Acidification problems of duplex soils used for crop-pasture rotations

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 901 ◽  
Author(s):  
DR Coventry
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Initial Application ◽  
Acid Addition ◽  
Promote Plant Growth ◽  
Lime Application ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Pasture Yield

The acidification of duplex soils used for crop-pasture rotations has been reported widely in Australia in the winter dominant rainfall regions. At some locations induced soil acidity limits crop and pasture yield. The rate of soil acidification is affected by soil properties, agricultural management and rainfall. Rates of acid addition of 0.6-6 kmol H+/ha.year have been measured from long term crop pasture rotation experiments; these rates are comparable with values reported from pastoral studies in higher rainfall areas. Components of both the carbon and nitrogen cycles contribute to this acid addition, with loss of nitrate nitrogen below the rooting depth of these predominantly annual plant systems likely to be the main cause of acidification. Lime application has been recommended as a means of correcting acidification and improving crop and pasture yield. There is little information on the longevity of any beneficial effects of lime, the movement of lime in the soil and re-acidification of the soil in crop-pasture systems. A long term experimental site with rotation, deep tillage and lime treatments has been soil sampled throughout a 9-year period for changes in soil pH and aluminium. Soil pH decreased with increasing time after lime application. At lower lime rates (0.5-1.0 t/ha) there was no difference in pH or exchangeable A1 after 9 years, compared with the unlimed soil. At the higher lime rates there was downward movement of the neutralising effect of lime with time, as well as acidification of the soil. However, the yield responses obtained with all of the lime rates were maintained 9 years after 1 application of lime, even though the soil was strongly acid according to the measures used. Strategies for countering soil acidificaton may require an initial application of lime if acidity factors are restricting yield. Management systems which increase the permeability of the B horizon of duplex soils and which promote plant growth and a deep root system are essential for countering acidity in a croppasture rotation.

scholarly journals Yield responses of arable crops to liming – An evaluation of relationships between yields and soil pH from a long-term liming experiment

2019 ◽  
Vol 105 ◽  
pp. 176-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.E. Holland ◽  
P.J. White ◽  
M.J. Glendining ◽  
K.W.T. Goulding ◽  
S.P. McGrath
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Arable Crops ◽  
Yield Responses

scholarly journals Responses of crop yield, apparent potassium balance, and soil potassium status to long-term fertilization and lime addition in acidic Ultisol

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianfu Han ◽  
Dongchu Li ◽  
Kailou Liu ◽  
Jing Huang ◽  
Lu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Acidification ◽  
Subtropical Region ◽  
K Uptake ◽  
Exchangeable Calcium ◽  
K Fertilizer ◽  
Lime Application ◽  
Lime Addition

Soil acidification is one of the major soil degradation phenomenon in tropical and subtropical region, which cause reductions in soil fertility, particularly potassium (K), and declines in crop yield. However, it remains unclear whether and how the status of K in soils and crops changes with the application of lime to alleviate soil acidification. Six treatments of long-term experiments (started 1990) in subtropical region were carried out. Regardless of fertilization regime, lime addition markedly increased grain and straw yields compared to those yields without lime application. Lime addition also led to significant decreases in the apparent K balances compared to soils without lime application. The agronomic K efficiency and partial factor productivity of K fertilizer both significantly increased after lime application. Lime addition reduced the soil exchangeable K (EK) content and stock, while increased soil non-exchangeable K (NEK) content and stock. Redundancy analysis showed that K input, lime, pH, and exchangeable calcium all significantly affected the K in soil and crops. Path analysis showed that lime indirectly influenced soil K (EK and NEK) by directly affecting soil pH, exchangeable calcium, K uptake and apparent K balances. These results suggest that lime addition is a viable strategy for improving crop yields and K fertilizer efficiency in degraded soils caused by acidification. Lime significant increased K uptake which lead to decreased soil EK content and stock. Additional, lime also increased soil NEK content and stock which was regulated by soil pH, exchangeable calcium, and crop growth.

Influence of lime rate and particle size on soil pH and vegetative and seed yields of subterranean clover in the South East of South Australia

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
TJV Hodge ◽  
DC Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
The South ◽  
Lime Application ◽  
Lime Particle ◽  
Rate Interaction ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Seed Yields

The effect of 2 rates (2, 4 t/ha) and 5 particle size grades of applied lime on vegetative and seed yields of subterranean clover on an acid siliceous sand in the South East of South Australia is reported. The movement of the lime down the soil profile was assessed through its effect on soil pH. Vegetative yield responses to lime were recorded in 4 of 5 harvests; there was a significant particle size x rate interaction at 2 harvests. When seed yield was significantly increased by lime application, the particle size treatments were not significantly different. Vegetative and seed yields were not increased by doubling the lime rate. Five years after mixing lime in the top 2.5 cm of soil, there was a significant particle size x rate x depth interaction for soil pH. Soil pH was significantly increased to a depth of 12.5 cm by the application of 4 t/ha of lime, with the finer lime particle sizes causing the greatest increase in soil pH at depth

scholarly journals Interaction of liming and long-term fertilization increased crop yield and phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) through mediating exchangeable cations in acidic soil under wheat–maize cropping system

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Qaswar ◽  
Li Dongchu ◽  
Huang Jing ◽  
Han Tianfu ◽  
Waqas Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Acidic Soil ◽  
Phosphorus Use Efficiency ◽  
Exchangeable Ca ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Lime Application

AbstractLow phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) is one of the main problems of acidic soil that limit the crop growth. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the response of crop yield and PUE to the long-term application of fertilizers and quicklime (CaO) in the acidic soil under wheat–maize rotation system. Treatments included, CK (no fertilization), NP (inorganic nitrogen and P fertilization), NPK (inorganic N, P and potassium fertilization), NPKS (NPK + straw return), NPCa (NP + lime), NPKCa (NPK + lime) and NPKSCa (NPKS + lime). Results showed that, fertilizer without lime treatments, significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased soil pH and crop yield, compared to the fertilizer with lime treatments during the period of 2012–2018. Average among years, compared to the CK treatment, wheat grain yield increased by 138%, 213%, 198%, 547%, 688% and 626%, respectively and maize yield increased by 687%, 1887%, 1651%, 2605%, 5047% and 5077%, respectively, under the NP, NPK, NPKS, NPCa, NPKCa and NPKSCa treatments. Lime application significantly increased soil exchangeable base cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) and decreased Al3+ cation. Compared to the NP treatment, phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) increased by 220%, 212%, 409%, 807% and 795%, respectively, under the NPK, NPKS, NPCa, NPKCa and NPKSCa treatments. Soil pH showed significant negative relationship with exchangeable Al3+ and soil total N. While, soil pH showed significant (p ≤ 0.05) positive relationship with exchangeable Ca2+, PUE and annual crop yield. PUE was highly negatively correlated with soil exchangeable Al3+. In addition, soil exchangeable Ca2+, pH, exchangeable Al3+ and available N were the most influencing factors of crop yield. Therefore, we concluded that lime application is an effective strategy to mitigate soil acidification and to increase PUE through increasing exchangeable base cations and reducing the acidic cations for high crop yield in acidic soil.

Longevity of wheat yield response to lime in south-eastern Australia

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 571 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Coventry ◽  
W. J. Slattery ◽  
V. F. Burnett ◽  
G. W. Ganning
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Initial Application ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Phosphorus Fertiliser ◽  
Lime Application ◽  
South Eastern Australia

Summary. A long-term experiment in north-eastern Victoria has been regularly monitored for wheat yield responses to a range of lime and fertiliser treatments, and the soil sampled for acidity attributes. Substantial grain yield increases have been consistently obtained over a period of 12 years with a single lime application. Lime applied at 2.5 t/ha in 1980 was still providing yield increases of 24% with an acid-tolerant wheat (Matong, 1992 season) and 79% with an acid-sensitive wheat (Oxley, 1993 season) relative to no lime treatment. The 2 wheat cultivars responded differently to phosphorus fertiliser, with the acid-sensitive wheat less responsive to phosphorus fertiliser in the absence of lime. The use of a regular lime application applied as a fertiliser (125 kg lime/ha) with the wheat seed gave only a small grain yield increase (8% Matong, 16% Oxley), despite 1 t/ha of lime applied over the 12-year period. Liming the soil at a rate of 2.5 t/ha (1980) initially raised the soil pH by about 1.0 unit and removed most soluble aluminium (0–10 cm). However, after 12 years of crop–pasture rotation after the initial 2.5 t lime/ha treatment the soil pH had declined by 0.7 of a pH unit and exchangeable aluminium was substantially increased, almost to levels prior to the initial application of lime. Given the continued yield responsiveness obtained following the initial application of lime, this practice, rather than regular applications of small amounts of lime, is recommended for wheat production on strongly acidic (pHw < 5.5) soils in south-eastern Australia.

Agroforestry in Eastern Otago: results from two long-term experiments

2000 ◽  
pp. 93-98
Author(s):  
G.G. Cossens ◽  
M.F. Hawke
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Clover Content ◽  
Pasture Yield

During the first 20 years of a Pinus radiata tree rotation, tree growth and pasture yield were assessed under a range of tree spacings at Invermay and Akatore, two coastal sites in Eastern Otago. Pasture yield in association with trees thinned to 100 stems per hectare (sph) was comparable to that from open pasture up to a tree age of 12 years. By the 19th year, however, pasture production declined to 63% of open pasture yield at Invermay and to 42% at Akatore. At 200 and 400 sph at Akatore, pasture yield was similar to that from open pasture at tree age 12 years but declined to 27% and 0% of open pasture yield respectively by year 20. At both Invermay and Akatore, the ryegrass and clover content of open pasture was relatively constant throughout the term of the trial. However, both the ryegrass and clover content of pasture beneath trees began to decline by tree age 12 years with a very rapid decline at Akatore in the number of pasture species at 200 sph by the 19th year. No pasture remained at 400 sph, after 19 years. Livestock carrying capacity with sheep on tree treatments at Invermay decreased from 100% of open pasture at year 6 to 60% by year 10. At Akatore, livestock carrying capacity averaged over the 20-year life of the trial was 4.1 stock units per hectare with a maximum of 8.1 stock units at a tree age of 8 years. Tree growth at both sites was similar, averaging between 1 and 1.1 m/year in height over 20 years, with trees at Invermay at 100 sph averaging 9% greater height and diameter growth than at Akatore. Increasing tree stocking from 100 to 200 to 400 sph at Akatore, resulted in increased tree height, but decreased diameter at breast height. A comparison of the East Otago trees with those in a similar trial at Tikitere (Rotorua) 900 km further north indicated that the southern trees were about 6 years later in their growth pattern by tree age 20 years. On both sites, soil pH tended to be lower in the presence of trees and was significantly lower than in open pasture by year 20. The results and comparisons with the Tikitere data suggest that, in an integrated agroforestry regime, there will be livestock grazing under the trees further into the tree rotation in Otago than in North Island sites. However, slower tree growth would result in a longer rotation time to harvest. Current recommendations to farmers are to plant trees on the less productive areas of the farm and adopt a tree stocking rate which fully utilises the site. Keywords: agroforestry, livestock, pasture, Pinus radiata, soil pH, tree stocking

scholarly journals Shedding New Light on Mountainous Forest Growth: A Cross-Scale Evaluation of the Effects of Topographic Illumination Correction on 25 Years of Forest Cover Change across Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2131
Author(s):  
Jamon Van Den Hoek ◽  
Alexander C. Smith ◽  
Kaspar Hurni ◽  
Sumeet Saksena ◽  
Jefferson Fox
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Classification Accuracy ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Forest Cover Change ◽  
Scale Evaluation ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Affect Detection

Accurate remote sensing of mountainous forest cover change is important for myriad social and ecological reasons, but is challenged by topographic and illumination conditions that can affect detection of forests. Several topographic illumination correction (TIC) approaches have been developed to mitigate these effects, but existing research has focused mostly on whether TIC improves forest cover classification accuracy and has usually found only marginal gains. However, the beneficial effects of TIC may go well beyond accuracy since TIC promises to improve detection of low illuminated forest cover and thereby normalize measurements of the amount, geographic distribution, and rate of forest cover change regardless of illumination. To assess the effects of TIC on the extent and geographic distribution of forest cover change, in addition to classification accuracy, we mapped forest cover across mountainous Nepal using a 25-year (1992–2016) gap-filled Landsat time series in two ways—with and without TIC (i.e., nonTIC)—and classified annual forest cover using a Random Forest classifier. We found that TIC modestly increased classifier accuracy and produced more conservative estimates of net forest cover change across Nepal (−5.2% from 1992–2016) TIC. TIC also resulted in a more even distribution of forest cover gain across Nepal with 3–5% more net gain and 4–6% more regenerated forest in the least illuminated regions. These results show that TIC helped to normalize forest cover change across varying illumination conditions with particular benefits for detecting mountainous forest cover gain. We encourage the use of TIC for satellite remote sensing detection of long-term mountainous forest cover change.

scholarly journals Long-Term Caloric Restriction Attenuates β-Amyloid Neuropathology and Is Accompanied by Autophagy in APPswe/PS1delta9 Mice

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 985
Author(s):  
Luisa Müller ◽  
Nicole Power Guerra ◽  
Jan Stenzel ◽  
Claire Rühlmann ◽  
Tobias Lindner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Pet Ct ◽  
Amyloid Aβ ◽  
Β Amyloid

Caloric restriction (CR) slows the aging process, extends lifespan, and exerts neuroprotective effects. It is widely accepted that CR attenuates β-amyloid (Aβ) neuropathology in models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) by so-far unknown mechanisms. One promising process induced by CR is autophagy, which is known to degrade aggregated proteins such as amyloids. In addition, autophagy positively regulates glucose uptake and may improve cerebral hypometabolism—a hallmark of AD—and, consequently, neural activity. To evaluate this hypothesis, APPswe/PS1delta9 (tg) mice and their littermates (wild-type, wt) underwent CR for either 16 or 68 weeks. Whereas short-term CR for 16 weeks revealed no noteworthy changes of AD phenotype in tg mice, long-term CR for 68 weeks showed beneficial effects. Thus, cerebral glucose metabolism and neuronal integrity were markedly increased upon 68 weeks CR in tg mice, indicated by an elevated hippocampal fluorodeoxyglucose [18F] ([18F]FDG) uptake and increased N-acetylaspartate-to-creatine ratio using positron emission tomography/computer tomography (PET/CT) imaging and magnet resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Improved neuronal activity and integrity resulted in a better cognitive performance within the Morris Water Maze. Moreover, CR for 68 weeks caused a significant increase of LC3BII and p62 protein expression, showing enhanced autophagy. Additionally, a significant decrease of Aβ plaques in tg mice in the hippocampus was observed, accompanied by reduced microgliosis as indicated by significantly decreased numbers of iba1-positive cells. In summary, long-term CR revealed an overall neuroprotective effect in tg mice. Further, this study shows, for the first time, that CR-induced autophagy in tg mice accompanies the observed attenuation of Aβ pathology.

Yields and nitrogen uptake of grain sorghum in various rotations, including lucerne, annual legume and long fallow

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 255 ◽  
Author(s):  
ICR Holford
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
First Year ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Establishment Method ◽  
Soil Evidence

Long-term yields, nitrogen uptake and responsiveness of grain sorghum following three lucerne rotations, an annual legume rotation, long fallowing, and continuous wheat growing were measured on a black earth and red clay in northern New South Wales. The three lucerne rotations compared two methods of lucerne establishment (with or without a cover crop) and two methods of grazing management (short or extended grazing).There were large beneficial effects of lucerne leys on the first grain sorghum crop, whether they were measured as grain yield, nitrogen content of the foliage and grain, or nitrogen uptake. The effect was much smaller in the second year but it increased in the third and fourth years, in direct relation to the rainfall during the sorghum flowering period. The effect was larger on the black earth than on the red clay, reflecting the much higher lucerne yields on the former soil. Evidence indicated that the nitrogen contribution from lucerne after the first year was no greater than the nitrogen accumulated by long fallowing, and this was attributed to very low rainfall and lucerne yields during the four year ley period.The annual legume rotation suffered from drought and insect damage in most years, and following sorghum yields tended to be lower than those achieved by long fallowing.Differences in the effects of establishment method and grazing management on total lucerne yields were reflected in the differences in subsequent grain sorghum yields. Largest differences were on the black earth where extended grazing lowered the total yields of lucerne and subsequent grain sorghum. Sowing lucerne under wheat had little effect on total yields of lucerne or sorghum.

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