Potential adaptation zones for temperate pasture species as constrained by climate: a knowledge-based logical modelling approach

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 1095 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Hill
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Validation Data ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Potential Adaptation

Potential adaptation zones were modelled for major temperate pasture species using climate data and knowledge-based logical rules. A GIs database was constructed using a 0.025 degree digital elevation model and the Australian Climate Surfaces to create layers of monthly mean climate data for Australia. Soil pH maps for New South Wales, Victoria, and south-eastern South Australia were digitised and added to the database. Simple models using logical operators were constructed using estimates of temperature and aridity thresholds for the main temperate pasture species. The logical models were executed using primary and derived climate layers to create raster maps of potential adaptation zones for pasture species in eastern and south-western Australia. Areas of adaptation on freehold/leasehold land were expressed relative to a potential temperate pasture adaptation zone described by the lower (arid) limit of annual legume adaptation in temperate Australia and the northern limit of lucerne adaptation. Potential adaptation within this area ranged from 66% for lucerne down to <20% for perennial ryegrass in eastern Australia, and 93% for subterranean clover down to zero for perennial ryegrass in south-western Australia. Utility of the species adaptation zones could be enhanced using soil pH maps: a zone for serradella in NSW was refined by restricting adaptation to areas of climatic suitability with low soil pH. Maps for lucerne and Mount Barker subterranean clover showed good agreement with validation data for NSW. The zones may be readily adjusted by simple changes to parameter values in the algorithms. This knowledge-based approach has potential as an aid to targeting resources for plant improvement or to provide advice for more efficient utilisation of existing commercial pasture plants.

Occurrence of Phytophthora clandestina in Trifolium subterraneum paddocks in Australia

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 187 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Aldaoud ◽  
W. Guppy ◽  
L. Callinan ◽  
S. F. Flett ◽  
K. A. Wratten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Differential Cultivars

In 1995–96, a survey of soil samples from subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) paddocks was conducted across Victoria, South Australia, New South Wales and Western Australia, to determine the distribution and the prevalence of races of Phytophthora clandestina (as determined by the development of root rot on differential cultivars), and the association of its occurrence with paddock variables. In all states, there was a weak but significant association between P. clandestina detected in soil samples and subsequent root rot susceptibility of differential cultivars grown in these soil samples. Phytophthora clandestina was found in 38% of the sampled sites, with a significantly lower prevalence in South Australia (27%). There were significant positive associations between P. clandestina detection and increased soil salinity (Western Australia), early growth stages of subterranean clover (Victoria), mature subterranean clover (South Australia), recently sown subterranean clover (South Australia), paddocks with higher subterranean clover content (Victoria), where herbicides were not applied (South Australia), irrigation (New South Wales and Victoria), cattle grazing (South Australia and Victoria), early sampling dates (Victoria and New South Wales), sampling shortly after the autumn break or first irrigation (Victoria), shorter soil storage time (Victoria) and farmer’s perception of root rot being present (Victoria and New South Wales). Only 29% of P. clandestina isolates could be classified under the 5 known races. Some of the unknown races were virulent on cv. Seaton Park LF (most resistant) and others were avirulent on cv. Woogenellup (most susceptible). Race 1 was significantly less prevalent in South Australia than Victoria and race 0 was significantly less prevalent in New South Wales than in South Australia and Western Australia. This study revealed extremely wide variation in the virulence of P. clandestina. The potential importance of the results on programs to breed for resistance to root rot are discussed. in South Australia.

A description of acid soils and the relationships between properties of acid soils and the nutrient status of grazed pastures in the southeast of South Australia

Soil Research ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
TJV Hodge ◽  
DC Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Critical Value ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Extractable Soil

Areas of low soil pH in the south-east of South Australia were delineated by using previously submitted soil samples and soil association maps. A survey was then undertaken in the major soil associations to determine the severity and characteristics of highly acid soils. The acid soil types identified were a siliceous sand over clay (Db/Dy) and a siliceous sand over organic matter/sesquioxide pan (Uc). The top 2.5 cm of both soil types was significantly less acid than the remaining portion of the A horizon, with pH decreasing rapidly with depth until the B horizon, where a substantial soil pH increase occurred. As soil pH (0.01 M CaCl2) decreased below 4.5, extractable soil aluminium (0.01 M CaCl2) increased rapidly, to a maximum extractable concentration of 17 �g g-l. These soil types were also found to be deficient in both phosphorus and potassium, with 65% of the sites having extractable phosphorus concentrations below the critical value of 20 �g g-1 and 35% below the critical value for extractable potassium of 80 �g g-l. For subterranean clover, significant positive correlations were observed between soil pH and plant calcium and sulfur, and between extractable soil aluminium and plant aluminium. Significant negative correlations were observed between soil pH and plant manganese and between extractable soil aluminium and plant calcium and magnesium. For ryegrass, significant positive correlations were observed between extractable soil aluminium and plant aluminium and manganese. Significant negative correlations were observed between soil pH and plant manganese and between extractable soil aluminium and plant calcium. No other significant correlations were obtained. The results are discussed in relation to further acidification and management of these acid siliceous sands.

Nitrogen fertiliser use on rain-fed pasture in the Mt Lofty Ranges, SouthAustralia. 2. Responses of perennial grasses, Tama ryegrass, andsod-sown oats to nitrogen fertiliser and cutting frequency

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 579 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Elliott ◽  
R. J. Abbott
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Nitrogen Fertiliser ◽  
Cutting Frequency ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Fertiliser Application ◽  
Autumn And Winter

Two series of experiments were conducted in the Mt Lofty Ranges, South Australia, to examine, in a grass–subterranean clover pasture, the contribution of the companion grass to herbage mass and the responsiveness to the application of nitrogen (N) fertiliser. The first study examined the responsiveness, to a single rate of N, of grass–clover pastures containing either Tama ryegrass, sod-sown oats or 1 of 4 perennial grasses, viz. Victorian perennial ryegrass, Demeter fescue, Currie cocksfoot or Australian phalaris. These were compared in 2 experiments, under 3��different cutting frequencies at 3 periods during the growing season. In the other study, consisting of 12�experiments, the response to increasing rate of N fertiliser application of sod-sown oats or the existing pasture were compared over a 3-month period following N fertiliser application in autumn.In autumn and winter, all pastures responded significantly to N fertiliser, whereas in spring, the proportion of clover in each pasture and its growth determined whether or not there was a response to N fertiliser. Clover composition of pastures declined with N application, but clover was not eliminated from swards by application of 210 kg N/ha a year. In both series of experiments, pastures that established well with a high density of sod-sown oats out-yielded all other pastures in autumn and winter, whether the swards were unfertilised or received regular N fertiliser applications. In late winter, pastures sod-sown with Tama ryegrass yielded as well as the pasture sod-sown with oats, and enhanced spring growth significantly compared with perennial ryegrass. However, spring production of Tama ryegrass was poorer than that of perennial ryegrass, and overall no increase in annual production occurred. Of the perennial grasses, the highest yielding when N fertiliser was applied were Currie cocksfoot and perennial ryegrass (yielding in autumn), phalaris (winter), and perennial ryegrass and Demeter fescue (spring). Increased cutting frequency depressed the herbage mass response to N fertiliser following the initial application, but increased herbage N concentration of all pastures and also increased the final clover composition of N-fertilised pasture of 4�pasture types.

The effects of grazing management on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) herbage mass and persistence in south-eastern Australia

2000 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 207 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Graham ◽  
T. Prance ◽  
R. P. Thompson ◽  
D. Borg ◽  
P. Ball ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Western Victoria ◽  
Positive Effect

The effect of various grazing management treatments on newly sown and degraded perennial ryegrass pastures was studied at 6 different locations in the temperate high rainfall zone of southern Australia, as part of the Temperate Pasture Sustainability Key Program. The sites were located at Hamilton (2 sites, 1 grazed by cattle, 1 grazed by sheep) and Cavendish, western Victoria, Victor Harbor (Delamere), South Australia, and Ross and Parattah in Tasmania. Grazing management treatments significantly influenced the ryegrass mass and persistence of the pasture, but effects were not always consistent across sites. Autumn closure increased the perennial ryegrass content at Cavendish and Ross, as did the winter and summer closures at Ross. Spring closure increased the perennialryegrass content at Hamilton, Cavendish and Ross, but decreased it at Parattah, as did the summer closures at Parattah and Delamere. Fodder conservation decreased the ryegrass only at Parattah. At the Hamilton sheep site, and at Ross, mob stocking increased the ryegrass content, as did increased superphosphate treatments at Hamilton. Rotational grazing at Cavendish and Delamere increased the ryegrass content, as did the late spring or a late summer closure with a short autumn deferment at Cavendish and Ross, but both these treatments decreased ryegrass at Parattah. The treatments that had a negative effect at Parattah may have had a positive effect on cocksfoot at that site, creating competition for, and decreasing the ryegrass content. At most sites, treatments that included some spelling during spring to foster seed shedding, and spelling again in the following autumn to encourage germination seem to have been of benefit to the perennial ryegrass.

Genetic structure of the western pygmy possum, Cercartetus concinnus Gould (Marsupialia: Burramyidae) based on mitochondrial DNA

2007 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J.L. Pestell ◽  
S.J.B. Cooper ◽  
K. Saint ◽  
S. Petit
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Disjunct Distribution ◽  
Genetic Connectivity ◽  
Phylogeographic Structure ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Evolutionarily Significant Unit ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

Cercartetus concinnus Gould (Marsupialia: Burramyidae) has a spatially disjunct distribution, with a broad stretch of saltbush on the Nullarbor Plain forming an apparent barrier between the population: one in southern Western Australia, and another in south-eastern Australia, encompassing South Australia, Victoria, and New South Wales. This disjunct distribution and slight differences in morphology between western and eastern populations have led to conjecture about the taxonomy of this species. This study assessed the taxonomic status of C. concinnus across southern Australia. Analyses using the mitochondrial (mtDNA) ND4 gene showed little phylogeographic structure throughout the wide range of C. concinnus in southern Australia; closely related haplotypes (~0.1% sequence divergence) had a wide distribution from Western Australia to South Australia, suggesting recent genetic connectivity. These data indicate that C. concinnus populations represent a single taxonomic unit (Evolutionarily Significant Unit) throughout the geographic range. Further research is required to assess the impact of recent population fragmentation and whether an erosion of genetic variation in isolated populations has occurred.

Productivity and persistence of Trifolium hirtum, T. michelianum, T. glanduliferum and Ornithopus sativus sown as monocultures or in mixtures with T. subterraneum in the south-eastern Australian wheat belt

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 549 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Dear ◽  
B. C. D. Wilson ◽  
C. A. Rodham ◽  
P. McCaskie ◽  
G. A. Sandral
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Australian Wheat ◽  
Ornithopus Sativus ◽  
Pasture Legume ◽  
Trifolium Hirtum

The persistence and productivity of 5 annual pasture legume species: French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot) cv. Cadiz; rose clover (Trifolium hirtum All.) cv. Hykon; balansa clover (T. michelianum Savi) cv.�Frontier; gland clover (T. glanduliferum) cv. Prima) and subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L.), grown in monocultures or as binary mixtures with subterranean clover cv. Nungarin, were examined on an acid soil (pH�4.7) in the low rainfall wheat belt of south-eastern Australia over a 3-year period of continuous pasture.

Granular reactive apatite rock phosphate is not an effective phosphorus fertilizer in the short term on lateritic soils in south-western Australia.

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 217 ◽  
Author(s):  
MDA Bolland ◽  
AJ Weatherley ◽  
RJ Gilkes ◽  
JW Bowden
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizer ◽  
Carbonate Apatite ◽  
Rock Phosphates ◽  
Fertilizer Effectiveness ◽  
Eastern Australia

The effectiveness, as a phosphate fertilizer, of granular reactive rock phosphate (carbonate substituted apatite from North Carolina, U.S.A.), granular triple superphosphate and partly powdered Duchess non-reactive rock phosphate (low carbonate apatite from north-eastern Australia) was compared in three field experiments on different soil types in different climatic regions of south-western Australia. Calciphos (finely ground calcined crandallite rock phosphate from Christmas Island) was included in one experiment. The rock phosphates were incorporated into the soil and their effectiveness was compared with both topdressed and incorporated superphosphate. Different species were grown at each site (barley, triticale and subterranean clover). As determined on the basis of relative amounts of fertilizer required for constant yield, the effectiveness of all the rock phosphates relative to incorporated superphosphate was very low at each site throughout the growth of each species. Fertilizer effectiveness of rock phosphates was about one-fifth that of superphosphate for barley, and one-tenth for triticale and clover. The maximum yield obtained from rock phosphate was generally 88-100% that obtained from superphosphate. Incorporation did not greatly affect the effectiveness of superphosphate.

Influence of lime rate and particle size on soil pH and vegetative and seed yields of subterranean clover in the South East of South Australia

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
TJV Hodge ◽  
DC Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
The South ◽  
Lime Application ◽  
Lime Particle ◽  
Rate Interaction ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Seed Yields

The effect of 2 rates (2, 4 t/ha) and 5 particle size grades of applied lime on vegetative and seed yields of subterranean clover on an acid siliceous sand in the South East of South Australia is reported. The movement of the lime down the soil profile was assessed through its effect on soil pH. Vegetative yield responses to lime were recorded in 4 of 5 harvests; there was a significant particle size x rate interaction at 2 harvests. When seed yield was significantly increased by lime application, the particle size treatments were not significantly different. Vegetative and seed yields were not increased by doubling the lime rate. Five years after mixing lime in the top 2.5 cm of soil, there was a significant particle size x rate x depth interaction for soil pH. Soil pH was significantly increased to a depth of 12.5 cm by the application of 4 t/ha of lime, with the finer lime particle sizes causing the greatest increase in soil pH at depth

Coevolutionary patterns in the Linum marginale - Melampsora lini association at a continental scale

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 288-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
J J Burdon ◽  
P H Thrall ◽  
G J Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Continental Scale ◽  
Physical Isolation ◽  
Melampsora Lini ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Discernible Effect ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
The Mean

Patterns in the distribution of virulence and resistance in the Linum marginale A. Cunn. ex. Planch – Melampsora lini (Ehrenb.) Lev. host–pathogen interaction that is endemic to Australia were examined in a 3500-km pancontinental comparison. Pathogen isolates derived from Western Australia were virulent on a much greater proportion of hosts from Western Australia than they were on a broad range of L. marginale lines collected throughout eastern Australia. In contrast, the physical isolation of Western Australia had no discernible effect on the distribution of the mean resistance of host lines. Within eastern Australia, isolates collected from Tasmania (isolated by 100 km of sea), southern New South Wales, and South Australia showed varying levels of response in terms of their virulence on host lines originating from the same or other eastern subregions. Finally, across the entire distribution of the pathogen, there was a significant effect of distance such that more distant pathogen isolates were generally less well adapted to host lines than more locally derived ones.Key words: coevolution, pathogen, resistance, rust, speciation, virulence.

Mapping suitability of pasture species using fine-scale soils and rainfall data

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (12) ◽  
pp. 1175
Author(s):  
R. W. Smith ◽  
M. Webb ◽  
D. Kidd ◽  
D. B. Hannaway
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Rainfall Data ◽  
Species Selection ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Major Constraint ◽  
Eastern Australia

Species composition is limiting production in &gt;65% of pastures in Tasmania, Australia—a situation not unique to Tasmania. There are many reasons for degradation and poor persistence of improved pastures, with species selection crucial. Selection currently relies on producers making an assessment based on experience, external advice from agronomists and seed merchants, and experimental trial data. This project sought to assess the benefit of using fine-scale soils data and long-term rainfall data to determine the suitability of pasture species at a farm level across &gt;3 Mha of agricultural land in Tasmania. Suitability rules were developed for perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) involving growth responses to soil characteristics (pH, soil depth, electrical conductivity, drainage, and coarse fragments) and average annual rainfall. Suitability classes were defined as well suited, suitable, moderately suitable, and unsuitable, with additional subclasses to account for soil limitations that could be mitigated through management. Soil grids were generated using digital soil mapping techniques from ~6500 new and existing site data sources spread across Tasmania. Rainfall data from 539 Bureau of Meteorology rainfall-recording sites were modelled using regression kriging interpolation. Soil pH was found to be a major constraint on lucerne, with 61.3% of the land area having a pH &lt;5.7. Ameliorating the soil with lime could reduce this constraint to 33.5% of the land area. Drainage was another major constraint on lucerne suitability, with 37.8% of land constrained by imperfectly or poorly drained soils. Improving drainage by installing surface or underground drains could reduce the affected area to 22.1%. The mapping showed that perennial ryegrass was constrained by soil pH, with 38.2% of land having a pH &lt;5.5. However, liming could reduce this constraint to just 9.6%. Accurate identification of the likely constraints on pasture production and persistence before sowing and choice of appropriate species and management intervention will result in fewer failed sowings and greater productivity. The feasibility of expanding this approach is being assessed for a larger area of south-eastern Australia and across a wider range of pasture species.

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