Skin folds and Merino breeding. 5. Variations in scrotal, testis, and rectal temperatures as affected by site of measurement, acclimatization to heat and degree of skin fold

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (31) ◽  
pp. 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
DG Fowler
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Skin Fold ◽  
Fold Type

In Merino rams, subcutaneous temperature in the scrotum declined from the inguinal border to the distal tip and from posterior to anterior. Testicular temperature was similar at several sites in both testes. Of the total increase in scrotal and testicular temperatures that occurred when rams were heated, the proportional hourly increases were similar at each air temperature above 30�C irrespective of the air temperature regime (stepwise increasing or stepwise decreasing air temperatures) or fold type of the ram. The response of rams depended markedly on the air temperature regime. When air temperatures were decreasing, rams were less able to withstand high temperatures and more able to withstand low temperatures. When air temperatures were increasing the reverse was true. The differences between Folds Plus and Folds Minus rams also depended markedly on the ail temperature regime. In general Folds Minus rams had lower rectal temperatures than Folds Plus rams, but could express their ability to maintain lower subcutaneous scrotal temperatures than Folds Plus rams only after they had gained a degree of acclimatization to heat. Folds Plus rams had higher food intakes than Folds Minus rams which may be a factor in their reduced heat tolerance.

scholarly journals Identifying the influence of dams and ponds on the thermal regime at regional scale: The case of Loire catchment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanieh Seyedhashemi ◽  
Florentina Moatar ◽  
Jean-Philippe Vidal ◽  
Aurélien Beaufort ◽  
André Chandesris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Thermal Regime ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Stream Temperature ◽  
Annual Peak ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Anthropogenic Structures

<p>Human activities and natural processes are the main drivers of the spatio-temporal variability of thermal regime. Despite a few local studies on the thermal regime variability, regional assessments are scarce in the scientific literature. However, regional assessments allow tracing systematic human-induced changes emerging from some types of anthropogenic structures like dams or ponds and identifying the locations of highly influenced reaches.</p><p>In the current study, we propose a framework to detect the influence of dams and ponds on stream temperature. We use observational data from 526 evenly distributed hourly stream temperature stations in the Loire River catchment, France (110,000 km<sup>2</sup>). The data consist of unbalanced time series of natural and altered thermal regimes that contain at least 80 summer days from 2000–2018. By comparing time series of observed stream temperature and air temperature, we define five indicators to distinguish different patterns of thermal regime. Three of them are based on weekly stream-air temperature linear regressions (slope; intercept; and coefficient of determination). The remaining two indicators compare monthly air and stream temperature regime: 1) the proportion of times stream temperature is greater than air temperature from March–October (“frequency”), and 2) the lag time between the annual peak in air temperature and annual peak in stream temperature (“shift”).</p><p>K-means clustering partitioned stations into three clusters: 1) pond-like, 2) dam-like 3) and natural, with 164, 37, and 316 stations, respectively. Supporting this cluster analysis, 93% of stations in pond-like cluster have upstream ponds, and 55% of stations in dam-like cluster have upstream large dams. Pond-like stations have the greatest slope between weekly stream and air temperatures (slope = 0.4) and have stream temperatures greater than air temperatures more frequently (68%) than other clusters. In contrast, dam-like stations have the lowest correlations between weekly stream and air temperatures (mean R<sup>2</sup>=0.3, compared to 0.7 for the other two clusters). Dam-like stations also exhibit the largest shifts in stream thermal regime relative to air temperature (mean shift = 30 days). Impounded runoff index (IRI), the ratio of reservoir volume to annual discharge, best explaines variability within the dam-like cluster. For pond-like stations, catchment areas and mean upstream ponded surface area best explain the within-cluster variability, particularly for the frequency indicator, although this relationship is sensitive to interannual air temperature regime.</p><p>These findings support modelers in quantifying the downstream impacts of different types of anthropogenic structures and managers in surveying and monitoring stream networks through identification of critical reaches.</p>

scholarly journals Growth, flowering and fruiting in tomatoes in relation to temperature, cycocel and GA.

1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-110
Author(s):  
A.A. Abdalla ◽  
K. Verkerk
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
High Temperature Regime ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Dark Green

The effects were assessed of CCC and GA on tomatoes grown either under a high temperature regime (35 degrees day and 25 degrees C. night) or at normal temperatures (22 degrees and 18 degrees ). CCC (0.4%) was applied to the soil in the pots either 2 days after transplanting or at the start of flowering; G A was applied by dipping the first truss in GA (50 p.p.m.). CCC greatly retarded the growth rate of the stems of the plants under both temperature regimes; this effect persisted for about 17 and 24 days under the high and normal temperature regimes, respectively. With plants grown at high temperatures CCC applied at the start of flowering greatly reduced flower shedding and slightly increased the fruit set and fruit development of hand-pollinated flowers. With plants grown at normal temperatures, however, the effects of CCC were slight. CCC-treated plants were sturdy with dark-green leaves which remained green longer, especially under the high temperature regime. More N accumulated in the tissues of plants grown at high temperatures than at normal temperatures, and the N content of the latter plants was considerably increased by CCC treatment. The root development of the CCC-treated plants was much more extensive than that of the untreated plants. The numbers of seeds in the hand-pollinated fruit were not affected by CCC, but at high temperatures there were considerably less seeds than at low temperatures. GA enhanced fruit set of the high-temperature plants, but the fruits were small and seedless. GA also accelerated fruit ripening by 2 and 3 weeks in the plants grown at high and normal temperatures, respectively.-Agric. Univ., Wageningen. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals Decrease of Pollen Stainability of Green Bean at High Temperatures and Relationship to Heat Tolerance

2001 ◽  
Vol 126 (5) ◽  
pp. 571-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsumi Suzuki ◽  
Tadashi Tsukaguchi ◽  
Hiroyuki Takeda ◽  
Yoshinobu Egawa
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Green Bean ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Pollen Stainability ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Heat Tolerant

Pod yield of `Kentucky Wonder' green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) decreased at high temperatures due to a reduction of pod set. A highly positive correlation was observed between pod set and pollen stainability in flowers that were affected by heat stress about 10 days before anthesis. Pollen stainability was decreased by heat stress applied 8 to 11 days before flowering under controlled environment conditions. When mean air temperature during this period exceeded 28 °C, pollen stainability decreased under field conditions. Low pollen stainability indicated sensitivity to high temperatures about 10 days before flowering. A heat-tolerant cultivar showed higher pollen stainability than did heat-sensitive cultivars under high temperatures. These results demonstrated that heat tolerance at an early reproductive stage could be evaluated by analyzing pollen stainability using flowers developed under high temperatures.

scholarly journals Winter synoptic processes that cause large anomalies of extreme-low air temperatures in Eastern Europe

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Volga River ◽  
Temperature Anomalies ◽  
Air Temperatures

Formulation of the problem. Extreme-low temperatures are an adverse phenomenon for the country’s economy and human living conditions. It is important to have a climatological estimation of typical locations and probability of extreme-low temperatures caused by different synoptic processes, which ideally should be predicted in advance. The purpose of the article. The paper describes the typical synoptic processes that lead to extreme-low temperatures over the past 20 years (1997-2017) in middle latitudes in Eastern Europe. The probability of significant areas with extreme-low temperature and their typical localization during various synoptic processes was investigated. Methods. Definition of “extreme-low temperatures” refers to the temperatures below the 5th percentile of the surface actual temperature distribution in each grid point. To create the sample, anomalies of extreme-low air temperatures over significant areas (more than 20 percent of the sector) were chosen. To divide the synoptic processes into groups, a synoptic analysis was applied. Results. From the sample of 1997-2017, 75 episodes with large areas of extreme-low temperature were identified. The sample contains 13 episodes that cover more than 30% of the Eastern Europe and last from 2 to 11 days, and 12 episodes that have one day duration. Cases with anomalies occupy from 20 to 30% of the territory rarely lasts more than 2-3 days (11 episodes). There are five main groups of processes that lead to significant air temperature anomalies that cover a large area of the chosen domain. These five groups of situations include 75% of all days with large areas of extreme-low air temperature. The first group of processes: there is the movement of the cyclone from the Black Sea towards the Volga river basin region, with the anticyclone located in the northwest of Russia displacing towards the Baltic region or Scandinavia. In this case, temperature anomalies cover almost the entire eastern part of the selected sector. The second group of processes: a vast anticyclone, expanding from Western Siberia in the direction of Belarus (extreme-low temperatures most of time observed in the central part of the sector). The third group of processes: the movement of the “southern” cyclone from the Black Sea to the territory of Ukraine with subsequent displacement to the east (extreme-low temperatures most of time observed in the north-eastern part of the sector). The fourth group of processes: motionless anticyclone over the northeast of the Eastern European sector (high probability of extreme-low temperatures in the south-eastern part of the sector). The fifth group of processes: the northward trajectory of the “southern” cyclone to the territory of Ukraine while strengthening of the anticyclone over the Scandinavia. This one is similar to the first group of processes but differ by more western trajectories of cyclones, and hence different locations of extreme temperature anomalies (north-western part of the sector and eastern part of Ukraine). The remaining 25% of the days with large anomalies are mostly short-lived and observed during 1-2 days. Scientific novelty and practical significance. The created catalogue of processes will allow recognizing the potential extreme situations that might be useful for middle and long-range forecasting.

The relationship between air temperature, scrotal surface area and testis temperature in rams

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (38) ◽  
pp. 258 ◽  
Author(s):  
DG Fowler
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Sweat Loss ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Skin Fold ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Important Means ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Relationship

Scrotal surface area, intra-testicular, and subcutaneous scrotal temperatures were measured for five Merino rams selected for a high degree of skin fold (Folds Plus) and five selected for a low degree of skin fold (Folds Minus) at air temperatures between 20�C and 45�C. As air temperature increased, scrotal surface area of both Folds Plus and Folds Minus rams increased slightly. The greatest increases occurred at a scrotal temperature of about 36�C. At all temperatures Folds Plus rams had more pendulous scrota and larger scrotal surface areas than Folds Minus rams. Despite this, the intra-testicular temperatures of Folds Plus rams were higher than those of Folds Minus. Increasing scrotal surface area at high temperatures is one means of reducing testes temperature and maintaining fertility, but the scrotum has other more important means of thermoregulation, e.g., rate and amount of sweat loss.

scholarly journals Evaluation of natural gas saving measures in public educational institutions

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-96
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Pashkevich ◽  
◽  
Yuriy Furdas ◽  
Volodymyr Craiovsky ◽  
Vasyl Zhelykh
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Outdoor Air ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Mode Of Operation ◽  
Boiler Room ◽  
Gas Consumption ◽  
Heat Loads

The article analyzes the data of gas consumption for the heating periods and confirms that for the actual outdoor air temperatures there is a decrease in gas consumption. Necessary heat loads and gas consumption were determined to ensure the required indoor air temperature in the premises of the educational buildings with the proposed mode of gas savings by lowering the indoor air temperature, the so-called economical mode of operation of the boiler room. The theoretical economy of gas from lowering the temperature regime is determined. To increase the accuracy of the experiment, the comparison of the amount of gas consumed was performed in terms of working and non-working periods of the day. Based on these studies, it should be noted that the actual plot can be used to determine the actual gas savings in real conditions.

scholarly journals Radiation-and-temperature resources of the steppe zone in Ukraine under the climate change conditions in the period of up to 2050

2017 ◽  
pp. 82-89
Author(s):  
А. N. Polevoy ◽  
O. V. Shabliy
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Air Temperatures

Indices of the radiation-and-temperature regime in the Steppe zone of Ukraine in the period of 1986 through 2005, as compared to the expected changes in these indices, calculated in accordance with the two climate change scenarios, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, for the period of up to 2050, are under consideration in the paper. RCP4.5 is a scenario of stabilization of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere, while RCP8.5 is the one of very high greenhouse gas emissions. To characterize the radiation and thermal resources in the Steppe zone of Ukraine in the period of 1986 through 2005 (the basic period), and the change in the period of 2021 through 2050 calculations of average long-term values for the first group of environmental factors were performed: the duration of daytime, the total daily solar radiation, the intensity of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), the accumulated PAR, the radiation balance of the vegetation cover, and the temperature regime. The following principal agro-climatic characteristics of the temperature regime were considered: dates of stable rise of the air temperature above 0, 5, 10, 15 °C in spring and autumn, duration of the period with air temperatures above 0, 5, 10, 15 °C, the accumulated positive air temperatures for the period with air temperatures above 0, 5, 10, 15 °C, the average air temperature in January and July, and the amplitude. It is pointed out that in the period of up to 2050, according to the calculations in both scenarios, increased indices of the radiation-and-temperature regime will be observed. The values of the radiation regime parameters will predominantly increase in late summer and early autumn. As a result of the inflow of increased accumulated solar radiation, the accumulated temperatures in the period with air temperatures above 5 °C will also rise. The expected increase in the accumulated temperatures will nevertheless not exceed 200 °C. A rise in the total temperature will contribute to better heat supply for the crops.

scholarly journals Low- and High-Temperature Tolerance and Acclimation for Chlorenchyma versus Meristem of the Cultivated Cacti Nopalea cochenillifera, Opuntia robusta, and Selenicereus megalanthus

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian R. Zutta ◽  
Park S. Nobel ◽  
Alenoush M. Aramians ◽  
Arineh Sahaghian
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Temperature Acclimation ◽  
Extreme Temperatures ◽  
Meristematic Cells ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
High Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Nopalea Cochenillifera

Dividing meristematic cells are thought to be more sensitive to extreme temperatures compared to other tissues, such as chlorenchyma. This was examined for low and high temperatures for three widely cultivated cacti: Nopalea cochenillifera, Opuntia robusta, and Selenicereus megalanthus. Temperature tolerances of chlorenchyma and meristem were based on the cellular uptake of the vital stain neutral red for plants at mean day/night air temperatures of 25/20°C and plants maintained at 10/5°C or 45/40°C to examine temperature acclimation. Meristematic cells tolerated 1.8°C lower low temperatures and 4.0°C higher high temperatures than chlorenchyma cells for the three species at 25/20°C. Both tissue types showed acclimation, with a decrease or increase in temperature tolerated at 10/5°C or 45/40°C, respectively. Meristematic cells were more tolerant of extreme temperatures compared to chlorenchyma, contrary to the prevailing belief, and may reflect an additional strategy for cacti to survive extreme temperatures.

scholarly journals Changes in the hydrothermal regime in the Central Black Earth region and the reaction of cultivated plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 01004
Author(s):  
Ludmila Grigoreva ◽  
Elena Tsukanova
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Hydrothermal Regime ◽  
The Past ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Main Tendency ◽  
Fruit Plants

The analysis of changes in the water-temperature regime of the Central Black Earth region of Russia over the past 90 years is given. A significant increase in the dispersion of daily air temperatures and a change in the distribution of precipitation by months were noted. It has been established that the most significant limiting factor for fruit plants is currently the daily air temperature drops. The periods of the annual cycle are systematized according to the degree of damaging effect on fruit plants. It has been determined that the main tendency of changes in the hydrothermal regime on the territory of the Central Black Earth Region is its destabilization, i.e. increase of the frequency and amplitude of air temperature drops, and raise of the number of thaws in January-February. The increase of the discreteness of precipitation distribution within the year is possible - excessive moisture in some months (especially June, September, 2-3 decades of February - March) and aridity in others (July, August, November, December).

Transient high temperatures during seed growth in narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) II. Injuriously high pod temperatures are likely in Western Australia

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 1179 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Reader ◽  
M. Dracup ◽  
C. A. Atkins
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Lupinus Angustifolius ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Seed Filling ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
The Difference

Studies under controlled environment conditions indicate that transient high temperatures (34-38˚C) during grain filling can significantly reduce weight per seed in narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.). This study has shown that on average, lupin pods reach temperatures about 3-5˚C higher than the maximum daily air temperature during seed filling under field cropping conditions. These differences do not appear to be markedly influenced by the amount of radiation intercepted by the canopy, stage of pod development, or position of the pods in the canopy, but fluctuate more as a result of differences in radiation intensity, wind speed, and water availability. Trickle irrigation reduced the difference between pod and air temperature by about 2˚C. Lupin species with larger pods (L. cosentinii and L. atlanticus) reached higher maximum daily temperatures than those of L. angustifolius. Long-term meteorological data indicate that air temperatures during seed filling of lupins in Western Australia are likely to exceed 30˚ C and will occasionally exceed 35˚ C. In lupin-growing areas of Western Australia, pod temperatures exceeding 33-35˚ C can be expected about 1 year in every 3, and more rarely (about 1 in 10 years), pod temperatures exceeding 38-40˚ C can be expected. These transient high temperatures are likely to increase significantly the year to year variation in yields of lupin grain.

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