Site preparation for Pinus establishment in south-eastern Queensland. 1. Temporal changes in bulk density

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 1151 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Costantini ◽  
MR Nester ◽  
M Podberscek
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Preparation Technique ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Density Reduction ◽  
Poorly Drained Soils ◽  
The Impact

In south-eastern Queensland, Australia, standard site preparation practices used for Pinus plantation establishment are mounding (bedding) on poorly drained soils and blade cultivation (subsurface, wing rip) on well-drained soils. This paper reports the impacts of both site preparation treatments on soil bulk density over time. Following site preparation, the extent of bulk density reduction and the nature of bulk density consolidation was affected by soil type, soil depth and the site preparation technique used. On high strength, hardsetting soils, bulk density reductions from both mounding and blade cultivation persisted throughout the 28-month period, and contrasted with non-hardsetting soils in the plantation estate, which consolidated more rapidly and had higher bulk densities relative to precultivation levels for the period 4-28 months following site preparation. The studies reported in this paper were the first in south-eastern Queensland to investigate the impact of site preparation for Pinus establishment on the nature and longevity of bulk density reductions. Previously, plantation managers assumed that positive site preparation impacts would be relatively short-lived, and therefore developed a prudential policy of planting Pinus seedlings immediately following site preparation. For the soils studied, delays of 2-4 months, and perhaps up to 6 months, between site preparation and planting would not compromise Pinus growth, but would assist management planning.

Deriving regional pedotransfer functions to estimate soil bulk density in Austria

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-252
Author(s):  
Cecilie Foldal ◽  
Robert Jandl ◽  
Andreas Bohner ◽  
Ambros Berger
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Pedotransfer Functions ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
The Impact

Summary Soil bulk density is a required variable for quantifying stocks of elements in soils and is therefore instrumental for the evaluation of land-use related climate change mitigation measures. Our motivation was to derive a set of pedotransfer functions for soil bulk densities usable to accommodate different levels of data availabilities. We derived sets of linear equations for bulk density that are appropriate for different forms of land-use. After introducing uncertainty factors for measured parameters, we ran the linear models repeatedly in a Monte Carlo simulation in order to test the impact of inaccuracy. The reliability of the models was evaluated by a cross-validation. The single best predictor of soil bulk density is the content of soil organic carbon, yielding estimates with an adjusted R2 of approximately 0.5. A slight improvement of the estimate is possible when additionally, soil texture and soil depth are known. Residual analysis advocated the derivation of land-use specific models. Using transformed variables and assessing land-use specific pedotransfer functions, the determination coefficient (adjusted R2) of the multiple linear models ranged from 0.43 in cropland up to 0.65 for grassland soils. Compared to pedotransfer function, from the literature, the performance of the linear modes were similar but more accurate. Taking into account the likely inaccuracies when measuring soil organic carbon, the soil bulk density can be estimated with an accuracy of +/− 9 to 25% depending on land-use. We recommend measuring soil bulk density by standardized sampling of undisturbed soil cores, followed by post-processing of the samples in the lab by internationally harmonized protocols. Our pedotransfer functions are accurately and transparently presented, and derived from well-documented and high-quality soil data sets. We therefore consider them particularly useful in Austria, where the measured values for soil bulk densities are not available.

scholarly journals Site Preparation Effects on 20 Year Survival and Growth of Douglas-Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and on Selected Soil Properties

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.A. Harrington ◽  
K.B. Piatek ◽  
D.S. DeBell
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Old Growth Forest ◽  
Survival And Growth

Abstract Long-term effects of site preparation on tree performance and soil properties are not well known. Five site preparation treatments were evaluated to determine how they affected survival and growth of Douglas-fir 3, 10, and 20 yr after planting, and soil bulk density, C, N, P, and organic matter concentrations at 0 to 20 cm soil depth 21 yr after planting. The site preparation treatments were imposed following logging of three harvest units of old-growth forest on a volcanic soil in southwestern Washington; the units were logged to leave 17, 38, and 53 ton/ha of woody residue. The site preparation treatments were hand-pile-and-burn, machine-pile-and-burn, scarification, broadcast burn, and control. Mean survival ranged from 86% at age 3 to 70% at age 20, and average tree heights at 3, 10, and 20 yr were 0.6, 4.1, and 11.7 m. The scarification treatment had the best growth; at age 20, its average tree was 21% taller, 26% larger in diameter, and 82% greater in volume than the control. The hand-pile-and-burn treatment did not differ from the control in tree growth; the machine-pile-and-burn and broadcast burn treatments were intermediate in their growth response. Average soil bulk density was 0.74 g/cm3, organic matter concentration was 118 g/kg, and C, N, and P concentrations were 49, 1.6, and 0.7 g/kg with no significant treatment effects. Site preparation may have benefited growth of the trees on these units by decreasing competition from invading and regrowing vegetation, increasing nutrient availability, or increasing soil temperature. West. J. Appl. For. 18(1):44–51.

scholarly journals The Performance of the DES Sensor for Estimating Soil Bulk Density under the Effect of Different Agronomic Practices

Geosciences ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Abed Gatea Alshammary ◽  
Abbas Z. Kouzani ◽  
Akif Kaynak ◽  
Sui Yang Khoo ◽  
Michael Norton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Electromechanical System ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Agronomic Practices ◽  
Lack Of Information

The estimation of soil wet bulk density (ρn) and dry bulk density (ρb) using the novel digital electromechanical system (DES) has provided information about important parameters for the assessment of soil quality and health with a direct application for agronomists. The evaluation of the DES performance is particularly appropriate for different tillage methods, mulching systems, and fertilizers used to increase soil fertility and productivity, but currently, there is a lack of information, particularly in the arid areas in underdeveloped countries. Therefore, the main aim of this study was the application of a novel digital electromechanical system (DES) to evaluate bulk density, wet (ρn) and dry (ρb), under different soil treatments according to the variations in thermal efficiencies (ηth), microwave penetration depths (MDP), and specific energy consumption (Qcon) in an experimental area close to Baghdad (Iraq). The experimental design consisted of 72 plots, each 4 m2. The agronomic practices included two different tillage systems (disc plough followed by a spring disk and mouldboard plough followed by a spring disk) and twelve treatments involving mulching plastic sheeting combined with fertilizers, to determine their effect on the measured soil ρn and ρb and the DES performance in different soils. The results indicated that soil ρn and ρb varied significantly with both the tillage systems and the mulching systems. As expected, the soil ρn and ρb, MDP, and Qcon increased with an increase in the soil depth. Moreover, the tillage, soil mulching, and soil depth value significantly affected ηth and Qcon. A strong relationship was identified between the soil tillage and MDP for different soil treatments, leading to the changes in soil ρb and the soil dielectric constant (ε’).

scholarly journals Impact of Soil Compaction on Bulk Density and Root Biomass ofQuercus petraeaL. at Reclaimed Post-Lignite Mining Site in Lusatia, Germany

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric K. A. Twum ◽  
Seth Nii-Annang
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Quercus Petraea ◽  
Mining Site ◽  
Lignite Mining ◽  
Mining Soil ◽  
The Impact

The impact of soil compaction on bulk density and root biomass ofQuercus petraeaL. was assessed after 85 years of reclamation of post-lignite mining soil at Welzow-South, in Lusatia, Germany. Bulk density of core soils sampled from 20 to 25 cm, 100 to 105 cm, and 200 to 205 cm depths and oven-dried biomass ofQ. petraearoots sampled from 0 to 30 cm and at successive depths of 20 cm, up to 210 cm depth at compacted and uncompacted sites were determined. Bulk density was significantly higher at 20 to 25 cm (1.74±0.09 g cm−3) and 100 to 105 cm (1.65±0.06 g cm−3) depths of the compacted site. Likewise, compaction induced significant greater root biomass within the 0 to 70 cm depth with higher bulk density; root biomass at this depth was 2-fold greater compared to the uncompacted site. Root biomass decreased with soil depth and showed significant relationship with depth at both sites. The result indicates that, after 85 years of reclamation, the impact of soil compaction persisted as evident in higher bulk density and greater root biomass.

Laboratory and field evaluation of five soil water sensors

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Huang ◽  
O. O. Akinremi ◽  
R. Sri Rajan ◽  
P. Bullock
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
Engineering Sciences ◽  
Probe Calibration

Accurate in situ determination of soil water content is important in many fields of agricultural, environmental, hydrological, and engineering sciences. As numerous soil water content sensors are available on the market today, the knowledge of their performance will aid users in the selection of appropriate sensors. The objectives of this study were to evaluate five soil water sensors in the laboratory and to determine if laboratory calibration is appropriate for the field. In this study, the performances of five sensors, including the Profile Probe™ (PP), ThetaProbe™ , Watermark™, Aqua-Tel™, and Aquaterr™ were compared in the laboratory. The PP and ThetaProbe™ were more accurate than the other soil water sensors, reproducing soil water content using factory recommended parameters. However, when PP was installed on a loamy sand in the field, the same soil that was used for the laboratory evaluation, it overestimated field soil water, especially at depth. Another laboratory experiment showed that soil water content readings from the PP were strongly influenced by soil bulk density. The higher the soil bulk density, the greater was the overestimation of soil water content. Two regression parameters, a0 and a1, which are used to convert the apparent dielectric constant to volumetric water content, were found to increase linearly with the soil bulk density in the range of 1.2 to 1.6 Mg m-3. Finally, the PP was calibrated in the field and a good calibration function was obtained with an r2 of 0.87 and RMSE of 2.7%. The values of a0 and a1 obtained in the field were different from factory recommended parameters (a0 = 2.4 versus 1.6 while a1 = 12.5 versus 8.4) and were independent of soil depth, bulk density, and texture. As such, individual field calibration will be necessary to obtain precise and accurate measurement of soil water content with this instrument. Key words: Soil water content, Profile Probe, calibration, soil water content sensor

Compaction by forestry equipment and effects on coniferous seedling growth on four soils in the Alberta foothills

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian G.W. Corns
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Soil Core ◽  
Root Depth ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Maximum Root ◽  
Shoot Weight

Soils developed on four parent materials (glaciolacustrine clay, clay loam till, coarse fluvial, and loamy eolian) in west-central Alberta were examined to determine residual effects of logging and use of site-preparation equipment upon soil bulk density. These studies were conducted on sites that were logged during the previous 24 years. Compaction was evident on all soils except those of the Summit association, which were dominantly Brunisolic Gray Luvisols developed on cobbly fluvial deposits of Tertiary age. Compaction was greatest on soils of the Marlboro association, which were dominantly Brunisolic Gray Luvisols developed on clay loam till. Soil bulk density values on the clear-cuts had recovered to those of the controls at comparable depth at ages ranging from 0 (Summit) to 17–21 years (Marlboro). Lodgepole pine and white spruce seedlings were grown on the four soils compacted in the laboratory to three bulk densities approximating the following field conditions: (1) those observed or expected immediately following logging and site preparation; (2) those observed 5–10 years after logging and site preparation; and (3) undisturbed control. In most cases, significant reduction in nine expressions of seedling growth (maximum root depth, maximum root depth in soil core, total weight, shoot weight, root weight, stem diameter, shoot height, seedling survival, and shoot weight: root weight ratio) was observed with increased bulk density.

scholarly journals Penetration resistance according to penetration rate, cone base size and different soil conditions

Bragantia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Dias Valadão Junior ◽  
Aloísio Biachini ◽  
Franciele Caroline Assis Valadão ◽  
Rodrigo Pengo Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Penetration Rate ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Density Reduction ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Base Size ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Resistance To Penetration

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of penetration rate and the size of the cone base on the resistance to penetration under different soil moistures and soil bulk density. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 4x2x2x2 factorial arrangement, with the factors, soil bulk density of 1.0; 1.2; 1.4 and 1.6 Mg m-3, soil moisture at the evaluation of 0.16 and 0.22 kg kg-1, penetration rates of 0.166 and 30 mm s-1 and areas of the cone base of 10.98 and 129.28 mm² resulting in 32 treatments with 8 replicates. To ensure greater uniformity and similarity to field conditions, samples passed through cycles of wetting and drying. Only the interaction of the four factors was not significant. Resistance values varied with the density of the soil, regardless of moisture and penetration rate. Soil penetration resistance was influenced by the size of the cone base, with higher values for the smallest base independent of moisture and soil bulk density. The relationship between resistance to penetration and moisture is not always linear, once it is influenced by soil bulk density. Reduction in the area of the cone leads to an increase in the soil resistance to penetration.

scholarly journals Machinery-Induced Damage to Soil and Remaining Forest Stands—Case Study from Slovakia

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1289
Author(s):  
Zuzana Dudáková (Allmanová) ◽  
Michal Allman ◽  
Ján Merganič ◽  
Katarína Merganičová
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Forest Operations ◽  
Factorial Anova ◽  
Size Type ◽  
The Impact

The paper deals with the damage of the remaining stand and soil caused by harvesting using three ground-based forest operations methods (harvester-forwarder/cable skidder/animal-tractor). It compares the impact of the most common harvesting technologies applied in Slovakia and in Central Europe and thus contributes with valuable information to the knowledge on the suitability of their application in forests stands dominated by broadleaved tree species. Harvesting was performed in five forest stands located at the University Forest Enterprise of Technical University in Zvolen in central Slovakia from August to October 2019. Damage to remaining trees was assessed from the point of its size, type, and position of damage along stem. We expected lower damage of remaining trees in stands where harvesters were used because of the applied cut-to-length short wood system and fully mechanized harvesting system. In addition, we examined soil bulk density and soil moisture content in ruts, space between ruts, and in undisturbed stand to reveal the impact of harvesting machinery on soil. We expected greater soil bulk densities and lower soil moisture content in these stands due to the greatest weight of harvesters and in ruts created by machinery compared with undisturbed stand soil. The highest percentage of damaged remaining trees equal to 20.47% and 23.36% was recorded for harvester forest operations, followed by skidder (19.44%) and animal forest operations with 19.86% and 14.47%. Factorial ANOVA confirmed significant higher soil compaction in stands where harvesters were used (higer bulk density) than in stands where skidding was performed with the skidder and animal power. Higher soil moisture content was recorded in ruts created by harvesters and the skidder. The lowest soil moisture content was in undisturbed stands irrespective of the applied forest operation method.

Site Preparation Effects on Soil Bulk Density and Pine Seedling Growth

1981 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 176-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Stransky
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Hardwood Forest ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Surface Moisture ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Density Probe

Abstract Soil bulk density was sampled the first and third growing seasons after site preparation and pine planting on three clearcut pine-hardwood forest sites in eastern Texas. Bulk density was measured 10 cm below the surface of mineral soil using a surface moisture-density probe. Plots that had been KG-bladed and chopped had significantly higher bulk density than those that were burned or left untreated. After 5 years the survival, height, and diameter growth of pines averaged highest on the mechanically treated plots, probably because competition from other woody stems was much less than in the untreated and burned plots.

scholarly journals Assessment of soil carbon stock of some selected agroecological zones of Bangladesh

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
PK Saha ◽  
MS Rahman ◽  
M Khatun ◽  
ATMS Hossain ◽  
MA Saleque
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Piedmont Plain ◽  
Soil Carbon Stock ◽  
Agroecological Zones ◽  
Soc Stock ◽  
Land Types ◽  
Brahmaputra Floodplain ◽  
Soc Stocks

The present investigation assessed the soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks of four AEZs in Bangladesh which included AEZ 1 (Old Himalayan Piedmont Plain), AEZ 3 (Tista Meander Floodplain), AEZ 4 (Karatoya-Bangali Floodplain), and AEZ 9 (Old Brahmaputra Floodplain). Three land types – high land (HL), medium high and (MHL) and low and (LL) – were considered in the SOC assessment. The SOC stock was estimated by multiplying SOC (%) with bulk density (g/cc) and soil depth (cm). Across the AEZs and land types, the SOC (%) decreased with the increase in soil depth. The SOC (%) was the highest in the low land and the lowest in the high land over the AEZs. The soil bulk density in every AEZ increased with soil depth. Bulk density of soil for medium high and varied from 1.26 g/cc to 1.67 g/cc, for high and from 1.33 g/cc to 1.55 g/cc, and for low land it was 1.13 g/cc to 1.44 g/cc. The SOC stock at 0-20 cm depth was higher (14.19-4.67 t/ha) in low land followed by medium high land (8.25-4.58 t/ha) and high land (6.46-3.39 t/ha) for all AEZs. Among the four AEZs, the highest SOC stock was found in AEZ 1 irrespective of land types. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v38i4.18947 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 38(4): 625-635, December 2013

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