Structural modifications induced by Eutypa lata in the xylem of trunk and canes of Vitis vinifera

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jérome Rudelle ◽  
Stéphane Octave ◽  
Meriem Kaid-Harche ◽  
Gabriel Roblin ◽  
Pierrette Fleurat-Lessard
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Protective Layer ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Apical Part ◽  
Xylem Structure ◽  
Structural Modifications ◽  
Eutypa Lata ◽  
Eutypa Dieback ◽  
Foliar Symptoms ◽  
Transfer Apparatus

Eutypa dieback, a devastating disease in grapevines, is caused by the fungal pathogen Eutypa lata, a wood-inhabiting fungus. E. lata acts by degrading wood tissues in the colonisation areas, and produces foliar symptoms. These striking symptoms have been attributed to the production of toxic metabolites by the pathogen, the most widely studied being eutypine. The aims of the study were to compare the effects of E. lata on xylem structure at the site of infection and in remote tissues. In healthy Vitis vinifera, the vessel-associated cells (VACs) in the trunk have a protective layer that covers the entire lignified wall and forms a transfer apparatus in pits located at the VAC / vessel interface. This apparatus occurs similarly in VACs in the basal part of canes but is less developed in the apical part. In the presence of E. lata, which is found only in the trunk and the cordons, the VACs initiated a program of secretory activity that led to the enlargement of the transfer apparatus, which is formed by tightly associated fibrils. This secretory activity was followed by VAC death. Furthermore, the hypertrophy of the transfer apparatus spread according to an acropetal gradient in the canes. Treatment with eutypine also induced the development of the transfer apparatus in VACs of basal and apical parts of canes excised from healthy vines. However, this apparatus was formed by loosely packed fibrils in VACs that were not completely damaged. Therefore, metabolites other than eutypine are expected to be involved in the VAC degeneration observed in infected vines.

Polypeptide metabolites secreted by the fungal pathogen Eutypa lata participate in Vitis vinifera cell structure damage observed in Eutypa dieback

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphane Octave ◽  
Gabriel Roblin ◽  
Magali Vachaud ◽  
Pierrette Fleurat-Lessard
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Protective Layer ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Artificial Culture ◽  
Eutypa Lata ◽  
Eutypa Dieback

Eutypa dieback is a devastating disease of Vitis vinifera L. caused by the fungal pathogen Eutypa lata. This wood-inhabiting fungus degrades tissues in the trunk and cordons of infected vines and induces symptoms in the foliage. These symptoms have been attributed to the production of toxic metabolites by the pathogen, in particular eutypine. Recently, we have isolated polypeptide compounds secreted by the fungus in artificial culture. The aims of this study were to examine the effects induced in leaves by applying polypeptides and eutypine to detached canes and to compare this to the changes in leaf structure induced by E. lata in the vineyard. In leaves taken from vines infected with E. lata, the changes in mesophyll cells indicate that the fungus has an effect on tissue remote from the infected area. The size of mesophyll cells decreased by more than half, starch content was reduced and tannins were abundant. Plastids, mitochondria and cell walls were highly modified. In leaves taken from healthy canes treated with polypeptides of E. lata, the structure of mesophyll cells was also modified. The cell size did not change, but the tannin content increased and modifications in plastids and mitochondria were similar to those observed in leaves taken from infected vines. The major effect was the complete disorganisation of cell walls. Eutypine had less effect on organelle structure and did not modify the cell wall. In canes treated with polypeptides, vessel-associated cells (VACs) were also damaged. Abundant tannins occurred in the vacuoles of VACs and marked changes were noted in mitochondria, plastids and the protective layer, in particular in the pit at the vessel interface. In these pits, the protective layer, the primary wall and the middle lamella were all highly modified. In contrast, treatment with eutypine induced the development of a large transfer apparatus bordering the unmodified pectocellulose wall. These results illustrate that treatment with polypeptides produced by E. lata may cause changes in mesophyll cells in leaves and VACs in canes, that resemble changes observed in naturally infected vines. Comparatively, the differences with eutypine action were stressed. Both types of toxins may co-operate in vivo to produce the degeneration observed during the disease.

scholarly journals The Influence of Climate on Foliar Symptoms of Eutypa Dieback in Grapevines

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (10) ◽  
pp. 1284-1289 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Sosnowski ◽  
D. Shtienberg ◽  
M. L. Creaser ◽  
T. J. Wicks ◽  
R. Lardner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Symptom Expression ◽  
Winter Rainfall ◽  
Eutypa Lata ◽  
Eutypa Dieback ◽  
Foliar Symptoms ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Very High

Foliar symptoms of Eutypa dieback, caused by Eutypa lata, in grapevines, cv. Shiraz, varied from year to year in a 6-year study conducted in South Australia and, although trends were similar for vineyards within geographical regions, differences were observed between regions. We attempted to elucidate the causes underlying this variation and hypothesized that it was influenced by climatic factors. A number of possible relationships were identified between climate and symptom expression: (i) increased symptom expression was related to increased winter rainfall 18 months earlier, (ii) decreased disease incidence and prevalence were related to increased temperature in spring, and (iii) a reduction in disease incidence was related to both very high and very low rainfall in October. Theories for these relationships are proposed and require further investigation. A conceptual model was developed which requires validation and has the potential to predict the incidence of foliar symptoms of Eutypa dieback. Information from this study could lead to an improved integrated pest management system to suppress foliar symptoms and sustain productivity of vines infected with E. lata.

scholarly journals The Influence of Grapevine Cultivar and Isolate of Eutypa lata on Wood and Foliar Symptoms

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (8) ◽  
pp. 924-931 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Sosnowski ◽  
R. Lardner ◽  
T. J. Wicks ◽  
E. S. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Eutypa Lata ◽  
Rate Of Spread ◽  
Grapevine Cultivar ◽  
Eutypa Dieback ◽  
Foliar Symptoms ◽  
Foliar Symptom

Grapevine cultivar (Vitis vinifera) and isolate of Eutypa lata influence wood and foliar symptoms of Eutypa dieback. Foliar symptoms of Eutypa dieback developed within 8 months of inoculating young grapevines (cvs. Grenache, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Merlot) in a shadehouse. Isolates of E. lata from various wine regions in southern Australia varied in their ability to colonize inoculated grapevines and induce wood and foliar symptoms. Grapevine cultivars varied for wood and foliar symptom expression but not for mycelial colonization. However, the severity of foliar symptoms was not related to the rate of spread of the fungus in the grapevine. Furthermore, the staining of wood typically attributed to E. lata did not reflect the presence of the fungus because the fungus was detected up to 80 mm beyond the stain. A field trial with mature grapevines revealed significant differences in the rate of spread of wood staining due to E. lata among eight cultivars, with up to 50 mm/year detected in Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz grapevines. In the shadehouse, the maximum growth rate of E. lata was recorded to be 115 mm/year for Grenache rootlings. Information from this study may help to optimize management strategies for maintaining productivity of grapevines with Eutypa dieback, thus reducing the economic impact of the disease.

scholarly journals Pathogenicity of Diatrypaceous Fungi on Grapevines in Australia

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (6) ◽  
pp. 749-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne M. Pitt ◽  
Florent P. Trouillas ◽  
Walter D. Gubler ◽  
Sandra Savocchia ◽  
Mark R. Sosnowski
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Healthy Tissue ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Eutypa Lata ◽  
Pruning Wound ◽  
Eutypa Dieback ◽  
Wound Protection ◽  
Woody Tissues

In addition to Eutypa lata, which causes Eutypa dieback, numerous other fungi in the Diatrypaceae family have been isolated from diseased grapevines (Vitis vinifera) and other woody hosts. Pathogenicity trials comprising 70 strains of diatrypaceous fungi representing nine species in six genera were conducted to determine whether these fungi, collected in Australia, were pathogenic to grapevines. When inoculated into wounded trunks of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, eight species, including E. lata, E. leptoplaca, Cryptovalsa ampelina, C. rabenhorstii, Eutypella citricola, E. microtheca, Diatrypella vulgaris, and a Diatrype sp. produced necrotic lesions significantly longer than on controls. In addition, all nine species (including a Cryptosphaeria sp.) were reisolated from the margins of developing lesions and at varying distances above and below the point of inoculation. Diatrypaceous fungi were frequently isolated from asymptomatic or otherwise healthy tissue several centimeters ahead of the disease margin. Methods to control diseases associated with diatrypaceous fungi must take into account their propensity to colonize woody tissues ahead of or in the absence of visible symptoms. Current recommendations for the management of Eutypa dieback using remedial surgery and pruning wound protection appear sufficient for the control of the other diatrypaceous fungi included in this study.

Enzymatic detoxification of eutypine, a toxin from Eutypa lata , by Vitis vinifera cells: partial purification of an NADPH-dependent aldehyde reductase

Planta ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 207 (4) ◽  
pp. 544-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Colrat ◽  
C. Deswarte ◽  
A. Latché ◽  
A. Klaébé ◽  
M. Bouzayen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Partial Purification ◽  
Aldehyde Reductase ◽  
Eutypa Lata ◽  
Enzymatic Detoxification

scholarly journals Eutypa, Eutypella, and Cryptovalsa Species (Diatrypaceae) Associated with Prunus Species in South Africa

Plant Disease ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (7) ◽  
pp. 1402-1409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Providence Moyo ◽  
Ulrike Damm ◽  
Lizel Mostert ◽  
Francois Halleen
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Prunus Species ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Eutypa Lata ◽  
Eutypa Dieback ◽  
Prunus Spp

Stone fruit trees (Prunus spp.) are economically important fruit trees cultivated in South Africa. These trees are often grown in close proximity to vineyards and are to a large extent affected by the same trunk disease pathogens as grapevines. The aim of the present study was to determine whether stone fruit trees are inhabited by Diatrypaceae species known from grapevines and whether these trees could act as alternative hosts for these fungal species. Isolations were carried out from symptomatic wood of Prunus species (almond, apricot, cherry, nectarine, peach, and plum) in stone fruit growing areas in South Africa. Identification of isolates was based on phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer region and β-tubulin gene. Forty-six Diatrypaceae isolates were obtained from a total of 380 wood samples, from which five species were identified. All five species have also been associated with dieback of grapevine. The highest number of isolates was found on apricot followed by plum. No Diatrypaceae species were isolated from peach and nectarine. Eutypa lata was the dominant species isolated (26 isolates), followed by Cryptovalsa ampelina (7), Eutypa cremea (5), Eutypella citricola (5), and Eutypella microtheca (3). First reports from Prunus spp. are E. cremea, E. citricola, and E. microtheca. Pathogenicity tests conducted on apricot and plum revealed that all these species are pathogenic to these hosts, causing red-brown necrotic lesions like those typical of Eutypa dieback on apricot.

scholarly journals Host Range, Biological Variation, and Phylogenetic Diversity of Eutypa lata in California

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (10) ◽  
pp. 1048-1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. P. Trouillas ◽  
W. D. Gubler
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Phylogenetic Diversity ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Inoculum Sources ◽  
Native Plant Species ◽  
Eutypa Lata ◽  
Pear Tree ◽  
Eutypa Dieback

The objectives of this study were to investigate the host range of Eutypa lata in the major grape-growing regions in California and to analyze the phenotypic variation and phylogenetic diversity of E. lata isolates. Perithecia of E. lata were found on grapevines, in apricot, almond, cherry, apple, and pear tree orchards, and on ornamentals (oleander) and native plant species (California buckeye, big leaf maple, and willow). Multigene phylogenies of ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer, β-tubulin, and RPB2 genes confirmed the identity of E. lata recovered from the various host plants but also revealed sequence differences among isolates. The intraspecific phylogenetic diversity of E. lata did not correspond to geography or source of isolation, and intraspecific groups were not consistent across the different DNA phylogenies. Significant phenotypic variation also was detected among E. lata isolates, including ascospore and conidium length as well as level of aggressiveness on grapevines. Pathogenicity studies proved that all isolates were infectious to grapevine, suggesting that the native vegetation surrounding vineyards can serve as inoculum sources that may constitute an important element in the epidemiology of Eutypa dieback in grapevines.

scholarly journals Composition and content of fatty acids in Vitis vinifera L. var. Cabernet Sauvignon leaves infected with the eutypiosis fungus, Eutypa lata

OENO One ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tayeb Koussa ◽  
Monique Cherrad ◽  
Driss Zaoui ◽  
Michel Broquedis
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Arachidic Acid ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Aliphatic Chain ◽  
Eutypa Lata ◽  
Three Stages

<p style="text-align: justify;">On Cabernet sauvignon, eutypiosis sensible variety, we have compared fatty acids content in healthy Jeaves (S: leaves beared by healthy vine stock), in leaves seeming healthy (Ap.S: leaves beared by arm without symptoms, the other arm is diseased) and in diseased leaves (M: leaves beared by diseased arm). The results show that disease does not alter the fatty acids order. Linolenic acid (CI 8:3) content is always the most important, followed by palmitic (CI6:0) and Iinoleic acids, then by stearic (CI8:0) and oleic acids and at last by arachidic acid (C20:0). During the three stages studied (flowers buds: H, flowering: I and closed cluster: L), only the development of CI 8:3 content was modified by disease. It increases in healthy leaves at stage I, while in Ap.S and M leaves there is a decrease from H to L stages. Otherwise, development of fatty acids proportions does not seem to be changed by eutypiosis.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Proportions and content comparison in S, Ap.S and M leaves show a decrease of C 18:3 synthesis benefit of C 18:2.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This increases is important as well as the symptoms are evident. These results seem to be in relationship with decrease of leaves size caused by eutypiosis. At the end, the disease induces a desaturation decrease of C18:0 and C18:2 as well as an aliphatic chain lengthening of C16:0. These inhibitions are showed by more increase of CI 6:0 and CI 8:2 in diseased leaves than in healthy leaves. No action is observed in CI 8: 1 desaturation.</p>

scholarly journals Evaluating Treatments and Spray Application for the Protection of Grapevine Pruning Wounds from Infection by Eutypa lata

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (12) ◽  
pp. 1599-1604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark R. Sosnowski ◽  
Adrian P. Loschiavo ◽  
Trevor J. Wicks ◽  
Eileen S. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Wound Infection ◽  
Garlic Extract ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Benzimidazole Fungicides ◽  
Eutypa Lata ◽  
Pruning Wound ◽  
Eutypa Dieback

Eutypa dieback threatens the sustainability of vineyards worldwide and limited treatments are available for control of the disease in grapevine. Following the loss of the effective benzimidazole fungicides, benomyl and carbendazim, there is a need to identify alternatives for the protection of pruning wounds against infection by ascospores of Eutypa lata. In this study, 24 fungicide and natural treatments were evaluated in the laboratory and field. Tebuconazole and carbendazim were the most effective fungicides for reducing colonization of pruning wounds inoculated with E. lata. Pyrimethanil and fluazinam also provided some control but were less effective than tebuconazole at the rates tested. Other treatments, such as cyprodinil + fludioxionil, pyraclostrobin, a garlic extract, and lactoferrin, reduced colonization of wounds by E. lata but require further evaluation at higher concentrations. Carbendazim applied to pruning wounds using tractor-driven sprayers reduced the incidence of pruning wound infection by E. lata to levels similar to that achieved by application with a paint brush.

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