scholarly journals Modelling Fungal Growth, Mycotoxin Production and Release in Grana Cheese

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Camardo Leggieri ◽  
Amedeo Pietri ◽  
Paola Battilani
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Models ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Cyclopiazonic Acid ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Fungal Ecology ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Mycotoxin Production ◽  
Roquefortine C ◽  
Grana Cheese

No information is available in the literature about the influence of temperature (T) on Penicillium and Aspergillus spp. growth and mycotoxin production on cheese rinds. The aim of this work was to: (i) study fungal ecology on cheese in terms of T requirements, focusing on the partitioning of mycotoxins between the rind and mycelium; and (ii) validate predictive models previously developed by in vitro trials. Grana cheese rind blocks were inoculated with A. versicolor, P. crustosum, P. nordicum, P. roqueforti, and P. verrucosum, incubated at different T regimes (10–30 °C, step 5 °C) and after 14 days the production of mycotoxins (ochratoxin A (OTA); sterigmatocystin (STC); roquefortine C (ROQ-C), mycophenolic acid (MPA), Pr toxin (PR-Tox), citrinin (CIT), cyclopiazonic acid (CPA)) was quantified. All the fungi grew optimally around 15–25 °C and produced the expected mycotoxins (except MPA, Pr-Tox, and CIT). The majority of the mycotoxins produced remained in the mycelium (~90%) in three out of five fungal species (P. crustosum, P. nordicum, and P. roqueforti); the opposite occurred for A. versicolor and P. verrucosum with 71% and 58% of STC and OTA detected in cheese rind, respectively. Available predictive models fitted fungal growth on the cheese rind well, but validation was not possible for mycotoxins because they were produced in a very narrow T range.

scholarly journals Influence of H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress on In Vitro Growth and Moniliformin and Fumonisins Accumulation by Fusarium proliferatum and Fusarium subglutinans

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 653
Author(s):  
Davide Ferrigo ◽  
Valentina Scarpino ◽  
Francesca Vanara ◽  
Roberto Causin ◽  
Alessandro Raiola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Fusarium Proliferatum ◽  
Fusarium Subglutinans ◽  
H2o2 Treatment ◽  
Mycotoxin Production ◽  
The Stability

Fusarium proliferatum and Fusarium subglutinans are common pathogens of maize which are known to produce mycotoxins, including moniliformin (MON) and fumonisins (FBs). Fungal secondary metabolism and response to oxidative stress are interlaced, where hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays a pivotal role in the modulation of mycotoxin production. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of H2O2-induced oxidative stress on fungal growth, as well as MON and FBs production, in different isolates of these fungi. When these isolates were cultured in the presence of 1, 2, 5, and 10 mM H2O2, the fungal biomass of F. subglutinans isolates showed a strong sensitivity to increasing oxidative conditions (27–58% reduction), whereas F. proliferatum isolates were not affected or even slightly improved (45% increase). H2O2 treatment at the lower concentration of 1 mM caused an almost total disappearance of MON and a strong reduction of FBs content in the two fungal species and isolates tested. The catalase activity, surveyed due to its crucial role as an H2O2 scavenger, showed no significant changes at 1 mM H2O2 treatment, thus indicating a lack of correlation with MON and FB changes. H2O2 treatment was also able to reduce MON and FB content in certified maize material, and the same behavior was observed in the presence and absence of these fungi, highlighting a direct effect of H2O2 on the stability of these mycotoxins. Taken together, these data provide insights into the role of H2O2 which, when increased under stress conditions, could affect the vegetative response and mycotoxin production (and degradation) of these fungi.

scholarly journals In vitro fungitoxic potential of Lippia gracilis (Schauer) essential oil against phytopathogens

2020 ◽  
pp. 667-674
Author(s):  
Kevison Romulo da Silva França ◽  
Flavia Mota de Figueredo Alves ◽  
Tiago Silva Lima ◽  
Alda Leaby dos Santos Xavier ◽  
Plínio Tércio Medeiros de Azevedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Growth Speed ◽  
Randomized Design

This study evaluates the in vitro effects of Lippia gracilis essential oil on the mycelial growth of phytopathogenic fungi. Experiments were carried out using a completely randomized design to assess the effects of eight treatments. Five replicates were evaluated for each experimental group. The essential oil was incorporated into the potato dextrose culture medium and poured into Petri dishes. Treatments were comprised of different concentrations of the oil (0.0125, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2%), a negative control (0.0%), and two positive controls (commercial fungicides). The plates were inoculated with fungi including Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, C. musae, C. fructicola, C. asianum, Alternaria alternata, A. brassicicola, Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense, and Lasiodiplodia theobromae and were incubated for seven days at 27 ± 2°C. The following variables were measured to verify the differences observed among treatments: percentage of mycelial growth inhibition and index of mycelial growth speed. All concentrations of L. gracilis oil inhibited the mycelial growth of the fungal species evaluated. The complete inhibition was observed between concentrations of 0.0125 and 0.1%. Treatment with oil inhibited fungal growth with similar, or even greater, efficiency than commercial fungicides.. We recommend the development of in vivo tests to verify whether L. gracilis essential oil can protect against fungal disease in live plants.

Effects of leaching on fungal growth and decay of western redcedar

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 578-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell J. Chedgy ◽  
Young Woon Lim ◽  
Colette Breuil
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Heterobasidion Annosum ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Western Redcedar ◽  
Coniophora Puteana ◽  
Soil Block ◽  
Block Test ◽  
Thuja Plicata Donn

We tested the effect of leaching on the concentration of western redcedar (WRC; Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don) heartwood extractives that are known to exhibit antimicrobial activity and correlated this with fungal growth and decay. We assessed the extractive tolerance of the following fungal species: Acanthophysium lividocaeruleum , Coniophora puteana , Heterobasidion annosum , Pachnocybe ferruginea , Phellinus sulphurascens , and Phellinus weirii by measuring their growth rate (mm/day) on media with or without WRC leachate. These data were correlated with the ability of the fungal species to grow on and decay leached versus nonleached WRC. We used an ergosterol assay to estimate growth and a standard soil-block test to assess decay. We estimated that leaching reduced the concentration of 5 major extractives: (–)-plicatic acid, β-thujaplicin, γ-thujaplicin, β-thujaplicinol, and thujic acid by ~80%. Phellinus sulphurascens exhibited the lowest extractive-tolerance in vitro, grew poorly on and caused minimal decay in nonleached WRC, but it grew well on and decayed pine and leached WRC. Coniophora puteana, H. annosum, and P. weirii displayed moderate to high tolerance to leachate, grew on and caused decay in nonleached as well as leached WRC, but their growth and decay were always greatest on leached WRC and pine, suggesting that leaching enhances decay by these fungi. Acanthophysium lividocaeruleum and Pachnocybe ferruginea exhibited high extractive-tolerance. Whereas A. lividocaeruleum clearly caused decay on all types of wood, no decay was observed with Pachnocybe ferruginea, which grew very slowly in the different wood species, and it may or may not be able to decay wood.

The effects of glyphosate on the in vitro linear growth of selected microfungi from a boreal forest soil

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joey B. Tanney ◽  
Leonard J. Hutchison
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Forest Soil ◽  
Linear Growth ◽  
Plant Competition ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Differential Sensitivity ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
The Impact

Glyphosate-based herbicides are used extensively in forestry and agriculture to control broadleaf plant competition. A review of the literature offers conflicting results regarding the impact of glyphosate on fungal growth. This study investigated the effects of 7 glyphosate concentrations (1, 2, 5, 10, 50, 100, and 1000 µg·mL–1) of Roundup (35.6% glyphosate) on the number of colony-forming units (CFUs) of soilborne microfungi from a boreal forest soil sample and on the in vitro linear growth of 20 selected species of microfungi representative of this boreal forest soil. Concentrations of glyphosate at 50 µg·mL–1and higher significantly decreased the number of CFUs observed. At glyphosate concentrations equal to 5 µg·mL–1, 13 fungal species exhibited colony diameters less than 50% than that of their respective controls. Several species showed an inhibition of pigmentation and sporulation when subjected to glyphosate concentrations of 1 µg·mL–1. Differential sensitivity was observed among species at the various concentrations, suggesting the possibility of a shift towards tolerant species of fungi when they are exposed to glyphosate.

scholarly journals Influence of Two Garlic-Derived Compounds, Propyl Propane Thiosulfonate (PTS) and Propyl Propane Thiosulfinate (PTSO), on Growth and Mycotoxin Production by Fusarium Species In Vitro and in Stored Cereals

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalliopi Mylona ◽  
Esther Garcia-Cela ◽  
Michael Sulyok ◽  
Angel Medina ◽  
Naresh Magan
Keyword(s):  
Water Activity ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Mycotoxin Production ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Stimulation Of

Two garlic-derived compounds, Propyl Propane Thiosulfonate (PTS) and Propyl Propane Thiosulfinate (PTSO), were examined for their efficacy against mycotoxigenic Fusarium species (F. graminearum, F. langsethiae, F. verticillioides). The objectives were to assess the inhibitory effect of these compounds on growth and mycotoxin production in vitro, and in situ in artificially inoculated wheat, oats and maize with one isolate of each respectively, at different water activity (aw) conditions when stored for up to 20 days at 25 °C. In vitro, 200 ppm of either PTS or PTSO reduced fungal growth by 50–100% and mycotoxin production by >90% depending on species, mycotoxin and aw conditions on milled wheat, oats and maize respectively. PTS was generally more effective than PTSO. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) were decreased by 50% with 80 ppm PTSO. One-hundred ppm of PTS reduced DON and ZEN production in wheat stored at 0.93 aw for 20 days, although contamination was still above the legislative limits. Contrasting effects on T-2/HT-2 toxin contamination of oats was found depending on aw, with PTS stimulating production under marginal conditions (0.93 aw), but at 0.95 aw effective control was achieved with 100 ppm. Treatment of stored maize inoculated with F. verticilliodies resulted in a stimulation of total fumonsins in most treatments. The potential use of such compounds for mycotoxin control in stored commodities is discussed.

scholarly journals Improved Microassays Used to Test Natural Product-Based and Conventional Fungicides on Plant Pathogenic Fungi

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maritza Abril ◽  
Kenneth J. Curry ◽  
Barbara J. Smith ◽  
David E. Wedge
Keyword(s):  
Natural Product ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Germination Inhibition ◽  
Germination And Growth ◽  
Germ Tubes

Seven important plant pathogenic fungi (Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum acutatum, C. fragariae, C. gloeosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum, Phomopsis obscurans, and P. viticola) valuable in screening fungicides were tested. Our procedure included washing conidia to reduce germination times, incorporating Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 as a medium of known composition, and using coverslips in the 24-well cell culture clusters to document the effect of fungicides on fungal morphology. The natural product-based fungicide, sampangine, a sampangine analog, 4-bromosampangine, plus seven conventional fungicides (benomyl, captan, cyprodinil, fenbuconazole, fenhexamid, iprodione, and kresoxim-methyl) were tested in vitro for their ability to inhibit germination and growth of the seven fungal species. Sampangine inhibited germination in all fungi except C. acutatum. Comparison of results of germination and morphology microbioassays with results of microtiter assays suggests that some fungicides stop fungal germination, whereas others only slow down fungal growth. We hypothesize that sampangine, except against C. acutatum, has the same physical mode of action, germination inhibition, as the conventional fungicides captan, iprodione, and kresoxim-methyl. 4-Bromosampangine caused morphological anomalies including excessive branching of germ tubes of C. fragariae and splaying and branching of germ tubes of B. cinerea.

scholarly journals Survey of mycobiota on Slovakian wine grapes from Small Carpathians wine region

10.5219/1322 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 721-728
Author(s):  
Soňa Felšöciová ◽  
Kačániová Miroslava ◽  
Vrábel František
Keyword(s):  
Cyclopiazonic Acid ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Chromatography Method ◽  
Carpathian Region ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Wine Region ◽  
Layer Chromatography

A total of 13 samples of grapes (bunches) without apparent fungal contamination were analyzed. The samples were collected during the 2019 harvest from Vrbové village in the Small Carpathian region of Slovakia. For the isolation of fungi were used the direct plating technique on DRBC plates. The plates were incubated aerobically at 25 ±1 °C for one week in the dark. The data obtained from the cultivation of the grape berry samples revealed a high diversity of fungal species (a total of 1044 isolates were obtained). Alternaria and Rhizopus were the main components of the wine grape mycobiota of the Vrbovský subregion at harvest time (92%, each), followed by Cladosporium (85%), Penicillium (77%), Botrytis and Epicoccum (54%, each). The most abundant genera found by descending order were Penicillium (25%), Alternaria (24%), Cladosporium (20%), and Rhizopus (12%) and only in minor percentage by Aspergillus (3%) among others. The main fungal species isolated from genera Penicillium and Aspergillus were Penicillium expansum (57% RD) and A. section Nigri (97% RD). Of 17 analyzed Penicillium strains, 65% were able to produce at least one of the six mycotoxins analyzed in in vitro conditions by means of thin-layer chromatography method: citrinin, griseofulvin, patulin, cyclopiazonic acid, penitrem A, and roquefortin C.

Inhibition of Fusarium Growth and Mycotoxin Production in Culture Medium and in Maize Kernels by Natural Phenolic Acids

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (10) ◽  
pp. 1753-1758 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELENA FERRUZ ◽  
SUSANA LORAN ◽  
MARTA HERRERA ◽  
ISABEL GIMENEZ ◽  
NOEMI BERVIS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Mycotoxin Production ◽  
Marked Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Total Inhibition ◽  
Maize Kernels

ABSTRACT The possible role of natural phenolic compounds in inhibiting fungal growth and toxin production has been of recent interest as an alternative strategy to the use of chemical fungicides for the maintenance of food safety. Fusarium is a worldwide fungal genus mainly associated with cereal crops. The most important Fusarium mycotoxins are trichothecenes, zearalenone, and fumonisins. This study was conducted to evaluate the potential of four natural phenolic acids (caffeic, ferulic, p-coumaric, and chlorogenic) for the control of mycelial growth and mycotoxin production by six toxigenic species of Fusarium. The addition of phenolic acids to corn meal agar had a marked inhibitory effect on the radial growth of all Fusarium species at levels of 2.5 to 10 mM in a dose-response pattern, causing total inhibition (100%) in all species except F. sporotrichioides and F. langsethiae. However, the effects of phenolic acids on mycotoxin production in maize kernels were less evident than the effects on growth. The fungal species differed in their responses to the phenolic acid treatments, and significant reductions in toxin concentrations were observed only for T-2 and HT-2 (90% reduction) and zearalenone (48 to 77% reduction). These results provide data that could be used for developing pre- and postharvest strategies for controlling Fusarium infection and subsequent toxin production in cereal grains.

The effects of the Penicillium mycotoxins citrinin, cyclopiazonic acid, ochratoxin A, patulin, penicillic acid, and roquefortine C on in vitro proliferation of porcine lymphocytes

2004 ◽  
Vol 158 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Modestas Keblys ◽  
Aksel Bernhoft ◽  
Constance C. Höfer ◽  
Ellen Morrison ◽  
Hans Jørgen S. Larsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Cyclopiazonic Acid ◽  
Penicillic Acid ◽  
In Vitro Proliferation ◽  
Roquefortine C

Antifungal Proteins from Plant Latex

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 497-506
Author(s):  
Mayck Silva Barbosa ◽  
Bruna da Silva Souza ◽  
Ana Clara Silva Sales ◽  
Jhoana D’arc Lopes de Sousa ◽  
Francisca Dayane Soares da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Protein Classification ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
Antifungal Proteins ◽  
Plant Latex

Latex, a milky fluid found in several plants, is widely used for many purposes, and its proteins have been investigated by researchers. Many studies have shown that latex produced by some plant species is a natural source of biologically active compounds, and many of the hydrolytic enzymes are related to health benefits. Research on the characterization and industrial and pharmaceutical utility of latex has progressed in recent years. Latex proteins are associated with plants’ defense mechanisms, against attacks by fungi. In this respect, there are several biotechnological applications of antifungal proteins. Some findings reveal that antifungal proteins inhibit fungi by interrupting the synthesis of fungal cell walls or rupturing the membrane. Moreover, both phytopathogenic and clinical fungal strains are susceptible to latex proteins. The present review describes some important features of proteins isolated from plant latex which presented in vitro antifungal activities: protein classification, function, molecular weight, isoelectric point, as well as the fungal species that are inhibited by them. We also discuss their mechanisms of action.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document