scholarly journals Sterols Biosynthesis in Algae

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariane Bittencourt Fagundes ◽  
Roger Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Industrial Application ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Mevalonic Acid ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Principal Factors ◽  
Acid Pathway

Sterols are secondary metabolites, they are considered bioactive, due to their recognized activity as antioxidants, anticarcinogenic, cardiovascular protectors, and antiviral capacity. These triterpenoids can be found in a wide range of concentrations in different algae strains, being the variations related to external factors. In the world, there are millions of algae, some strains have the ability to produce high-value phytosterols, like stigmasterol, and sitosterol, however, others could lead to cholesterol production. For this reason, understand the principal factors involved in sterols biosynthesis, allows us to appoint the algae strain for industrial application and escalating these specific compounds production. Some algae are capable to produce sterols from mevalonic acid pathway, other strains present the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP), or 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate (DOXP) as the main pathway, each one is responsible for the production of plans of intermediary compounds. In this sense, this chapter summarizes current knowledge of the biosynthetic pathways responsible for different sterols formation, as well as, describe main sterols that could be isolated from algae metabolism.

scholarly journals Ecological Genomics of Marine Picocyanobacteria

2009 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Scanlan ◽  
M. Ostrowski ◽  
S. Mazard ◽  
A. Dufresne ◽  
L. Garczarek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
World Ocean ◽  
Genomic Information ◽  
Marine Microbes ◽  
Ecological Genomics ◽  
Latitudinal Belt ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Photosynthetic Organism

SUMMARY Marine picocyanobacteria of the genera Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus numerically dominate the picophytoplankton of the world ocean, making a key contribution to global primary production. Prochlorococcus was isolated around 20 years ago and is probably the most abundant photosynthetic organism on Earth. The genus comprises specific ecotypes which are phylogenetically distinct and differ markedly in their photophysiology, allowing growth over a broad range of light and nutrient conditions within the 45°N to 40°S latitudinal belt that they occupy. Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus are closely related, together forming a discrete picophytoplankton clade, but are distinguishable by their possession of dissimilar light-harvesting apparatuses and differences in cell size and elemental composition. Synechococcus strains have a ubiquitous oceanic distribution compared to that of Prochlorococcus strains and are characterized by phylogenetically discrete lineages with a wide range of pigmentation. In this review, we put our current knowledge of marine picocyanobacterial genomics into an environmental context and present previously unpublished genomic information arising from extensive genomic comparisons in order to provide insights into the adaptations of these marine microbes to their environment and how they are reflected at the genomic level.

scholarly journals Epidemiological Impact of Myocarditis

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 603
Author(s):  
Ainoosh Golpour ◽  
Dimitri Patriki ◽  
Paul J. Hanson ◽  
Bruce McManus ◽  
Bettina Heidecker
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
True Prevalence ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
The World ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Therapeutic Procedures ◽  
Diagnostic Approaches ◽  
Epidemiological Impact

Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the heart muscle with a wide range of potential etiological factors and consequently varying clinical patterns across the world. In this review, we address the epidemiology of myocarditis. Myocarditis was considered a rare disease until intensified research efforts in recent decades revealed its true epidemiological importance. While it remains a challenge to determine the true prevalence of myocarditis, studies are underway to obtain better approximations of the proportions of this disease. Nowadays, the prevalence of myocarditis has been reported from 10.2 to 105.6 per 100,000 worldwide, and its annual occurrence is estimated at about 1.8 million cases. This wide range of reported cases reflects the uncertainty surrounding the true prevalence and a potential underdiagnosis of this disease. Since myocarditis continues to be a significant public health issue, particularly in young adults in whom myocarditis is among the most common causes of sudden cardiac death, improved diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are necessary. This manuscript aims to summarize the current knowledge on the epidemiology of myocarditis, new diagnostic approaches and the current epidemiological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Secondary Metabolites in Edible Species: Looking beyond Nutritional Value

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1131
Author(s):  
Ana M. L. Seca ◽  
Antoaneta Trendafilova
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Metabolism ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Organic Molecules ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Edible Species ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Living Being

Secondary metabolites are organic molecules of low molecular weight, biosynthesized by any living being using a wide range of biosynthetic pathways, known as secondary metabolism [...]

scholarly journals Current State and Future Directions of Genetics and Genomics of Endophytic Fungi for Bioprospecting Efforts

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Sagita ◽  
Wim J. Quax ◽  
Kristina Haslinger
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fungal Genomes ◽  
Genetics And Genomics

The bioprospecting of secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi received great attention in the 1990s and 2000s, when the controversy around taxol production from Taxus spp. endophytes was at its height. Since then, hundreds of reports have described the isolation and characterization of putative secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi. However, only very few studies also report the genetic basis for these phenotypic observations. With low sequencing cost and fast sample turnaround, genetics- and genomics-based approaches have risen to become comprehensive approaches to study natural products from a wide-range of organisms, especially to elucidate underlying biosynthetic pathways. However, in the field of fungal endophyte biology, elucidation of biosynthetic pathways is still a major challenge. As a relatively poorly investigated group of microorganisms, even in the light of recent efforts to sequence more fungal genomes, such as the 1000 Fungal Genomes Project at the Joint Genome Institute (JGI), the basis for bioprospecting of enzymes and pathways from endophytic fungi is still rather slim. In this review we want to discuss the current approaches and tools used to associate phenotype and genotype to elucidate biosynthetic pathways of secondary metabolites in endophytic fungi through the lens of bioprospecting. This review will point out the reported successes and shortcomings, and discuss future directions in sampling, and genetics and genomics of endophytic fungi. Identifying responsible biosynthetic genes for the numerous secondary metabolites isolated from endophytic fungi opens the opportunity to explore the genetic potential of producer strains to discover novel secondary metabolites and enhance secondary metabolite production by metabolic engineering resulting in novel and more affordable medicines and food additives.

scholarly journals A tribute to Professor Arnold L Demain – a lifetime in industrial microbiology

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Margaret Britz
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Manufacturing Processes ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Nutritional Regulation ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Industrial Microbiology ◽  
The World

Professor Arnold (Arny) Lester Demain is one of the few scientists who have witnessed the progress of biotechnology in a career that has spanned almost 60 years. He is one of the world?s leading industrial microbiologists who has pioneered discovery in genetic and nutritional regulation of biosynthetic pathways leading to overproduction of a suite of primary and secondary metabolites, and their subsequent scale-up in manufacturing processes. These metabolites have huge economic value due to their application in the food, pharmaceutical and agricultural sectors. In this article, Arny?s story is summarised and put in context of the changing face of biotechnology in the various ?golden ages? of biotechnology. A former Rubbo Orator in 1979, Arny will be visiting Australia again in 2010 to present the closing plenary address at the Genetics of Industrial Microorganisms Symposium (GIMS) in Melbourne, a role he played before at the first GIMS in 1970.

scholarly journals An Overview on the Biosynthetic Pathways and Medicinal Values of Secondary Metabolites

2021 ◽  
pp. 100-114
Author(s):  
Ashwini V. Armarkar ◽  
Divyani S. Mahure ◽  
Anita R. Pounikar ◽  
Rani T. Bhagat ◽  
Dhanashri N. Nagare
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Shikimic Acid ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Acid Pathway

Nature is a treasure hunt of novel molecules which are extensively used by humans for their medicinal values for millennia. Herbal medicines have emerged as life savers all over the world due to their multifunctional and diverse array of activities on the human body. Plants supply numerous bioactive molecules which are capable of treating disease conditions. Plants produce varieties of phytochemicals which are commonly recognized as primary and secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites are inimitable resources for exploitation for pharmaceuticals, food additives e.t.c. They are often involved in the control of abiotic or biotic stress. They play distinctive roles in the defense mechanism of plants, act as insect repellant, regulate signaling pathways, and also exhibit varied range of pharmacological actions such as antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer anti-diabetic and others. Secondary metabolites are derived from one or mixed pathways that give rise to formation of various compounds i.e., alkaloids, volatile oils, tannins, glycosides and resins etc. which have great importance in modern medicine. Isopentenyl diphosphate and Shikimic acid pathway serve as primary precursors for the synthesis some of types of secondary metabolites. The present review deals with the brief introduction, significance of secondary metabolites in the plants, biosynthetic pathways, and therapeutic importance of some commonly known secondary metabolites.

External Factors of Big Business Transformation in Russia

2005 ◽  
pp. 72-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya. Pappe ◽  
Ya. Galukhina
Keyword(s):  
Financial Market ◽  
Capital Market ◽  
Business Groups ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Big Business ◽  
Business Transformation ◽  
Global Standards ◽  
The World ◽  
Principal Subject

The paper is devoted to the role of the global financial market in the development of Russian big business. It proves that terms and standards posed by this market as well as opportunities it offers determine major changes in Russian big business in the last three years. The article examines why Russian companies go abroad to attract capital and provides data, which indicate the scope of this phenomenon. It stresses the effects of Russian big business’s interaction with the world capital market, including the modification of the principal subject of Russian big business from integrated business groups to companies and the changes in companies’ behavior: they gradually move away from the so-called Russian specifics and adopt global standards.

Pengaruh Inflasi, BI Rate, NPF, dan BOPO terhadap Profitabilitas Bank Umum Syariah di Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-153
Author(s):  
Toufan Aldian Syah
Keyword(s):  
Banking Industry ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Muslim Country ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
The World ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Test Correlation ◽  
The Ideal

Banking industry has a very important role in economic development in a country. Indonesia, which is the largest Muslim country in the world, certainly has the prospect of the development of Sharia Banking Industry is very good in the future. However, the development of Sharia Bank has been slowing down in recent years and the profitability of sharia comercial banking is still below the ideal value. This study aims to determine the internal factors and external factors that affect the profitability of Sharia Bank in the year of January 2012 until August 2017. The variables used in this study are ROA, Inflation, NPF, and BOPO. The data used is aggregate data of all Sharia Commercial Banks recorded at Bank Indonesia. Measurement of Statistic Description, F-Test, T-Test, Correlation Coefficient, Coefficient of Determination and Multiple Linear Regression using IBM SPSS 21 software. The results showed that significant negative effect of BI rate, NPF and BOPO was found, while Inflation variable showed negative but not significant. Overall, the above variables affect the ROA of 87.7%, while 12.3% is likely to be influenced by other factors.

The dilemmas of the Israeli reality and the choice of war

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Bashir Hadi Abdul Razak
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Arab World ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Political Movement ◽  
World Today ◽  
The World ◽  
Arab Israeli Conflict ◽  
Internal And External Factors

The Arab-Israeli conflict is among the longest and most complex conflicts in the world today, a conflict that transcends borders or a difference of influence. It is a struggle for existence in every sense. Since the establishment of Israel in 1948, one of the regional forces whose political movement is determined by the Arab world has become the result of the internal and external factors and changes that affect it. This entity is hostile to the Arabs, Which would have a negative impact on the regional strategic situation.

Creative Strategy Used in Electronic Advertising

GIS Business ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 597-606
Author(s):  
Dr. Maha Mustafa Omer Abdalaziz
Keyword(s):  
The Internet ◽  
Business Organizations ◽  
Creative Strategy ◽  
Electronic Environment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Electronic Advertising

The study aims at the technological developments that are taking place in the world and have impacted on all sectors and fields and imposed on the business organizations and commercial companies to carry out their marketing and promotional activities within the electronic environment. The most prominent of these developments is the emergence of the concept of electronic advertising which opened a wide range of companies and businessmen to advertise And to promote their products and their work easily through the Internet, which has become full of electronic advertising, and in light of that will discuss the creative strategy used in electronic advertising;

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