Bacterial Cellulose (BC) and BC Composites: Production and Properties

The synthesis of bacterial cellulose (BC) by Komagataeibacter xylinus strain B-12068 was investigated on various C-substrates, under submerged conditions with stirring and in static surface cultures. We implemented the synthesis of BC on glycerol, glucose, beet molasses, sprat oil, and a mixture of glucose with sunflower oil. The most productive process was obtained during the production of inoculum in submerged culture and subsequent growth of large BC films (up to 0.2 m2 and more) in a static surface culture. The highest productivity of the BC synthesis process was obtained with the growth of bacteria on molasses and glycerol, 1.20 and 1.45 g/L per day, respectively. We obtained BC composites with silver nanoparticles (BC/AgNPs) and antibacterial drugs (chlorhexidine, baneocin, cefotaxime, and doripenem), and investigated the structure, physicochemical, and mechanical properties of composites. The disc-diffusion method showed pronounced antibacterial activity of BC composites against E. coli ATCC 25922 and S. aureus ATCC 25923.

Synthesis, Structural Analysis and Antimicrobial Screening of Mn(II) Complexes of Schiff Bases

Mn(II) complexes of Schiff bases 4-((3-ethoxy-2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino)-N-(pyridin-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide (HL2) and 4-((3-ethoxy-2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino)-N-(pyrimidin-2- yl)benzenesulfonamide (HL3) were synthesized. The Schiff bases HL2 and HL3 and their complexes were characterized by analytical, conductance, magnetic susceptibility measurements, infrared, ultraviolet-visible, thermal analysis, and EI mass techniques. The spectral data of the complexes have revealed the bidentate complexing nature of the Schiff base ligand through phenoxide ion and azomethine nitrogen atoms. The antibacterial activities of complexes were tested against gram-positive bacterial species Pseudomonas aeruginosa (NCIM 2036) and fungal species Aspergillus niger (NCIM 105) and Mucor sp. (NCIM 108) by disc diffusion method. Keywords: Schiff bases; Mn(II) complex; antibacterial; antifungal. Resumen. Los complejos de Mn(II) de las bases de Schiff 4-((3-etoxi-2-hidroxibencilideno)amino)-N-(piridin-2-il)bencenosulfonamida (HL2) y 4-((3-etoxi-2-hidroxibencilideno)amino)-N-(pirimidin-2- il)bencenosulfonamida (HL3) fueron sintetizados. Las bases de Schiff HL2 and HL3 y sus complejos fueron caracterizados por métodos analíticos, conductancia, susceptibilidad magnética, espectroscopia infrarroja y UV-vis, termogravimetría, y espectrometría de masas por impacto enectrónico. Los datos espectroscópicos obtenidos para los complejos corroboraron la coordinación bidentada de los ligantes de base de Schiff a través del ion fenóxido y el átomo de nitrógeno del grupo azometino. La actividad antibacterial de los complejos se evaluó contra cepas bacterianas gram-positivas Pseudomonas aeruginosa (NCIM 2036) y contra especies fúngicas Aspergillus niger (NCIM 105) y Mucor sp. (NCIM 108) utilizando el método de difusión en disco.

Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Pare (Momordica charantia L.) Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923

Bitter gourd as a traditional medicine has a chemical content in its leaves that are useful as antimicrobials and as antioxidants. According to research by Tessa Undap, 2017 shows that bitter melon leaves have an inhibitory power against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria by inhibiting protein synthesis. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of bitter melon leaf extract (Momordica charantia L.). The research method used in this study is the disc diffusion method. Data was collected by measuring the diameter of the clear zone formed in each treatment. The antibacterial results showed that the 9% extract concentration had the highest inhibitory power.Keywords: Antibacterial, Pare Leaf Extract, Granules, Staphylococcus aureus. AbstrakTanaman pare sebagai obat tradisional memiliki kandungan kimia dalam daunnya yang bermanfaat sebagai antimikroba dan sebagai antioksidan. Menurut penelitian oleh Tessa Undap, 2017 menunjukkan bahwa daun pare mempunyai daya hambat terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dengan cara menghambat sintesis protein. Adanya kandungan flavonoid dalam daun pare dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus yang dapat mengkoagulasi protein pada sel bakteri. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri yang terkandung dalam ekstrak daun pare (Momordica charantia L.). Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode difusi cakram disk. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara mengukur diameter zona bening yang terbentuk pada setiap perlakuan. Hasil antibakteri yaitu menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi ekstrak 9% mempunyai daya hambat paling tinggi.Kata kunci: Antibakteri, Ekstrak Daun Pare, Granul, Staphylococcus aureus.

CRUDE EXTRACTS OF MAGNOLIA ALBA FLOWERS USING N-HEXANE AND METHANOL SOLVENTS AND THEIR ANTI-ACNE POTENTIAL

This study aimed to test the antibacterial activity of n-hexane and methanol extracts of white cempaka flowers (Magnolia alba) against Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. The extract was obtained by using the maceration method for 72 hours. Each extract was tested for its antibacterial properties using the disc diffusion method with the variant concentration of the extract used was 0.05%; 2%; 4%; 6%; and 8%. The results showed that the methanol extract had a higher inhibition zone than the n-hexane extract. In n-hexane extract, the lowest concentration of 0.05% showed an inhibition zone of 6.6 mm and the highest concentration of 8% had an inhibition zone of 9.6 mm. Whereas in methanol extract, the inhibition zone obtained was 7.3 mm at a low concentration of 0.05%, but at the highest concentration of 8% the inhibition zone obtained was 11.6 mm. The effect of extract concentration on the diameter of the inhibition zone formed is very significant (directly proportional), where the higher the concentration used, the larger the diameter of the inhibition zone produced. Antibacterial testing for both extracts showed a weak (< 10 mm) to moderate (> 10 mm) bacterial inhibition, which was similar with the inhibition zone obtained from the positive control (11-11.3 mm; moderate bacterial inhibition).

Perbandingan Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Bunga dan Daun Beluntas (Pluchea indica (L.) less.) Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus

Chemical constituents contained in the beluntas plant, including alkaloids, essential oils, flavonoids, phenols and tannins have the ability to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. This research uses maceration extraction method. Thick extracts of flowers and leaves were used with a series of extract concentrations. The purpose of this study was to determine differences in the effectiveness of the ethanol extract of the leaves and flowers of beluntas against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The research method used in this study is the disc diffusion method. Data was collected by measuring the diameter of the clear zone formed in each treatment. Extract concentrations used 5%, 7% and 9%. The extracts of flowers and leaves of beluntas (Pluchea indica (L.) Less) have antibacterial activity with a larger zone of inhibition in extracts of leaves of beluntas compared to extracts of leaves of beluntas.Keywords: beluntas : flowers; leaves; extract; antibacterial AbstrakKandungan kimia yang terdapat di dalam tanaman beluntas, diantaranya alkaloid, minyak atsiri, flavonoid, fenol dan tanin memiliki kemampuan untuk menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode ekstraksi maserasi.Ekstrak kental bunga dan daundigunakan dengan seri konsentrasi ekstrak. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu mengetahui perbedaan efektivitas aktivitas ekstrak etanol daun dan bunga beluntas terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode difusi cakram disk. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara mengukur diameter zona bening yang terbentuk pada setiap perlakuan. Konsentrasi ekstrak digunakan 5%, 7% dan 9%.Ekstrak bunga dan daun beluntas (Pluchea indica (L.)Less) memiliki aktivitas sebagai anti bakteri dengan zona hambat yang lebih besar pada ekstrak daun beluntas dibandingkan dengan ekstrak daun beluntas.Kata kunci: Beluntas; bunga; daun; ekstrak; antibakteri

Antimicrobial Activity of Cymbopogon (Lemongrass) on Enterococci

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus bacteria. Materials and Methods: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by the Broth Dilution Method. The antibiotic susceptibility test against the test organisms was performed by the Disc Diffusion Method. Results and Discussion: Antimicrobial activity of Cymbopogon oil was examined against common Enterococcus bacteria using broth microdilution assay and the disc diffusion method. Zone of inhibition was seen when Cymbopogon oil was kept with enterococcus bacteria, this proves to be bacteriostatic. Conclusion: Lemongrass oil proved to be bacteriostatic against Enterococcus, further research to be done to implement Lemongrass oil as an antibacterial agent.

Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO-Nanocomposites by Utilizing Aloe Vera Leaf Gel and Extract of Terminalia arjuna Nuts and Exploring Their Antibacterial Potency

Nanotechnology has found vast applications in everyday life. Use of plant extract in the synthesis of nanocomposites produces relatively less toxic and environment-friendly materials. The present study deals with the synthesis of zinc oxide nanocomposite using gel from leaves of Aloe vera (black Aloe vera (BAV) and white Aloe vera (WAV)) and extract from powder of nuts of Terminalia arjuna. Synthesized nanocomposites were then characterized by using SEM, FTIR, and UV-Vis techniques. Disc diffusion method was opted to inquire the antimicrobial ability of nanocomposites against different bacterial strains such as Escherichia coli (−) and Burkholderia stabilis (+). ZnO-BAV possessed good antimicrobial potential against both selected strains as proved from zone of inhibitions. However, ZnO-WAV and ZnO-N showed potential against E. coli and no response for B. stabilis.

Efektivitas Ekstrak Daun Kemangi Untuk Menurunkan Kadar Gas NH3 dan H2S Ekskreta Puyuh (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) is one of the poultry produced meat and eggs commodity. The problem quail raising is excreta produces NH3 and H2S gases are chemicals in a free form and can pollute the environment. This study examines the effect of basil leaf extract on the reduction of NH3 and H2S quail excreta. Fresh excreta given extract with concentration level 200 mg mL-1, 150 mg mL-1, 100 mg mL-1, 50 mg mL then incubate for 24 hours. The method of basil leaf extraction by maceration soaking simplisia on ethanol 96% with comparison ratio 1:10. Antibacterial activity extract test used disc diffusion method. The inoculum contains 106 mL-1 bacterial cells S.aureus and E.coli are spreads on the MHA media then incubated at 37 oC for 24 hour. The result of this study that the levels of NH3 and H2S decreased (P<0.05) after given additional extract. Basil extract can inhibit bacterial activity S.aureus and E.coli (P<0.05). This study indicates that the additional basil leaf extract with a maximum concentration 200 mL-1 optimal can reduce NH3 and H2S gas levels compared to controls were not given additional extract.

Antimicrobial activity of Punica grantum leaves

Natural phytochemicals isolated from medicinal plants acts as inhibitors for pathogenic microorganisms which causes contagious diseases to human beings. The present study was done to explore the antimicrobial activity of aqueous and aqueous-ethanol extract of Punica grantum leaves. The phytochemical analysis of both the extracts revealed the presence of total phenolics & flavonoids at varied concentration. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was carried out by disc diffusion method. Both the aqueous and aqueous-ethanol extract showed the antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, Shi. dysentriae & Shi. flexineri. The antimicrobial activity of the Punica grantum leaves extracts could be attributed by the presence of phenolics and flavonoids.