Protein and roughage supplements for pregnant and lactating ewes fed wheat for survival

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 771 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Watson ◽  
JK Egan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Mineral Supplementation ◽  
Additional Protein ◽  
Sodium Sulfur ◽  
Lamb Growth

Wheat-based diets were supplemented to provide additional protein and/or roughage to meet nutrient and energy requirements of Merino ewes in late pregnancy and early lactation. Protein sources were soybean meal, meat and bone meal, and lupins; safflower meal was used as a source of both protein and roughage, while barley straw provided roughage alone. Treatments received adequate vitamin A and mineral supplementation, including calcium, sodium, sulfur, magnesium, potassium, copper, cobalt, iodine and selenium. Management of ewes in late pregnancy was complicated by metabolic disorders, in particular hypocalcaemia. Lamb birth weight was increased with supplements of protein or roughage which had not been pelleted. A nutritional myopathy associated with vitamin E deficiency resulted in the sudden death of 5% of the lambs born alive. Although ewes receiving wheat alone showed increased liveweight following lambing, the growth rate of their lambs was inadequate for survival. Treatments receiving protein alone initially had higher lamb growth rates than those given roughage, but this difference was not maintained over the 6-week feeding period. In treatments given both protein and roughage, lambs tended to have higher growth rate and ewes lost more liveweight.

scholarly journals Mammary Gland Structures Are Not Affected by an Increased Growth Rate of Yearling Ewes Post-Weaning but Are Associated with Growth Rates of Singletons

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 884
Author(s):  
Emmanuelle Haslin ◽  
Rene A. Corner-Thomas ◽  
Paul R. Kenyon ◽  
Adrian J. Molenaar ◽  
Stephen T. Morris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Fat Pad ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Lamb Growth ◽  
Heavy Group

The experiment aimed to examine the impacts of an increased growth rate of ewes between three and seven months of age on udder development using ultrasound and to establish whether ultrasonography could be used to identify ewe mammary structures that may be indirect indicators of singleton growth to weaning. Udder dimensions, depths of gland cistern (GC), parenchyma (PAR) and fat pad (FP) were measured in late pregnancy (P107), early lactation (L29), and at weaning (L100) in 59 single-bearing yearling ewes selected from two treatments. The ‘heavy’ group (n = 31) was preferentially fed prior to breeding achieving an average breeding live-weight of 47.9 ± 0.38 kg at seven months of age. The ‘control’ group (n = 28) had an average breeding live-weight of 44.9 ± 0.49 kg. Udder dimensions, GC, PAR and FP did not differ between treatments. Lamb growth to L100 was positively associated (p < 0.05) with PAR at P107 and GC at L29. There was no evidence of negative effects of the live-weight gain treatments on udder development of yearling ewes as measured by ultrasonography. The results suggest that this ultrasound method has the potential to identify pregnant yearling ewes which would wean heavier singletons.

Effects of Trypanosoma vivax infection during pregnancy on feed intake, nitrogen retention and liveweight changes in West African Dwarf ewes

1994 ◽  
Vol 123 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. O. Akinbamijo ◽  
L. Reynolds ◽  
G. Gort
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
West African ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
West African Dwarf ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Lamb Growth

SUMMARYThe effects of infection with T. vivax in mid- or late pregnancy on food intake and utilization, liveweight changes, abortion rate and lamb growth rate were investigated in West African Dwarf ewes at lbadan, Nigeria in 1990. Rate of liveweight gain by ewes infected during mid-pregnancy (IMH) was16 g/day compared with 33 and 37 g/day for the uninfected ewes offered medium (CM) or high (CH) plane diets. Although digestibility coefficients were not affected, intake of digestible organic matter was higher in CH ewes than in IMH and CM ewes. Nitrogen retention at mid-pregnancy on a metabolic size basis was higher in CH ewes than in CM and IMH ewes.Lamb birth weight and survival rate were lower in infected ewes. Ewes infected in mid-pregnancy (IMH) and in late pregnancy (ILH) had mean birth weights of 1·4 and 1·0 kg compared with CM and CH ewes, which had mean birth weights of 1·9 and 2·0 kg respectively. Observed survival rates were 63, 15, 75 and 80% for lambs nursed by IMH, ILH, CM and CH ewes respectively. During the first 6 weeks postpartum, lamb growth rate in all groups did not differ. However, during weeks 7–12 postpartum, lambs nursed by IMH ewes had significantly lower growth rates. Weaning weight was also lower in lambs from IMH (5·0 kg) dams than in lambs from CM and CH dams (7·1 kg). Infection during late pregnancy was more severe and all infected ewes lost weight due to reduced feed intake and fever. T. vivax infection in sheep is responsible for reproductive wastage, abortion, poor lamb growth and ewe mortality.

A comparison between barley and sorghum when combined with soybean meal or meat and bone meal in rations for growing pigs

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (40) ◽  
pp. 482 ◽  
Author(s):  
RM Beames ◽  
JO Sewell
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Large White ◽  
Sorghum Grain

Two experiments are reported. In the first experiment, 48 Large White pigs were individually fed from 22.2 to 86.5 kg bodyweight, with rations containing either sorghum or barley in combination with 16.6, 13.8, 10.7, or 7.4 per cent soybean meal. Type of grain did not affect growth rate or feed efficiency but carcase measurements indicated that the barley-fed pigs were leaner. There were no significant differences in growth rate or feed efficiency between the 16.6 per cent and 13.8 per cent soybean meal rations before 45 kg bodyweight or between the 16.6 per cent, 13.8 per cent, or 10.7 per cent soybean meal rations after 45 kg bodyweight, but all rations containing the three higher levels of soybean meal gave significantly better growth rate and feed efficiency than the rations containing 7.4 per cent soybean meal for both bodyweight ranges. Final results showed no significant differences between the 16.6 per cent and the 13.8 per cent soybean meal rations in growth rate, feed efficiency, or carcase measurements of pigs receiving these rations, but growth data and carcase measurements were poorer with the two lower levels of soybean meal supplementation. In the second experiment, 40 Berkshire pigs were individually fed barley or sorghum grain with 15 per cent soybean meal or 20 per cent of one of three meat and bone meals. Pigs were fed from 25.8 to 74.0 kg bodyweight. The sorghum-based rations gave significantly better growth rates and feed efficiencics than the barley-based rations after 45 kg bodyweight, but carcase appraisal indicated greater lean content in the barley-fed pigs. Growth rates and feed efficiencies obtained with rations containing two of the meat and bone meals were significantly (P<0.05) less than values obtained with the rations containing soybean meal. Pigs fed the third meat and bone meal grew only slightly more slowly than those fed soybean meal. Type of supplement had no effect on carcase measurements.

Replacement of meat and bone meal with whale meal or whale solubles in pig diets and the accumulation of mercury in the carcase

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (86) ◽  
pp. 403 ◽  
Author(s):  
NW Godfrey
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Feed Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Dietary Concentration ◽  
Health Standards

The effects of replacing all or part of the protein supplied by meat and bone meal with whale meal or whale solubles were studied in four experiments with growing pigs fed diets based on wheat and barley. The growth rate and feed conversion efficiency of pigs receiving whale meal were equal to those fed meat and bone meal, whereas the performance of pigs fed whale solubles was inferior. Both whale meal and whale solubles contained mercury which accumulated in the tissues of growing pigs. The level of mercury accumulated was related to the dietary concentration and type of whale product, the period of time during which it was fed, and the type of carcase tissue. Whale meal contained more mercury than whale solubles and produced higher concentrations of mercury in the tissues. The levels of mercury in the tissues of pigs at 45 kg liveweight were lower than those of pigs at 80-85 kg liveweight. When the diets included more than 1 per cent whalemeal or 3 per cent whale solubles, the carcases contained more mercury than is tolerated by the health standards.

Mineral supplementation of lambing ewes grazing dual-purpose wheat

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 526 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. McGrath ◽  
M. S. Bhanugopan ◽  
H. Dove ◽  
E. H. Clayton ◽  
J. M. Virgona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Total Calcium ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Mineral Supplementation ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Calcium Magnesium

Lambing ewes were grazed on dual-purpose wheat in two experiments in 2010 and 2011 with or without access to a mineral supplement. The calcium, magnesium and sodium content of wheat forage was below the requirements of ewes during late pregnancy and lactation; however, no clinical cases of hypocalcaemia or hypomagnesaemia were observed in either experiment. Blood serum assays identified eight hypocalcaemic ewes and one hypomagnesaemic ewe in Experiment 1, and one hypocalcaemic ewe in Experiment 2, and the provision of a mineral supplement comprising of magnesium oxide, calcium carbonate and coarse salt had no effect on blood magnesium, total calcium, phosphorus or sodium. Lamb birthweight and survival were not affected by provision of the mineral supplement in either experiment; however, the growth rate to marking (mean 38 ± 10 days of age) of twin-born lambs was higher in Experiment 1 when the supplement was provided to ewes grazing wheat (259 vs 243 g/head.day; P = 0.002).

The performance of ewes offered concentrates containing olive by-products in late pregnancy and lactation

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Aguilera ◽  
M. A. García ◽  
E. Molina
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Rate Variation ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation

AbstractEwes of the Segureña breed were allocated to groups and were group-fed different diets composed of concentrates and roughage (lucerne hay in experiment 1 and barley straw in experiment 2), in late pregnancy and lactation. The concentrates were formulated with sunflower cake and barley, either alone (control group) or partly replaced with olive cake (OLC) and olive molasses (OLM) in a 5:1 ratio. The OLC was either untreated or was treated with NaOH or ammonia. Concentrates were given to provide proportionately 0·4 and 0·7 of calculated metabolizable energy (ME) requirements in experiments 1 and 2 respectively. In experiment 2 a further group grazed pasture and was given barley at a reduced rate.In experiment 1, the mean ME intake during late pregnancy (5+1 weeks pre-lambing) for all treatment groups was about 796 kj/kg M0·75 per day and largely exceeded their average energy requirements, whereas it was close to requirements (601 kj/kg M0·75 per day) in experiment 2. During lactation, ME intake was adjusted to the theoretical needs for ewes suckling a single lamb (835 to 870 kj/kg M0·75 per day) and was slightly deficient (990 to 1020 kj/kg M0·75 per day) for ewes with twins, irrespective of both treatment (except the group at pasture) and experiment.Minor differences in animal performance, attributed to the type of concentrate offered, were found. In pregnancy, alkali treatment of OLC significantly improved live-weight gains (P < 0·01). Live-weight gains of ewes in experiment 2 were lower than those in experiment 1 in accordance with their lower ME intake, the lowest gains being found in the group at pasture (P < 0·05). Weight losses in lactating ewes in experiment 1 were 17 to 100 and 9 to 165 g per ewe per day for ewes suckling single and twin lambs respectively. In experiment 2 ewes with twins gained weight, while those with single lambs showed little weight change, although differences between experiments were too small to attain statistical significance. No differences in barley straw intake by pregnant ewes were found between treatment groups. However, the intake of barley straw by lactating ewes in the groups offered concentrates containing OLC and OLM was significantly higher than that by controls (P < 0·05).Birth weight of lambs tended to be higher in experiment 2 when ewes consumed less ME during pregnancy, although variations were not statistically significant. The most important cause of growth rate variation was the number of lambs born to a ewe (P < 0·001). The growth rate of lambs in the outdoor group was significantly lower than that of lambs in the indoor groups (P < 0·05).

Response of Welsh Mountain ewes to flushing and to housing for all or part of the winter

1979 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Alliston ◽  
I. A. M. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Conception Rate ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Extreme Form ◽  
Lamb Growth

ABSTRACTThere was no evidence from three experiments with 60, 600 and 400 Welsh Mountain ewes producing mostly single lambs that housing, tested as an extreme form of shelter, was of benefit to reproductive performance. This was so when the ewes were kept indoors throughout the whole of the winter, or only at mating or during late pregnancy. Also, housing during early lactation did not lead to improved lamb growth rate.Housing at lambing was associated in two experiments with reductions in perinatal lamb mortality from 5·1% to 3·1% and from 7·2% to 5·9%, though the differences were not significant.Flushing had no significant effect on conception rate or reproductive performance, but the data were in accord with the view that when applied to ewes in moderately thin condition it leads to reduced barrenness and some increase in twinning.

The effect of mechanical treatment of silage on intake and production of sheep

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Apolant ◽  
D. M. B. Chestnutt
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Mechanical Treatment ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Physical Size ◽  
Lamb Growth

ABSTRACTOver a period of 3 years, silages subjected to various mechanical treatments by the use of conventional silage harvesters were offered ad libitum to pregnant ewes and to castrated male lambs and the effects on intake and productivity were measured. The intake of silage made from grass harvested with a precision-chop harvester was substantially greater than the intake of silage made with other types of harvester (especially, a flail harvester), causing a lower degree of comminution.Mean daily silage dry-matter intake of ewes was 0·99 kg and 1·28 kg in mid-pregnancy, and 0·85 kg and 1·10 kg in late pregnancy with flail-harvested and precision-chop silages respectively. Silage was supplemented with various levels of concentrate in late pregnancy and an increasing level of concentrates did not reduce silage intake. In early lactation, when 800 g concentrate was given daily, ewes consumed 1·00 kg flail-harvested silage and 1·39 kg precision-chop silage. Compared with flail-harvested silage, precision-chop silage increased ewe body weight immediately post lambing by 5·1 kg, lamb birth weight by 0·27 kg and lamb growth rate by 58 g/day. Increases in intake of precision-chop silages by hoggets were on average greater, though more variable, than by ewes and were reflected in increased carcass weight.The reason for the increased intake of the finely-chopped silage was examined. It would appear that the major factor is the physical size of particle involved though there was some evidence that improved fermentation resulting from finer chopping may have been partly responsible for increased intake.

The effect of ammonia treatment on the intake of straw and hay when offered with rations of concentrates to ewes in late pregnancy

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Orr ◽  
T. T. Treacher ◽  
V. C. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Forage Intake

ABSTRACTFinnish Landrace × Dorset Horn ewes were offered 300, 600 or 900 g fresh weight per day of concentrates and forage ad libitum from day 105 of pregnancy until lambing. Spring barley straw (S) or hay (H) was offered either untreated (U) or following treatment with anhydrous ammonia in an oven (T). Organic matter digestibilities (in vitro) were 0·42, 0·58, 0·42 and 0·60 and nitrogen contents were 7·2, 18·6, 12·0 and 25·0 g/kg dry matter for US, TS, UH and TH respectively. Forage intake did not differ between ewes carrying two or more foetuses but the small number of ewes carrying one foetus ate more straw (6·8 v. 4·5 g organic matter (OM) per kg live weight) than ewes carrying two or more foetuses. Ammonia treatment increased intake; the increase was larger on straw (4·6 v. 100 g OM per kg live weight) than on hay (9·0 v. 10·7 g OM per kg live weight). Replacement rates of forage by concentrates were -0·21, +0·06, -0·48 and +0·08 kg forage per kg concentrates for treatments US, TS, UH and TH respectively; only the value for treatment UH differed significantly from zero. On most treatments forage intake decreased as pregnancy progressed and the declines were greater when treated forages were offered. Concentrate level had a large effect on most aspects of ewe performance. Ewes offered treated forage gained slightly more weight in pregnancy (138 v. 104 g/day), had a slightly smaller decrease in body condition score (-0·54 v. -0·68) between day 105 and lambing but did not have greater lamb birth weights than ewes on untreated forage.

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