Influence of lime rate and particle size on soil pH and vegetative and seed yields of subterranean clover in the South East of South Australia

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
TJV Hodge ◽  
DC Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
The South ◽  
Lime Application ◽  
Lime Particle ◽  
Rate Interaction ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Seed Yields

The effect of 2 rates (2, 4 t/ha) and 5 particle size grades of applied lime on vegetative and seed yields of subterranean clover on an acid siliceous sand in the South East of South Australia is reported. The movement of the lime down the soil profile was assessed through its effect on soil pH. Vegetative yield responses to lime were recorded in 4 of 5 harvests; there was a significant particle size x rate interaction at 2 harvests. When seed yield was significantly increased by lime application, the particle size treatments were not significantly different. Vegetative and seed yields were not increased by doubling the lime rate. Five years after mixing lime in the top 2.5 cm of soil, there was a significant particle size x rate x depth interaction for soil pH. Soil pH was significantly increased to a depth of 12.5 cm by the application of 4 t/ha of lime, with the finer lime particle sizes causing the greatest increase in soil pH at depth

Potential adaptation zones for temperate pasture species as constrained by climate: a knowledge-based logical modelling approach

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 1095 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Hill
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Validation Data ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Potential Adaptation

Potential adaptation zones were modelled for major temperate pasture species using climate data and knowledge-based logical rules. A GIs database was constructed using a 0.025 degree digital elevation model and the Australian Climate Surfaces to create layers of monthly mean climate data for Australia. Soil pH maps for New South Wales, Victoria, and south-eastern South Australia were digitised and added to the database. Simple models using logical operators were constructed using estimates of temperature and aridity thresholds for the main temperate pasture species. The logical models were executed using primary and derived climate layers to create raster maps of potential adaptation zones for pasture species in eastern and south-western Australia. Areas of adaptation on freehold/leasehold land were expressed relative to a potential temperate pasture adaptation zone described by the lower (arid) limit of annual legume adaptation in temperate Australia and the northern limit of lucerne adaptation. Potential adaptation within this area ranged from 66% for lucerne down to <20% for perennial ryegrass in eastern Australia, and 93% for subterranean clover down to zero for perennial ryegrass in south-western Australia. Utility of the species adaptation zones could be enhanced using soil pH maps: a zone for serradella in NSW was refined by restricting adaptation to areas of climatic suitability with low soil pH. Maps for lucerne and Mount Barker subterranean clover showed good agreement with validation data for NSW. The zones may be readily adjusted by simple changes to parameter values in the algorithms. This knowledge-based approach has potential as an aid to targeting resources for plant improvement or to provide advice for more efficient utilisation of existing commercial pasture plants.

A description of acid soils and the relationships between properties of acid soils and the nutrient status of grazed pastures in the southeast of South Australia

Soil Research ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
TJV Hodge ◽  
DC Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Critical Value ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Extractable Soil

Areas of low soil pH in the south-east of South Australia were delineated by using previously submitted soil samples and soil association maps. A survey was then undertaken in the major soil associations to determine the severity and characteristics of highly acid soils. The acid soil types identified were a siliceous sand over clay (Db/Dy) and a siliceous sand over organic matter/sesquioxide pan (Uc). The top 2.5 cm of both soil types was significantly less acid than the remaining portion of the A horizon, with pH decreasing rapidly with depth until the B horizon, where a substantial soil pH increase occurred. As soil pH (0.01 M CaCl2) decreased below 4.5, extractable soil aluminium (0.01 M CaCl2) increased rapidly, to a maximum extractable concentration of 17 �g g-l. These soil types were also found to be deficient in both phosphorus and potassium, with 65% of the sites having extractable phosphorus concentrations below the critical value of 20 �g g-1 and 35% below the critical value for extractable potassium of 80 �g g-l. For subterranean clover, significant positive correlations were observed between soil pH and plant calcium and sulfur, and between extractable soil aluminium and plant aluminium. Significant negative correlations were observed between soil pH and plant manganese and between extractable soil aluminium and plant calcium and magnesium. For ryegrass, significant positive correlations were observed between extractable soil aluminium and plant aluminium and manganese. Significant negative correlations were observed between soil pH and plant manganese and between extractable soil aluminium and plant calcium. No other significant correlations were obtained. The results are discussed in relation to further acidification and management of these acid siliceous sands.

Acidification problems of duplex soils used for crop-pasture rotations

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 901 ◽  
Author(s):  
DR Coventry
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Initial Application ◽  
Acid Addition ◽  
Promote Plant Growth ◽  
Lime Application ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Pasture Yield

The acidification of duplex soils used for crop-pasture rotations has been reported widely in Australia in the winter dominant rainfall regions. At some locations induced soil acidity limits crop and pasture yield. The rate of soil acidification is affected by soil properties, agricultural management and rainfall. Rates of acid addition of 0.6-6 kmol H+/ha.year have been measured from long term crop pasture rotation experiments; these rates are comparable with values reported from pastoral studies in higher rainfall areas. Components of both the carbon and nitrogen cycles contribute to this acid addition, with loss of nitrate nitrogen below the rooting depth of these predominantly annual plant systems likely to be the main cause of acidification. Lime application has been recommended as a means of correcting acidification and improving crop and pasture yield. There is little information on the longevity of any beneficial effects of lime, the movement of lime in the soil and re-acidification of the soil in crop-pasture systems. A long term experimental site with rotation, deep tillage and lime treatments has been soil sampled throughout a 9-year period for changes in soil pH and aluminium. Soil pH decreased with increasing time after lime application. At lower lime rates (0.5-1.0 t/ha) there was no difference in pH or exchangeable A1 after 9 years, compared with the unlimed soil. At the higher lime rates there was downward movement of the neutralising effect of lime with time, as well as acidification of the soil. However, the yield responses obtained with all of the lime rates were maintained 9 years after 1 application of lime, even though the soil was strongly acid according to the measures used. Strategies for countering soil acidificaton may require an initial application of lime if acidity factors are restricting yield. Management systems which increase the permeability of the B horizon of duplex soils and which promote plant growth and a deep root system are essential for countering acidity in a croppasture rotation.

The availability of potassium in some Tasmanian soils. II. Exhaustive cropping in relation to potassium reserves in the soil

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 774 ◽  
Author(s):  
CS Piper ◽  
Vries MPC de
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Exchangeable Potassium ◽  
Severe Deficiency ◽  
Intensively Managed ◽  
High Level ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Severe Leaf

Five soil samples from Fingal, Tas., representing Frodsley sandy loam of varying exchangeable potassium status, were subjected to exhaustive cropping in pots and the changes in their potassium status and that of the crops measured. Three of the samples represented an area carrying improved pastures while two were from a less intensively managed property. The results were contrasted with those from two soils from South Australia (Urrbrae loam and Seddon gravelly sandy loam). The progressive removal of potassium by cropping was determined by analysis of each crop and of the soil at the end of the experiment. Uptake and removal of potassium was greatest from the soils of highest exchangeable potassium status. Potassium applied to the soils was also rapidly taken up by the crops. For the Tasmanian soils, applications of potassium gave no responses in yield until the level of exchangeable potassium in the control pots fell to 0.10-0.15 m-equiv./100 g. The higher the initial level of exchangeable potassium, the greater the number of crops before a yield response to applied potassium was obtained. In contrast, yields were maintained at a high level on Urrbrae loam and, even in the fourth crop, applications of potassium gave only a barely significant response. From Frodsley and Seddon soils only small amounts of potassium were taken up from non-exchangeable sources. From Urrbrae loam, in the absence of applied potassium, slightly more than half of the potassium taken up by the crops was derived from other than exchangeable sources. These differences were in keeping with the different amounts of potassium released to boiling nitric acid by these soils. After four crops exchangeable potassium was reduced to very low levels (0.05-0.14 m-equiv./100 g) in all five Tasmanian soils. These values were directly related to the amounts of difficultly exchangeable potassium in these soils. Exchangeable potassium in Urrbrae loam was not reduced below 0.33 m-equiv./100 g, again reflecting the higher reserve of difficultly exchangeable potassium in the illitic clay of this soil and its greater capacity to replenish the exchangeable potassium fraction. The percentage of potassium in the dry matter of the crop was closely related to the level of exchangeable potassium or exchangeable plus added potassium in the soil. Subterranean clover showing severe leaf necrosis due to potassium deficiency contained 0.55-0.63 per cent. potassium. Plants showing less severe deficiency symptoms or symptoms developing at a later stage showed 0.84-0.98 per cent. potassium. Plants with 1.20 per cent. potassium were free from symptoms and gave no further yield responses to applied potassium. Additions of potassium to the soil led to higher values in the plants, and luxury uptake was common. At least 84-95 per cent. of the applied potassium was taken up by the crops on four of the Tasmanian soils.

Evolution of subterranean clover in South Australia. II. Change in genetic composition of a mixed population after 19 years' grazing on a commercial farm

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 679 ◽  
Author(s):  
PS Cocks ◽  
AD Craig ◽  
RV Kenyon
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Mixed Population ◽  
Genetic Composition ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Seed Yields

Change in genetic composition of a mixed population of subterranean clover was studied at Kalangadoo in the south-east of South Australia. The seeds from an experiment in which 25 late-maturing strains were compared, were sampled in January 1977, 19 years after the plants were originally sown in 1958. Quadrats along three transects over the approximate position of the old plots were sampled and seed yields measured. The soil was analysed for several chemical and physical properties at the site of each quadrat. Thirty seeds from each sample were germinated in a glasshouse and the resulting seedlings planted out as spaced plants. These were identified on the basis of flowering time and morphological variables; in this way the seed pool of each strain at each quadrat site was determined. Seed pools were adjusted for variation in distance of original plots from the transects by estimating the real position of each plot relative to the transect and calculating the relationship between seed yield and estimated distance. Highest adjusted seed pools were produced by CPI 14454B (820 kg ha-1), CPI 12695 (626 kg ha-1), Eden Valley (502 kg ha-1), and CPI 14197A (476 kg ha-1). Cultivars Mt Barker and Tallarook were also common, but it was deduced from their distribution that they had been continuously introduced to the site from surrounding fields by livestock. All but six of the original strains were recovered in the sampling. Also present were many divergent strains, which yielded 228 kg ha-1 or 31 % of the average seed yield of 744 kg ha-1. Twenty-four of the original 25 strains and five others-Woogenellup, Yarloop, Trikkala, Clare and a divergent strain naturalized at Kalangadoo-were sown in small plots. Twenty-five agronomic variables were measured, including seasonal herbage yields, petiole lengths, leaf areas, isoflavone contents, phosphorus and sulfur uptakes, above- and below-ground seed yields, seed and seedling sizes and permeability of seed coats. The fourth component of a principal component analysis of the data was related to seed pool (P < 0.001), and it is suggested that the variables contributing to this component are important in predicting the success of a strain at Kalangadoo. The most successful tended to have high yields of buried seed, high yields of herbage and long petioles in winter, high formononetin content, early maturity and small seedlings. The results are discussed in terms of factors affecting success, generation of new genetic diversity, and field implications.

Variability in characteristics of some acidic pasture soils in South Australia and implications for lime application

Soil Research ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Merry ◽  
KG Tiller ◽  
AF Richards
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Logarithmic Transformation ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Lime Application

The variability of soil pH (0.01 M CaCI2), aluminium and manganese (extractable in 0.01 M CaCl2), total carbon and some soil morphological factors have been investigated in the surface and subsoil at seven pasture sites in the southern Mount Lofty Ranges and Kangaroo Island, South Australia. The coefficients of variation of the factors measured were found to be of a similar order, except for soil pH which, being a logarithmic transformation, is much lower. Relationships between pH and soil aluminium, manganese and carbon are used to predict the effects of further acidification, especially with respect to the development of increased extractable aluminium, and to assess the likelihood of problems in selecting appropriate rates of lime application.

The growth of improved pastures on acid soils. 2. The effect of soil incorporation of lime and phosphorus on the growth of subterranean clover and lucerne pastures and on their response to topdressing

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 157 ◽  
Author(s):  
LJ Horsnell
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
First Year ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Lime Application ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Yield Responses

Subterranean clover responds poorly to superphosphate application on some acid soils of the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales. A field experiment was undertaken, for two years, to examine the effects of incorporating large additional amounts of superphosphate or rock phosphate in the soil, with and without lime, on the growth of subterranean clover, lucerne and phalaris sown with recommended rates of lime superphosphate. Dry matter responses of subterranean clover and lucerne to superphosphate topdressing in the second year were also recorded. In the first year, subterranean clover growth was increased by the additional lime and by lime plus superphosphate. Lucerne growth was increased by additional lime. In the second year, the growth of subterranean clover was increased by the lime treatments and the superphosphate treatments applied in the previous year and by the deep incorporation into the soil of lime and superphosphate together. Subterranean clover growth also responded to the application of rock phosphate without lime. Lucerne dry matter production in the second year was increased by the lime, superphosphate and rock phosphate treatments applied in the first year. Lime application increased the yield responses of subterranean clover and lucerne to superphosphate topdressed in the second year. Lime application had no effect on the nitrogen content of the clover but increased that of lucerne. Lime application reduced the aluminium levels in the tops of all three species. The data suggest that the responsiveness of pastures to superphosphate on these soils is increased by the application of lime and rock phosphate and is related to low nitrogen fixation and high aluminium levels in the plant.

Evaluation of sunflower cultivars in South Australia

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 178 ◽  
Author(s):  
TD Potter ◽  
PI McLoud
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
South Australia ◽  
The South ◽  
Regression Techniques ◽  
Seed Yields

Seed yields and oil contents were determined for several sunflower cultivars grown in the south-east of South Australia over a range of environments which included different locations and years. Data were analysed by modified joint regression techniques. Each cultivar was included in at least four experiments to allow analysis by modified joint regression. The highest seed yields were produced by Hysun 3 1, Sungold, Suncross 52, Sunking and Hysun 30, which produced 16.4, 15.4, 14.7, 12.4 and 7.4% more seed, respectively, than Peredovik. Seeds with the highest oil contents were produced by Suncross 52 (48.6% w/w) and Hysun 31 (48.3%); Hysun 10 and Stepniak produced seeds with the lowest oil content (43.7 %) . Later flowering cultivars had significantly higher seed yields and oil contents than earlier flowering cultivars, indicating that they were better adapted to the environment. For every day that flowering of a cultivar was later than that of Perodovik, mean seed yield increased by 56.6 kg/ha and oil content by 0.4%.

Copper deficiency in ruminants in the South East of South Australia

1990 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 187 ◽  
Author(s):  
JD McFarlane ◽  
GJ Judson ◽  
J Gouzos
Keyword(s):  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Serum Copper ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
The South ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Cattle Serum ◽  
Low Serum ◽  
Wide Usage

Pasture development in the South East of South Australia has depended upon trace element enriched fertiliser applications. Despite the wide usage of copper-enriched fertilisers, copper deficiency is still evident in livestock at pasture, particularly cattle. Serum collected from cows and heifers during the systematic sampling program of the Brucellosis and Tuberculosis Eradication Scheme was analysed for copper. Of the 3611 pooled herd samples analysed, approximately 9% had low serum copper concentrations (<7 �mol/L). Distribution of those herds identified to be at risk of copper deficiency appeared to be random, apart from areas of high risk on peat soils and the coastal fringe of calcareous sands. Analysis of pasture samples collected from paddocks with cattle having low serum copper concentrations showed that low serum copper was usually associated with raised molybdenum rather than low copper concentrations in pasture. In some instances, moderate concentrations of molybdenum and sulfur in pasture and soil ingestion associated with high iron concentrations may combine to cause hypocupraemia, especially when livestock graze stubbles and subterranean clover pastures in summer-autumn and short pastures in winter. Only 6% of pasture samples had less than 4 mg Cu/kg DM, a concentration which indicates possible copper deficiency in subterranean clover or strawberry clover.

Particle size determines the efficiency of calcitic limestone in amending acidic soil

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 1175 ◽  
Author(s):  
BJ Scott ◽  
MK Conyers ◽  
R Fisher ◽  
W Lill
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Size Segregation ◽  
Acidic Soils ◽  
Minimum Particle Size ◽  
Lime Application

There is a commonly held view that limestone particles <0.25 mm are fully effective in amending acidic soils. However, this is not consistent with some available data. We assessed the importance of particle size in a field experiment using six particle size segregations covering a range of mean diameters from 3 mm to 0.005 mm. These products were applied at rates of 2.5, 5 and 10 t ha-1. Lime was incorporated in April 1986 and soil samples were collected 6, 12, 24 and 36 months later. The experiment was cropped to wheat in 1986, 1987 and 1989. Effectiveness was evaluated as the capacity of the particle size segregation to increase soil pH, exchangeable calcium (Caex,) or grain yield of wheat. No minimum particle size for maximum effectiveness was identified. Throughout the range of particle sizes evaluated, progressively finer particles produced larger increases in pH and Caex. Wheat yield was related to soil pH. Changes in soil pH and Caex between 6 months and 3 years after lime application were small compared to the changes in the first 6 months. Fine lime products should be preferred in practice, subject to cost considerations and handling difficulties.

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