The relationship between air temperature, scrotal surface area and testis temperature in rams

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (38) ◽  
pp. 258 ◽  
Author(s):  
DG Fowler
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Sweat Loss ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Skin Fold ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Important Means ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Relationship

Scrotal surface area, intra-testicular, and subcutaneous scrotal temperatures were measured for five Merino rams selected for a high degree of skin fold (Folds Plus) and five selected for a low degree of skin fold (Folds Minus) at air temperatures between 20�C and 45�C. As air temperature increased, scrotal surface area of both Folds Plus and Folds Minus rams increased slightly. The greatest increases occurred at a scrotal temperature of about 36�C. At all temperatures Folds Plus rams had more pendulous scrota and larger scrotal surface areas than Folds Minus rams. Despite this, the intra-testicular temperatures of Folds Plus rams were higher than those of Folds Minus. Increasing scrotal surface area at high temperatures is one means of reducing testes temperature and maintaining fertility, but the scrotum has other more important means of thermoregulation, e.g., rate and amount of sweat loss.

scholarly journals Interactions Between Chill-Hours and Degree-Days Affect Carpogenic Germination in Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Scherm ◽  
A. T. Savelle ◽  
P. L. Pusey
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Carpogenic Germination ◽  
Conditioning Period ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Heating Degree Days ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship of cumulative chill-hours (hours with a mean temperature <7.2°C) and heating degree-days (base 7.2°C) to carpogenic germination of pseudosclerotia of Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi, which causes mummy berry disease of blueberry, was investigated. In two laboratory experiments, pseudosclerotia collected from rabbiteye blueberry in Georgia were conditioned at 5 to 6°C for 26 to 1,378 h prior to placement in conditions favorable for germination and apothecium development. The number of chill-hours accumulated during the conditioning period affected the subsequent proportion of pseudosclerotia that germinated and produced apothecia, with the greatest incidence of carpogenic germination occurring after intermediate levels of chilling (≈700 chill-hours). The minimum chilling requirement for germination and apothecium production was considerably lower than that reported previously for pseudo-sclerotia from highbush blueberry in northern production regions. The rate of carpogenic germination was strongly affected by interactions between the accumulation of chill-hours and degree-days during the conditioning and germination periods; pseudosclerotia exposed to prolonged chilling periods, once transferred to suitable conditions, germinated and produced apothecia more rapidly (after fewer degree-days had accumulated) than those exposed to shorter chilling periods. Thus, pseudosclerotia of M. vaccinii-corymbosi are adapted to germinate carpogenically following cold winters (high chill-hours, low degree-days) as well as warm winters (low chill-hours, high degree-days). Results were validated in a combined field-laboratory experiment in which pseudosclerotia that had received various levels of natural chilling were allowed to germinate in controlled conditions in the laboratory, and in two field experiments in which pseudosclerotia were exposed to natural chilling and germination conditions. A simple model describing the timing of apothecium emergence in relation to cumulative chill-hours and degree-days was developed based on the experiments. The model should be useful for better timing of field scouting programs for apothecia to aid in management of primary infection by M. vaccinii-corymbosi.

Design of Novel Treated Silica Xerogels: Synthesis, Property and Reinforcement in Silicone Elastomers

1998 ◽  
Vol 520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Deng ◽  
G. T. Bums ◽  
J. R. Hahn ◽  
C. C. Reese ◽  
J. D. Preston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Silica Xerogels ◽  
Silicone Elastomers ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Reinforcing Fillers ◽  
Controlled Porosity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Filler Structure

ABSTRACTTreated silica xerogels with controlled porosity and surface area were prepared by the in-situ treatment of hydrogels with hexamethyldisiloxane in the presence of isopropyl alcohol. The resulting hydrogels were hydrophobic and readily transferred to organic solvents allowing their isolation. The surface area and porosity of the xerogel were controlled by varying the pH, time and temperature used to aggregate the hydrogel prior to treatment. The treated xerogels were evaluated as reinforcing fillers in silicone rubber formulations. When the bases were crosslinked with peroxides, silicone elastomers with acceptable mechanical properties were obtained. The relationship between the surface area, porosity and the type and degree of surface treatment of the xerogel, and its reinforcing ability was studied. In general, the mechanical properties of the elastomer increased as the filler structure increased; however, xerogels with higher surface areas were more difficult to incorporate and gave higher plasticity bases.

scholarly journals Mutual fund herding behavior and investment strategies in Chinese stock market

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Wei-Shan Hu ◽  
Yen-Hsien Lee ◽  
Ying-Chuang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Mutual Fund ◽  
Investment Strategies ◽  
Chinese Stock Market ◽  
Contrarian Strategy ◽  
Contrarian Strategies ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This investigation studies the impact of mutual fund herding on the returns achieved by contrarian strategy from 1990 to 2015 in the Chinese stock market. The relationship between the profit gained by the contrarian strategy and the macroeconomic environment is also examined. First, the returns of the contrarian strategy in China’s stock market are found to be significant. Second, most loser stocks with a high degree of mutual fund herding outperform loser stocks with a low degree of mutual fund herding, revealing that the profitability of an investment portfolio depends on the degree of mutual fund herding. Third, investors should buy loser stocks with a high degree of herding and sell winner stocks with a low degree of herding during a two-year formation period, over which zero-cost contrarian strategies yield the significantly highest return. Finally, the payoff of contrarian strategies is positively related to the herding effect and negatively related to macroeconomic variables.

Skin folds and Merino breeding. 5. Variations in scrotal, testis, and rectal temperatures as affected by site of measurement, acclimatization to heat and degree of skin fold

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (31) ◽  
pp. 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
DG Fowler
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Skin Fold ◽  
Fold Type

In Merino rams, subcutaneous temperature in the scrotum declined from the inguinal border to the distal tip and from posterior to anterior. Testicular temperature was similar at several sites in both testes. Of the total increase in scrotal and testicular temperatures that occurred when rams were heated, the proportional hourly increases were similar at each air temperature above 30�C irrespective of the air temperature regime (stepwise increasing or stepwise decreasing air temperatures) or fold type of the ram. The response of rams depended markedly on the air temperature regime. When air temperatures were decreasing, rams were less able to withstand high temperatures and more able to withstand low temperatures. When air temperatures were increasing the reverse was true. The differences between Folds Plus and Folds Minus rams also depended markedly on the ail temperature regime. In general Folds Minus rams had lower rectal temperatures than Folds Plus rams, but could express their ability to maintain lower subcutaneous scrotal temperatures than Folds Plus rams only after they had gained a degree of acclimatization to heat. Folds Plus rams had higher food intakes than Folds Minus rams which may be a factor in their reduced heat tolerance.

The Relationship of Oxygen Consumption to Age and Weight During the Post-Embryonic Growth of Locusta Migratoria L

1957 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-41
Author(s):  
KENNETH U. CLARKE
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Locusta Migratoria ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Straight Lines ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Considerable Range

The weight and oxygen consumption of individual locusts, six from each instar, have been measured at 12-hourly intervals throughout each stadium. An analysis of short duration changes shows that fluctuations in live weight are unavoidable in the growing animal, and that they are accompanied by fluctuations in oxygen consumption. In time the latter lag behind the former. As the fluctuations of these two variables are out of phase, there is a considerable range of oxygen consumption which must be regarded as normal for any given weight. Calculations are made to find the limits of these fluctuations compatible with normal growth. The changes that occur during a stadium can be represented by a straight trend line for both weight and oxygen consumption. Exceptions occur in the case of weight of the adult where two straight lines are necessary, one for the growing phase and one for the steady phase of this instar. In certain cases in the fifth instar two straight lines are necessary to express the trend in oxygen consumption which may show an abrupt change in the middle of the stadium. A high degree of correlation is found between the trend lines for weight and oxygen consumption in the early instars. A low degree is found in latter instars where the weight increases and the oxygen consumption remains nearly constant. A curve representing the changes of weight and oxygen consumption that occur during the growth of the locust has been constructed.

scholarly journals Interannual fluctuations of the relationship between winter precipitation and air temperature in the heavy-snowfall zone of Japan

2013 ◽  
Vol 54 (62) ◽  
pp. 183-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoru Yamaguchi ◽  
Katsushi Iwamoto ◽  
Sento Nakai
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Winter Precipitation ◽  
The Sea Of Japan ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Multiple Peaks ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Hourly Data ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractRegions of Japan facing the Sea of Japan have some of the world’s deepest seasonal snowpack, although air temperatures averaged over the coldest winter months (January-February) are above 0°C in this mid-altitude zone (35–40˚ N). Therefore, even a slight temperature increase is likely to drastically decrease the snow depth in this area by changing the precipitation form from snow to rain. In this study, to enhance understanding of winter precipitation conditions, we introduce the winter precipitation curve (WPC), which plots the distribution of winter precipitation (December-February) against the corresponding air temperature using hourly data. We then examine the relationship between the WPC and regional climate conditions. The WPC was classified into two types in the study: the single-peak (SP) type, having one sharp peak near 0°C, and the multiple-peaks (MP) type, having several small peaks. Here ‘peak’ indicates that precipitation frequently occurs at a certain temperature. Peaks of the MP type changed position with fluctuations in mean winter temperature, but the peak of the SP type moved only slightly despite annual fluctuations in winter mean temperature. One of the multiple peaks of the MP type appeared at ∼0°C and this peak also remained nearly stationary with fluctuations in winter mean temperature. The peak of the WPC appearing near 0°C in both the SP and MP types likely resulted from the development of the 0°C isothermal layer due to the cooling effect of melting snow particles.

scholarly journals The interconnection between generalized trust and corruption practices of the population (results of sociological research in Altai Krai)

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 47-62
Author(s):  
Anastasia S. Spirina ◽  
Svetlana G. Maximova
Keyword(s):  
Social Trust ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Public Perceptions ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Generalized Trust ◽  
Level Of Involvement ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Different Types ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Relationship

The relevance of the topic is determined by the importance of the category of generalized trust, which is recognized, within the framework of the concept of social capital, as the foundation for developing the attitude of trust as «a priori benevolence», which can later be considered as the basis for reducing the corruption practices of the population. The low degree and lack of generalized trust can generate a calm attitude towards corruption and facilitate the participation of the population in corrupt activities. A high degree of trust in an individual contributes to confidence in the actions carried out by them, their compliance with established norms, rules or agreements, due to which the likelihood of the implementation of corrupt actions is minimized. This duality of the relationship between corruption and trust is explained by the existence of different forms and levels of trust in society, when different types of trust play their «role». The purpose of the study is to identify the presence of interconnection of generalized trust and corruption in the Altai Krai’s society. The basis of this article consists of integrative theoretical and methodological background, which includes concepts of theories of trust and of corruptogenicity of a society. The novelty of the research lies in the identification of possible points of interdependence of social trust and corruption in society. The article focuses on the sociological analysis of corruption practices and public perceptions of corruption. The level of coverage of everyday corruption and the degree of generalized trust among the population of Altai Krai were determined based on the results of a sociological survey of the urban and rural population aged 18 to 70 years (n = 1200). Corrupt practices of the population are presented in the work by the level of involvement of the population in everyday corruption for the sixteen proposed situations of contacting state authorities. The hypotheses about the presence of interconnection/dependence between generalized trust and corrupt practices were tested. For some figures, a connection was found between socio-demographic characteristics, the degree of generalized trust, the coverage of domestic corruption and its demand. The dependence of some corrupt practices on generalized trust were also revealed. The authors have used regression analysis in the present research.

Surface areas of phocid seals

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (12) ◽  
pp. 2531-2538 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Innes ◽  
G. A. J. Worthy ◽  
D. M. Lavigne ◽  
K. Ronald
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Sea Otter ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Phocid Seals ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship

Standard morphometries and body surface areas were determined for 56 captive phocid seals. The mean Meeh constant, describing the relationship between maximum surface area (Amax) and body mass raised to the power 2/3 (m0.67), was 0.088 ± 0.011 m2∙kg−0.67. This value was not significantly different (P < 0.05) from the mean Meeh constant for 13 species of marine mammals (0.090 ± 0.018 m2∙kg−0.67), nor was it significantly different from the Meeh constants calculated for two samples of terrestrial mammals (0.097 ± 0.019 (N = 57) and 0.10 ± 0.013 m2∙kg−0.67 (N = 21)). The empirical allometric relationship between body mass and surface area for our phocid seals was log Amax = log 0.14 + 0.51 log m (R2 = 0.84). This relationship was not significantly different from that calculated for cetaceans, but was, however, significantly different from that calculated for terrestrial mammals. On average, surface areas of marine mammals (including pinnipeds, cetaceans, and the sea otter) were 23% smaller for their mass than those of terrestrial mammals.

scholarly journals Response of water temperatures and stratification to changing climate in three lakes with different morphometry

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 6253-6274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeline R. Magee ◽  
Chin H. Wu
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Thermal Structure ◽  
Surface Heat ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Changing Climate ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Schmidt Stability

Abstract. Water temperatures and stratification are important drivers for ecological and water quality processes within lake systems, and changes in these with increases in air temperature and changes to wind speeds may have significant ecological consequences. To properly manage these systems under changing climate, it is important to understand the effects of increasing air temperatures and wind speed changes in lakes of different depths and surface areas. In this study, we simulate three lakes that vary in depth and surface area to elucidate the effects of the observed increasing air temperatures and decreasing wind speeds on lake thermal variables (water temperature, stratification dates, strength of stratification, and surface heat fluxes) over a century (1911–2014). For all three lakes, simulations showed that epilimnetic temperatures increased, hypolimnetic temperatures decreased, the length of the stratified season increased due to earlier stratification onset and later fall overturn, stability increased, and longwave and sensible heat fluxes at the surface increased. Overall, lake depth influences the presence of stratification, Schmidt stability, and differences in surface heat flux, while lake surface area influences differences in hypolimnion temperature, hypolimnetic heating, variability of Schmidt stability, and stratification onset and fall overturn dates. Larger surface area lakes have greater wind mixing due to increased surface momentum. Climate perturbations indicate that our larger study lakes have more variability in temperature and stratification variables than the smaller lakes, and this variability increases with larger wind speeds. For all study lakes, Pearson correlations and climate perturbation scenarios indicate that wind speed has a large effect on temperature and stratification variables, sometimes greater than changes in air temperature, and wind can act to either amplify or mitigate the effect of warmer air temperatures on lake thermal structure depending on the direction of local wind speed changes.

scholarly journals Income Inequality, Capitalism, and Ethno-Linguistic Fractionalization

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 593-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan-Egbert Sturm ◽  
Jakob De Haan
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Economic Freedom ◽  
Income Redistribution ◽  
Gini Coefficients ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Economic Freedom Index ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Redistribute Income

We examine the relationship between capitalism and income inequality for a large sample of countries using an adjusted economic freedom index as proxy for capitalism. Our results suggest that there is no robust relationship between economic freedom and Gini coefficients based on gross income. Subsequently, we analyze the relationship between income redistribution and ethno-linguistic fractionalization. We find that the impact of ethno-linguistic fractionalization on income redistribution is conditional on the level of economic freedom: countries that have a high degree of fractionalization redistribute income less, while capitalist countries that have a low degree of fractionalization redistribute income more.

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