scholarly journals A tribute to Professor Arnold L Demain – a lifetime in industrial microbiology

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Margaret Britz
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Manufacturing Processes ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Nutritional Regulation ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Industrial Microbiology ◽  
The World

Professor Arnold (Arny) Lester Demain is one of the few scientists who have witnessed the progress of biotechnology in a career that has spanned almost 60 years. He is one of the world?s leading industrial microbiologists who has pioneered discovery in genetic and nutritional regulation of biosynthetic pathways leading to overproduction of a suite of primary and secondary metabolites, and their subsequent scale-up in manufacturing processes. These metabolites have huge economic value due to their application in the food, pharmaceutical and agricultural sectors. In this article, Arny?s story is summarised and put in context of the changing face of biotechnology in the various ?golden ages? of biotechnology. A former Rubbo Orator in 1979, Arny will be visiting Australia again in 2010 to present the closing plenary address at the Genetics of Industrial Microorganisms Symposium (GIMS) in Melbourne, a role he played before at the first GIMS in 1970.

scholarly journals Biosynthesis and metabolic engineering of pseudo-oligosaccharides

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah R. Alanzi ◽  
Ananiya A. Demessie ◽  
Taifo Mahmud
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Engineering ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Fermentation Conditions ◽  
Chemical Structures

Pseudo-oligosaccharides are microbial-derived secondary metabolites whose chemical structures contain pseudosugars (glycomimetics). Owing to their high resemblance to the molecules of life (carbohydrates), most pseudo-oligosaccharides show significant biological activities. Some of them have been used as drugs to treat human and plant diseases. Because of their significant economic value, efforts have been put into understanding their biosynthesis, optimizing their fermentation conditions, and engineering their metabolic pathways to obtain better production yields. Many unusual enzymes participating in diverse biosynthetic pathways to pseudo-oligosaccharides have been reported. Various methods and conditions to improve the production yields of the target compounds and eliminate byproducts have also been developed. This review article describes recent studies on the biosynthesis, fermentation optimization, and metabolic engineering of high-value pseudo-oligosaccharides.

scholarly journals Sterols Biosynthesis in Algae

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariane Bittencourt Fagundes ◽  
Roger Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Industrial Application ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Mevalonic Acid ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Principal Factors ◽  
Acid Pathway

Sterols are secondary metabolites, they are considered bioactive, due to their recognized activity as antioxidants, anticarcinogenic, cardiovascular protectors, and antiviral capacity. These triterpenoids can be found in a wide range of concentrations in different algae strains, being the variations related to external factors. In the world, there are millions of algae, some strains have the ability to produce high-value phytosterols, like stigmasterol, and sitosterol, however, others could lead to cholesterol production. For this reason, understand the principal factors involved in sterols biosynthesis, allows us to appoint the algae strain for industrial application and escalating these specific compounds production. Some algae are capable to produce sterols from mevalonic acid pathway, other strains present the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP), or 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate (DOXP) as the main pathway, each one is responsible for the production of plans of intermediary compounds. In this sense, this chapter summarizes current knowledge of the biosynthetic pathways responsible for different sterols formation, as well as, describe main sterols that could be isolated from algae metabolism.

scholarly journals Three Selected Edible Crops of the Genus Momordica as Potential Sources of Phytochemicals: Biochemical, Nutritional, and Medicinal Values

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mashudu Muronga ◽  
Cristina Quispe ◽  
Phumudzo P. Tshikhudo ◽  
Titus A. M Msagati ◽  
Fhatuwani N. Mudau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Bitter Melon ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Edible Crops ◽  
The World ◽  
Potential Sources ◽  
Calcium Iron

Momordica species (Family Cucurbitaceae) are cultivated throughout the world for their edible fruits, leaves, shoots and seeds. Among the species of the genus Momordica, there are three selected species that are used as vegetable, and for medicinal purposes, Momordica charantia L (Bitter melon), Momordica foetida Schumach (Bitter cucumber) and Momordica balsamina L (African pumpkin). The fruits and leaves of these Momordica species are rich in primary and secondary metabolites such as proteins, fibers, minerals (calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc), β-carotene, foliate, ascorbic acid, among others. The extracts from Momordica species are used for the treatment of a variety of diseases and ailments in traditional medicine. Momordica species extracts are reputed to possess anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, anthelmintic bioactivity, abortifacient, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, and play chemo-preventive functions. In this review we summarize the biochemical, nutritional, and medicinal values of three Momordica species (M. charantia, M. foetida and M. balsamina) as promising and innovative sources of natural bioactive compounds for future pharmaceutical usage.

scholarly journals An Overview on the Biosynthetic Pathways and Medicinal Values of Secondary Metabolites

2021 ◽  
pp. 100-114
Author(s):  
Ashwini V. Armarkar ◽  
Divyani S. Mahure ◽  
Anita R. Pounikar ◽  
Rani T. Bhagat ◽  
Dhanashri N. Nagare
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Shikimic Acid ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Acid Pathway

Nature is a treasure hunt of novel molecules which are extensively used by humans for their medicinal values for millennia. Herbal medicines have emerged as life savers all over the world due to their multifunctional and diverse array of activities on the human body. Plants supply numerous bioactive molecules which are capable of treating disease conditions. Plants produce varieties of phytochemicals which are commonly recognized as primary and secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites are inimitable resources for exploitation for pharmaceuticals, food additives e.t.c. They are often involved in the control of abiotic or biotic stress. They play distinctive roles in the defense mechanism of plants, act as insect repellant, regulate signaling pathways, and also exhibit varied range of pharmacological actions such as antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer anti-diabetic and others. Secondary metabolites are derived from one or mixed pathways that give rise to formation of various compounds i.e., alkaloids, volatile oils, tannins, glycosides and resins etc. which have great importance in modern medicine. Isopentenyl diphosphate and Shikimic acid pathway serve as primary precursors for the synthesis some of types of secondary metabolites. The present review deals with the brief introduction, significance of secondary metabolites in the plants, biosynthetic pathways, and therapeutic importance of some commonly known secondary metabolites.

A Survey on the Economic Value Estimation of the World Taekwondo Hanmadang

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 691-702
Author(s):  
Ki-Dong Kim ◽  
Dae-Seung Yang ◽  
Kwon Jang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Value ◽  
The World ◽  
Value Estimation

Comparison Among Five Eucalyptus Species Based on Their Leaf Contents of Some Primary and Secondary Metabolites

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 573-587
Author(s):  
Alyaa Nasr ◽  
Tehmina Saleem Khan ◽  
Shi-Ping Huang ◽  
Bin Wen ◽  
Jian-Wen Shao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Protocatechuic Acid ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Eucalyptus Species ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Acetone Water ◽  
Phenolic Constituents

Background: Eucalyptus belongs to the Myrtaceae family. It is the most planted hardwood forest crop worldwide, representing a global renewable resource of fiber, pharmaceuticals and energy. Objective: To compare the five species, E. maidenii, E. robusta, E. citriodora, E. tereticornis and E. camaldulensis, seeking for the richest source of nutrients and pharmaceuticals. Methodology: Eucalyptus samples were subjected to some chemical determinations for both primary and secondary metabolites to verify their nutritional and pharmaceutical importance related to different extracts. GC-MS analysis was applied to detect the presence of some individual phenolic constituents in their leaves. Results: E. robusta recorded the maximum contents of carbohydrates (40.07%) and protein (31.91%). While E. camaldulensis contained the highest contents of total phenolic compounds (46.56 mg/g), tannins (40.01 mg/g) and antioxidant activities assayed by the phosphomolybednum method (57.60 mg/g), followed by E. citridora. However, E. tereticornis exhibited the highest reducing power ability (151.23 mg/g). The GC-MS highlighted 20 phenolic constituents and antioxidants which varied in their abundance in Eucalyptus leaves, 8 individual phenolics (hydroquinone, hesperitin, pyrogallol, resorcinol, protocatechuic acid, naringenin, chlorogenic acid and catechin) were maximally recorded with E. camaldulensis and secondly, with E. citridora in case of at least 5 components. Nevertheless, gallic and quinic acids were more abundant in the leaves of E. tereticornis, which may explain its high corresponding reducing powers. Conclusion: Acetone-water combination has enhanced phenolics extraction from Eucalyptus tissues. This is the first report aiming to compare between the aforementioned Eucalyptus species highlighting either their nutritional or medicinal importance.

scholarly journals Meroterpenoids: A Comprehensive Update Insight on Structural Diversity and Biology

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 957
Author(s):  
Mamona Nazir ◽  
Muhammad Saleem ◽  
Muhammad Imran Tousif ◽  
Muhammad Aijaz Anwar ◽  
Frank Surup ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Natural Sources ◽  
Hybrid Compounds ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Meroterpenoids are secondary metabolites formed due to mixed biosynthetic pathways which are produced in part from a terpenoid co-substrate. These mixed biosynthetically hybrid compounds are widely produced by bacteria, algae, plants, and animals. Notably amazing chemical diversity is generated among meroterpenoids via a combination of terpenoid scaffolds with polyketides, alkaloids, phenols, and amino acids. This review deals with the isolation, chemical diversity, and biological effects of 452 new meroterpenoids reported from natural sources from January 2016 to December 2020. Most of the meroterpenoids possess antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, enzyme inhibitory, and immunosupressive effects.

scholarly journals Profiles of Secondary Metabolites (Phenolic Acids, Carotenoids, Anthocyanins, and Galantamine) and Primary Metabolites (Carbohydrates, Amino Acids, and Organic Acids) during Flower Development in Lycoris radiata

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 248
Author(s):  
Chang Ha Park ◽  
Hyeon Ji Yeo ◽  
Ye Jin Kim ◽  
Bao Van Nguyen ◽  
Ye Eun Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Flower Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Hydrophilic Compounds ◽  
Tca Cycle Intermediates

This study aimed to elucidate the variations in primary and secondary metabolites during Lycorisradiata flower development using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS). The result showed that seven carotenoids, seven phenolic acids, three anthocyanins, and galantamine were identified in the L. radiata flowers. Most secondary metabolite levels gradually decreased according to the flower developmental stages. A total of 51 metabolites, including amines, sugars, sugar intermediates, sugar alcohols, amino acids, organic acids, phenolic acids, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates, were identified and quantified using GC-TOFMS. Among the hydrophilic compounds, most amino acids increased during flower development; in contrast, TCA cycle intermediates and sugars decreased. In particular, glutamine, asparagine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid, which represent the main inter- and intracellular nitrogen carriers, were positively correlated with the other amino acids and were negatively correlated with the TCA cycle intermediates. Furthermore, quantitation data of the 51 hydrophilic compounds were subjected to partial least-squares discriminant analyses (PLS-DA) to assess significant differences in the metabolites of L. radiata flowers from stages 1 to 4. Therefore, this study will serve as the foundation for a biochemical approach to understand both primary and secondary metabolism in L. radiata flower development.

scholarly journals Non-Cannabinoid Metabolites of Cannabis sativa L. with Therapeutic Potential

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 400
Author(s):  
Henry Lowe ◽  
Blair Steele ◽  
Joseph Bryant ◽  
Ngeh Toyang ◽  
Wilfred Ngwa
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Therapeutic Window ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Medicinal Properties ◽  
The Many ◽  
Human Viruses

The cannabis plant (Cannabis sativa L.) produces an estimated 545 chemical compounds of different biogenetic classes. In addition to economic value, many of these phytochemicals have medicinal and physiological activity. The plant is most popularly known for its two most-prominent and most-studied secondary metabolites—Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Both Δ9-THC and CBD have a wide therapeutic window across many ailments and form part of a class of secondary metabolites called cannabinoids—of which approximately over 104 exist. This review will focus on non-cannabinoid metabolites of Cannabis sativa that also have therapeutic potential, some of which share medicinal properties similar to those of cannabinoids. The most notable of these non-cannabinoid phytochemicals are flavonoids and terpenes. We will also discuss future directions in cannabis research and development of cannabis-based pharmaceuticals. Caflanone, a flavonoid molecule with selective activity against the human viruses including the coronavirus OC43 (HCov-OC43) that is responsible for COVID-19, and certain cancers, is one of the most promising non-cannabinoid molecules that is being advanced into clinical trials. As validated by thousands of years of the use of cannabis for medicinal purposes, vast anecdotal evidence abounds on the medicinal benefits of the plant. These benefits are attributed to the many phytochemicals in this plant, including non-cannabinoids. The most promising non-cannabinoids with potential to alleviate global disease burdens are discussed.

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