The value of whole cottonseed in a wheat-based maintenance ration for sheep

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 453 ◽  
Author(s):  
HM Warren ◽  
SA Neutze ◽  
JM Morrison ◽  
PJ Nicholls
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Histological Examination ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Whole Cottonseed ◽  
Maintenance Ration

The effects of fuzzy whole cottonseed (WCS) on the performance and health of sheep were examined. Thirty 2-year-old Merino wethers were divided into 3 equal groups and offered maintenance rations for 138 days, with whole wheat grain to WCS ratios of 100:O (diet A), 75:25 (B) and 50:50 (C). Liveweight changes for diets A, B and C were -0.3, +4.4 and +3.0 kg respectively, and were significantly (P<0.05) greater on WCS diets. Wool growth rates were also significantly (P< 0.01) improved by the addition of WCS, with treatment means being 0.65 (diet A), 0.82 (B) and 0.88 mg/cm2.day (C). Digestibility of DM in diet C (677 g/kg) was significantly (P< 0.001) lower than in diets A (782) and B (777 g/kg), perhaps because of increased fibre and oil in the ration. Subclinical anaemia and muscle damage were evident in animals given WCS by days 43 and 127 respectively. Post mortems and histological examination revealed renal haemosiderosis in sheep given WCS, with increased severity at 50% inclusion in the ration. Despite the reduction in digestibility and the subclinical effects on health, at least 25% WCS can be safely included in a wheat-based maintenance ration for wethers and this ration has production advantages over wheat alone. Caution is advised in feeding higher levels of WCS or feeding such a ration for more than 5 months.

The performance of pregnant and lactating Merino ewes and their lambs fed survival rations of wheat grain and sawdust

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (90) ◽  
pp. 34 ◽  
Author(s):  
RA Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Eucalyptus Maculata ◽  
Maintenance Ration

Merino ewes were mated at pasture and then fed in pens either a maintenance or an 80 per cent maintenance ration of wheat grain three times a week. Half the animals at each feeding level were offered Spotted Gum (Eucalyptus maculata) sawdust. Addition of sawdust to the ration did not affect liveweight change and the wool growth rate of ewes or the birth weight and growth rate of lambs. It did, however, affect the long-term survival rate of ewes. Of the ewes that died after three months of survival feeding, four were in groups fed wheat alone and one in a group fed sawdust with the wheat. The survival rate and growth rate of lambs in all treatments were poor.

Trichostrongylosis and wool growth. 2. The wool growth response of infected sheep to parenteral and duodenal cystine and cysteine supplementation

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (63) ◽  
pp. 351 ◽  
Author(s):  
IA Barger ◽  
WH Southcott ◽  
VJ Williams
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Infected Sheep ◽  
Trichostrongylus Colubriformis ◽  
Intestinal Nematode ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Cysteine Hydrochloride ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Maintenance Ration

Two experiments are reported. In experiment 1, light infections with the intestinal nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis reduced wool growth of sheep by 42 per cent compared with pair-fed controls. There was no significant difference in wool growth between those sheep given a cystine supplement as an intraperitoneal pellet and those given a daily intra-duodenal injection of cystine, although cystine was poorly absorbed from the peritoneal cavity. In experiment 2, fifteen sheep were fed a maintenance ration and their wool growth rates defined. When six of the sheep were given a daily intra-duodenal drip containing 2 g cysteine hydrochloride, and six sheep were given the same drip intravenously, their wool growth rate increased by a mean of 33 per cent compared with the wool growth of the three untreated sheep, irrespective of the route of administration of the cysteine. Three sheep in each group of six were then lightly infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis and the wool production of all sheep was measured in the presence and absence of the daily cysteine supplement via the two routes. The infection depressed wool growth, but did not influence the wool growth response to either route of cysteine supplementation. It was concluded that the reduced wool growth induced by trichostrongylosis could not be attributed to malabsorption of cysteine. Evidence was obtained that sheep resistant to Trichostrongylus colubriformis produced less wool when subjected to a larval challenge.

Whole wheat grain feeding of pregnant and lactating ewes and their lambs. 1. The influence of energy, sodium chloride and elemental sulphur on ewe productivity

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (76) ◽  
pp. 601
Author(s):  
DG Saville ◽  
PJ Nicholls ◽  
WR McManus
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Elemental Sulphur ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
Central Composite

This experiment was designed to explore the influence of energy, sodium chloride and elemental sulphur on the productivity of pregnant and lactating ewes fed whole wheat grain diets. A central composite design was used to study the response over five levels of each factor. During the last 42 days of pregnancy, the energy treatments resulted in either maintenance of maternal body weights at about 42 kg, or losses of up to 5.5 kg. Ewe maintenance requirements were about 0.14 MJ ME kg-1 day -1 and their foetal requirement was 1 .I 5 MJ ME kg-1 day-1. Sodium chloride and elemental sulphur supplements had no influence on ewe liveweight change up to lambing, but wool growth increased with sulphur supplements of up to about 0.25 to 0.30 per cent. Energy intake and sodium chloride supplementation increased lamb birth weight. After lambing, ewes that had been offered low energy diets increased their liveweight gain and wheat intake with sulphur supplements whereas these supplements reduced the liveweight gain and wheat intake of ewes offered higher energy. Milk production measured on day 14 of lactation averaged 11 53 g day -1 and was not significantly influenced by treatment. These results are discussed in relation to the metabolism of pregnant and lactating ewes, and in the context of the composite design used.

The use of whole wheat grain in feeding of broiler chickens

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
V. Khamitova ◽  
A. Osmanyan
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Economic Effectiveness ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Productivity Index ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Whole Wheat

An experiment has been conducted to determine the effectiveness of growing broiler chickens when whole wheat grain has been included in the compound feed. The purpose of the research was to develop an appropriate scheme and dose for feeding whole wheat grain depending on the age of broilers, while observing the normative content of metabolic energy and nutrients in the diets, and to determine the economic effectiveness of rearing of broilers. To determine the effectiveness, data on live weight, growth rate, livability, uniformity of broiler population by live weight and variability of live weight of chickens have been studied. In the course of the work, the livability, average daily gain, feed conversion, homogeneity and variability coefficients, and the productivity index have been calculated. An increase in the live weight of broilers, as well as the rate of growth in pre-slaughter age when using whole grains in poultry diets, as well as a decrease in feed consumption per unit of live weight gain has been revealed. In conclusion, the economic effectiveness of broiler meat production has determined when whole grain has been included in diets. The use of whole wheat grain as an additive to the main diet in broiler feeding allowed to increase profits and increase the level of profitability. It has been found as a result of research that it is advisable to add whole wheat grain to the main diet for broilers at the age of 8–14 days in an amount of 5 % of the feed weight, at the age of 15–21 days – 15 %, at the age of 22–28 days – 20 %, at the age of 21–29 days – 30 % of grain without reducing the overall nutritional value of the diet.

scholarly journals The Growth and Composition of Wool III. Variations in the Sulphur Content of Wool

1965 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 671 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Reis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sulphur Content ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Different Levels

The sulphur content of wool was measured during experiments in which the nutritive status of sheep was altered by changes in the amount or composition of the diet. Three experiments were carried out, involving 13 sheep and five diets given at different levels of feeding. Wool grown on delineated areas was collected and its clean dry weight and sulphur content were determined. Wool growth rates varied between 0�3 and 1� 8 mg clean dry wool/cm2/day.

The use of urea-molasses supplements for sheep grazing semi-arid tropical pastures

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (66) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
KW Entwistle ◽  
G Knights
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Reproductive Factors ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Tropical Pastures ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Urea Group ◽  
Semi Arid

The performance of unsupplemented Merino ewes grazing dry season semi-arid tropical pastures was compared with that of other sheep supplemented with either urea-molasses or molasses. Over the experimental period from September 1970 until late January 1971 mean daily intakes per head of urea and molasses respectively were: low urea group, 11.7 g and 35.1 g; high urea group, 15.2 g and 45.6 g; molasses, 38.9 g. Monthly estimates of the proportions of animals consuming the supplement over the period September to January varied from: urea-molasses-71 per cent to 97 per cent; molasses-75 per cent to 96 per cent. Unsupplemented sheep lost significantly more liveweight than did supplemented groups in the period September to February. However, during the period of greatest nutritional stress from December to February, sheep recewing molasses lost significantly more weight than did those supplemented with urea-molasses, and liveweight loss was greater in the low urea group than in the high urea group. Wool growth rates were significantly higher in groups receiving urea-molasses, with highest wool growth rates in animals on the high level of urea. Total fleece weights were unaffected by treatment as were the reproductive factors examined. Faecal nitrogen levels declined until the onset of pasture regrowth in February and were associated with low digestibility of the available forage. Compensatory liveweight gains following pasture regrowth outweighed any advantage of the dry season supplementation. It was concluded that urea-molasses supplements were of little direct benefit to sheep grazing these pastures.

Whole wheat grain feeding of lambs. IV.* Effects of an antibiotic, lactic acid, grain moistening and restricted intake on wheat sickness of young sheep

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 729 ◽  
Author(s):  
ML Bigham ◽  
WR McManus
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Production ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Group Feeding ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Antibiotic Dose ◽  
Response Trial

Two studies are reported in which young lambs were changed rapidly from roughage diets to whole wheat diets and subjected to various treatments aimed at facilitating adaptation to the wheat diet. In pen feeding studies, groups of three sheep with rumen cannulae were used to investigate the effects of the various treatments on wheat sickness. The treatments included intraruminal administration of sulphadimethoxine before and during wheat feeding; moistening; and restriction of grain intake. The studies indicated that except perhaps for restriction of intake, none of the methods used was successful in reducing the build-up of lactic acid and decline in rumen pH and therefore wheat sickness. Sulphadimethoxine did not have a major effect on volatile fatty acid or lactic acid production when wheat grain was consumed. In an antibiotic dose response trial, 59 lambs were changed from roughage to wheat grain diets, restricted amounts of wheat grain with sulphadimethoxine being offered at four levels (0, 45.4, 136.3 and 272.7 mg/kg liveweight). The drug proved to be toxic and the lamb mortality (5, 23, 39 and 62%) rose as the dose increased. Results are discussed in relation to metabolic and practical aspects of wheat grain feeding of lambs and the need for further work to seek practical means for regulating intake under group feeding conditions. *Part III, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 24: 425 (1973).

scholarly journals The role of whole-wheat grain and wheat and rye ingredients on the digestion and fermentation processes in the gut – a model experiment with pigs

2009 ◽  
Vol 102 (11) ◽  
pp. 1590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maud Le Gall ◽  
Anja Serena ◽  
Henry Jørgensen ◽  
Peter Kappel Theil ◽  
Knud Erik Bach Knudsen
Keyword(s):  
Model Experiment ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Fermentation Processes ◽  
Whole Wheat

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Quantitation of Organophosphate Pesticides: Fenitrothion, Chlorpyrifos-methyl, and Pirimiphos-methyl in Wheat Grain and Flour-Milling Fractions

1992 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H Skerritt ◽  
Amanda S Hill ◽  
Helen L Beasley ◽  
Simone L Edward ◽  
David P Mcadam
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Germ ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Organophosphate Pesticides ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Multiresidue Analysis ◽  
Limits Of Detection ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Flour Milling ◽  
Pirimiphos Methyl

Abstract Simple, competitive enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) have been developed for the quantitation of each of 3 major organophosphate Insecticides: fenltrothlon (FN), chlorpyrifos-methyi (CPM), and plrlmlphos-methyl (PIRM). Performance of these assays on wheat grain and (for FN and CPM) on milling fractions such as flour, wheat germ, and bran has been assessed. Each assay is specific for the particular compound, i.e., no significant cross-reaction with the other 2 pesticides is observed. Only limited reactions were noted with major metabolites or analogs of these pesticides. Assay limits of detection of 0.3 ng FN, 0.2 ng CPM, and 0.02 ng PIRM, corresponding to limits of detection in whole grain of 0.08 ppm FN, 0.2 ppm CPM, and 0.03 ppm PIRM. Each compound In grain and milling fractions could be extracted quantitatively by simple shaking in neat methanol. Multiresidue analysis of the 3 insecticides was performed by simultaneously adding the cereal extract (diluted in phosphate buffer) to separate duplicate microwells coated with antibodies to FN, CPM, and PIRM and adding appropriate pesticide-horseradish peroxidase conjugates. High correlations between gas chromatography and the ELISA methods were obtained for Insecticide levels In whole wheat and In milling fractions. In general, the ELISA assays had precision similar to those of instrumental pesticide analyses.

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF LARVAE OF THE GRANARY WEEVIL, SITOPHILUS GRANARIUS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), ON NATURAL AND MERIDIC DIETS

1973 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Baker ◽  
J. M. Mabie
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Sitophilus Granarius ◽  
Granary Weevil ◽  
Whole Wheat Flour ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Meridic Diet

AbstractA procedure is described for obtaining free eggs and first-stage larvae of Sitophilus granarius (L.) and rearing the larvae to the adult stage on whole wheat, corn, and rice flours and on diet 2, a casein–starch-based meridic diet.Larval growth rates of males and females reared at 29 °C and 65% R.H. on whole wheat flour were comparable although males attained a higher maximum mean weight. Days to 50% adult emergence (eclosion) were 25.5 and 26.5 for females and males, respectively.Larval growth rates on whole wheat flour were comparable with those on whole corn flour but were better than the rates obtained on whole rice flour; however, growth on diet 2 was improved compared with that on whole wheat flour. The mean weights of 14-day-old larvae were 2.51 ±.40 mg and 1.25 ±.16 mg for those reared on diet 2 and wheat flour, respectively. Similarly, survival to the adult stage was slightly greater (79%) on diet 2 than on wheat (70%). On diet 1, a casein–glucose-based meridic diet, no larvae developed to the pupal stage.

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