the rate of abscission and chlorophyll degradation and the level of the major metabolites present in the fruit were all intricately interrelated. We have discussed the physiological significance of these observations and the way in which they may relate to earlier studies of peach fruit growth.

Control of Fruit Ripening in Peach, Prunus persica: Action of Succinic Acid-2,2-Dimethylhydrazide and (2-Chloroethyl)Phosphonic Acid

1974 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
NE Looney ◽  
WB Mcglasson ◽  
BG Coombe
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Succinic Acid ◽  
Phosphonic Acid ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Stage Iii

Fruits of Halehaven and Fragar peaches (mid- and late season respectively) were sampled and examined weekly during one complete growing season. The period of rapid growth following anthesis (stage I) was characterized by relatively high respiration and ethylene production rates. Fruits of both cultivars entered the subsequent period of slow growth (stage II) together. Ethylene production was low and respiration declined throughout stage II. Sprays of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon), but not succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH), resulted in increased ethylene evolution by stage II fruits. Neither chemical altered respiration or the duration of stage II. Both chemicals, however, advanced commercial harvest and promoted ripening of fruits sampled throughout the final rapid growth period (stage III). All fruits sampled during stage III showed a climacteric-like increase in respiration and ethylene production. The horticultural effectiveness of SADH and ethephon appears to be due to a promotion of physiological activity in stage III. Abscisic acid in peach pericarp increased just before and during stage III. Possible roles for abscisic acid and ethylene in regulating the stage II-stage III transition in peaches and other fruits are discussed.

Growth of Peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] Fruits After Treatment With Ethephon During Successive Periods of Fruit Development

1978 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 589 ◽  
Author(s):  
IR Dann ◽  
DJ Chalmers
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Increase ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Secondary Effect ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Peach Fruit ◽  
Weight Growth ◽  
Endogenous Ethylene

During the first stage of dry weight increase (DW I) of peach fruit, ethephon inhibited growth but stimulated the short-term uptake of 14C-labelled assimilate as well as the natural abscission of the fruitlets. Abscission appeared to be the primary effect, while inhibited growth was a secondary effect of ethephon. This stage of growth DW I) includes the first half of the lag phase of fresh weight increase (FW 11). During the remainder of FW I1 (after the start of DW 11), ethephon did not affect growth except at the highest concentration, which inhibited growth. After commencement of FW 111, which is the final stage of rapid fresh weight increase, ethephon stimulated fruit growth. The data indicated that growth could be stimulated with ethephon during periods when the rate of fresh weight growth was rising but not when it was falling. Thus, endogenous ethylene appears to limit growth of peach fruit during the stages of rapid increase in fresh weight.

scholarly journals 139 Flower Senescence in Hibiscus syriacus L.

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 413D-413
Author(s):  
Hye Jin Kwon ◽  
Song Kwon ◽  
Ki Sun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Hibiscus Syriacus

This experiment was undertaken to characterize the physiological changes taking place during the petal senescence of Hibiscus syriacus. Five distinctive developmental stages were chronologically suggested. Flower bud dry weight increased almost linearly from Stage I to Stage IV at a rate of ≈15 mg/day. Fresh weight and fresh/dry weight ratio increased much more rapidly between Stage III and Stage IV than during the early stage of development. It showed that petal expansion was partially due to an increased water uptake. The highest osmolality (411 mmol) was found in the fully open flowers. During the subsequent senescence and collapse of the flower, from Stage IV to Stage V, there were a rapid loss of fresh and dry weight and the fall of fresh/dry weight ratio, corresponding to the wilting that characterizes early senescence. A rise in cell sap osmolality coincided with the increase in soluble sugar content and fresh/dry weight ratio, and with the expansion of Hibiscus syriacus petal. Therefore, buds at Stage III, where they are under physiological maturity, might be appropriate to harvest. Hibiscus syriacus flowers showed a small but respiratory peak at Stage IV. The maximum rate of respiration was obtained with fully open flowers (Stage IV), whereas ethylene production remained extremely low until the petals started to open. Ethylene production, ACC synthase, and ACC content increased as the fresh weight of the flowers started to decline. At Stage V, there were a loss of petal fresh weight and a considerable increase in ethylene production (9 nL/g per h). The results of the present study have shown that petal tissue at Stage IV, presenescent stage, was characterized by the increase of soluble sugar and fresh weight, which might be expected to lead to petal expansion and limit turgidity. ABA and the stomata on petal might promote the disorganization.

Dry matter accumulation by Piceasitchensis seedlings during winter

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian K. Bradbury ◽  
D. C. Malcolm
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Weight Increase ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Incoming Radiation ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Harvest Intervals

Dry matter production by Sitka spruce seedlings (Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carr) outside the period of shoot extension was determined in southern Scotland by harvesting plants from a nursery on 13 occasions between late September and mid-May. Air and soil temperature and incoming radiation were measured in an attempt to relate weight changes to climatic variables. Dry weight of the plants apparently doubled between late September and mid-April but subsequently changed little. Most dry weight increase occurred during October, late March, and April but there was also a slight increase in weight in midwinter. The relative increase in weight was similar in roots and shoots until mid-January but thereafter was proportionally much greater in shoots than in roots and was associated with a marked increase in needle weight. Lack of weight increase in late spring was attributed to the respiratory demands of bud expansion. Dry matter changes in the 12 harvest intervals was not related to mean daily temperature, incoming radiation, or photoperiod, but when averaged over periods of 1 month a much closer relationship was evident.

scholarly journals Ripening season, ethylene production and respiration rate are related to fruit non-destructively-analyzed volatiles measured by an electronic nose in 57 peach (Prunus persica L.) samples

2017 ◽  
pp. 807
Author(s):  
Mingshen Su ◽  
Zhengwen Ye ◽  
Bo Zhang ◽  
Kunsong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Environmental Factor ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Electronic Nose ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Peach Fruit ◽  
Fruit Volatiles ◽  
Fruit Samples

Fifty-seven peach samples from 19 peach cultivars were gathered at consumption maturities from an orchard between July 21 and September 9 in 2010. Fruit ethylene production (C2H4) was significantly positively correlated with respiration rate (CO2) for tested samples. Fruit non-desctructively-analized volatiles were measured by a FOX 4000 electronic nose (e-nose), which 57 samples were classified into three groups according to ripening season, respiration rate and ethylene production to evaluate the volatile separations. Samples harvested in July, August and September in 2010, samples of high (>25) respiration rate (mL.Kg-1FW.h-1 CO2) and low ones (<16), samples of high (>10) ethylene production (nL.g-1 FW.h-1 C2H4) and low ones (<2) ones could be clearly separated in the discriminant factor analysis (DFA) plots based on fruit volatiles of the e-nose measurements. Intensity values of T30/1, T70/2, PA/2, P30/1, P40/2, P30/2 and T40/2 sensors of the e-nose measurements were in accord with the classifications of harvest seasons, respiration rate and ethylene production. Non-desctructively-analized volatiles, respiration rate and ethylene production were somewhat related each other despite genotype and environmental factor in the tested peach fruit samples.

scholarly journals Postharvest properties of ultra-late maturing peach cultivars and their attributions to Melting Flesh (M) locus: Re-evaluation of M locus in association with flesh texture

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryohei Nakano ◽  
Takashi Kawai ◽  
Yosuke Fukamatsu ◽  
Kagari Akita ◽  
Sakine Watanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Peach Fruit ◽  
Endogenous Ethylene ◽  
The Common ◽  
Exogenous Ethylene

AbstractThe postharvest properties of two ultra-late maturing peach cultivars, ‘Tobihaku’ (TH) and ‘Daijumitsuto’ (DJ), were investigated. Fruit were harvested at commercial maturity and held at 25°C. TH exhibited the characteristics of normal melting flesh (MF) peach, including rapid fruit softening associated with an increase in endogenous ethylene production In contrast, DJ did not soften at all during three-week experimental period even though substantial ethylene production was observed. Fruit of TH and DJ were treated with 5000 ppm of propylene, an ethylene analog, continuously for seven days. TH softened rapidly whereas DJ maintained high flesh firmness in spite of an increase in endogenous ethylene production, suggesting that DJ but not TH lacked the ability to be softened in response to endogenous and exogenous ethylene/propylene. DNA-seq analysis showed that tandem endo-polygalacturonase (endoPG) genes located at melting flesh (M) locus, Pp-endoPGM (PGM) and Pp-endoPGF (PGF), were deleted in DJ. The endoPG genes at M locus are known to control flesh texture of peach fruit, and it was suggested that the non-softening property of DJ is due to the lack of endoPG genes. On the other hand, TH possessed an unidentified M haplotype that is involved in determination of MF phenotype. Structural identification of the unknown M haplotype, designated as M0, through comparison with previously reported M haplotypes revealed distinct differences between PGM on M0 haplotype (PGM-M0) and PGM on other haplotypes (PGM-M1). Peach M haplotypes were classified into four main haplotypes: M0 with PGM-M0; M1 with both PGM-M1 and PGF; M2 with PGM-M1; and M3 lacking both PGM and PGF. Re-evaluation of M locus in association with MF/non-melting flesh (NMF) phenotypes in more than 400 accessions by using whole genome shotgun sequencing data on database and/or by PCR genotyping demonstrated that M0 haplotype was the common haplotype in MF accessions, and M0 and M1 haplotypes were dominant over M2 and M3 haplotypes and co-dominantly determined the MF trait. It was also assumed on the basis of structural comparison of M haplotypes among Prunus species that the ancestral haplotype of M0 diverged from those of the other haplotypes before the speciation of Prunus persica.

scholarly journals Relationship between Leaf Water Potential and Gas Exchange Activity at Different Phenological Stages and Fruit Loads in Peach Trees

1997 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Marsal ◽  
Joan Girona
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Growth Stages

Relationships between midday (Ψmd) and predawn (Ψpd) leaf water potential, stomatal conductance (gs), and net CO2 assimilation rate (A) were determined at different fruit growth stages and for 2 years with different fruit loads in a `Sudanell' peach [Prunus persica (L) Batsch] plot subjected to two regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) strategies plus a control irrigation treatment. A postharvest RDI (PRDI) treatment was irrigated at 0.35 of the control after harvest. The second treatment (SPRDI) applied RDI during Stage II, the lag phase of the fruit growth curve, at 0.5 of the control and postharvest at 0.35 of the control. The control treatment and the PRDI and SPRDI when not receiving RDI were irrigated at 100% of a modified Penman crop water use calculation (ETo) in 1994, a full crop year, and 80% in 1995, a year of nearly zero crop. In 1995, with 80% of the 1994 irrigation rate and no crop, the Ψmd was higher, probably because of the lower crop load, while Ψpd was lower, probably because less water was applied to the soil. The relationship of gs and A with Ψmd during Stage II was steeper than during postharvest. Low Ψmd was not indicative of a depression in gs and A in Stage III. Osmotic leaf water potential at turgor loss (Ψπ0) as derived from pressure-volume curves was more negative during Stage III and postharvest (about -2.9 MPa) than in Stage II (about -2.7 MPa). The Ψmd measurements together with Ψπ0 determinations seemed to be more useful to characterize peach tree water status than Ψpd under soil water deficits because of their better relationship to midday stomatal closure.

scholarly journals Postharvest Properties of Ultra-Late Maturing Peach Cultivars and Their Attributions to Melting Flesh (M) Locus: Re-evaluation of M Locus in Association With Flesh Texture

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryohei Nakano ◽  
Takashi Kawai ◽  
Yosuke Fukamatsu ◽  
Kagari Akita ◽  
Sakine Watanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Peach Fruit ◽  
Endogenous Ethylene ◽  
The Common ◽  
Exogenous Ethylene

The postharvest properties of two ultra-late maturing peach cultivars, “Tobihaku” (TH) and “Daijumitsuto” (DJ), were investigated. Fruit were harvested at commercial maturity and held at 25°C. TH exhibited the characteristics of normal melting flesh (MF) peach, including rapid fruit softening associated with appropriate level of endogenous ethylene production In contrast, DJ did not soften at all during 3 weeks experimental period even though considerable ethylene production was observed. Fruit of TH and DJ were treated with 5,000 ppm of propylene, an ethylene analog, continuously for 7 days. TH softened rapidly whereas DJ maintained high flesh firmness in spite of an increase in endogenous ethylene production, suggesting that DJ but not TH lacked the ability to be softened in response to endogenous and exogenous ethylene/propylene. DNA-seq analysis showed that tandem endo-polygalacturonase (endoPG) genes located at melting flesh (M) locus, Pp-endoPGM (PGM), and Pp-endoPGF (PGF), were deleted in DJ. The endoPG genes at M locus are known to control flesh texture of peach fruit, and it was suggested that the non-softening property of DJ is due to the lack of endoPG genes. On the other hand, TH possessed an unidentified M haplotype that is involved in determination of MF phenotype. Structural identification of the unknown M haplotype, designated as M0, through comparison with previously reported M haplotypes revealed distinct differences between PGM on M0 haplotype (PGM-M0) and PGM on other haplotypes (PGM-M1). Peach M haplotypes were classified into four main haplotypes: M0 with PGM-M0; M1 with both PGM-M1 and PGF; M2 with PGM-M1; and M3 lacking both PGM and PGF. Re-evaluation of M locus in association with MF/non-melting flesh (NMF) phenotypes in more than 400 accessions by using whole genome shotgun sequencing data on database and/or by PCR genotyping demonstrated that M0 haplotype was the common haplotype in MF accessions, and M0 and M1 haplotypes were dominant over M2 and M3 haplotypes and co-dominantly determined the MF trait. It was also assumed on the basis of structural comparison of M haplotypes among Prunus species that the ancestral haplotype of M0 diverged from those of the other haplotypes before the speciation of Prunus persica.

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