scholarly journals Interannual fluctuations of the relationship between winter precipitation and air temperature in the heavy-snowfall zone of Japan

2013 ◽  
Vol 54 (62) ◽  
pp. 183-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoru Yamaguchi ◽  
Katsushi Iwamoto ◽  
Sento Nakai
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Winter Precipitation ◽  
The Sea Of Japan ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Multiple Peaks ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Hourly Data ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractRegions of Japan facing the Sea of Japan have some of the world’s deepest seasonal snowpack, although air temperatures averaged over the coldest winter months (January-February) are above 0°C in this mid-altitude zone (35–40˚ N). Therefore, even a slight temperature increase is likely to drastically decrease the snow depth in this area by changing the precipitation form from snow to rain. In this study, to enhance understanding of winter precipitation conditions, we introduce the winter precipitation curve (WPC), which plots the distribution of winter precipitation (December-February) against the corresponding air temperature using hourly data. We then examine the relationship between the WPC and regional climate conditions. The WPC was classified into two types in the study: the single-peak (SP) type, having one sharp peak near 0°C, and the multiple-peaks (MP) type, having several small peaks. Here ‘peak’ indicates that precipitation frequently occurs at a certain temperature. Peaks of the MP type changed position with fluctuations in mean winter temperature, but the peak of the SP type moved only slightly despite annual fluctuations in winter mean temperature. One of the multiple peaks of the MP type appeared at ∼0°C and this peak also remained nearly stationary with fluctuations in winter mean temperature. The peak of the WPC appearing near 0°C in both the SP and MP types likely resulted from the development of the 0°C isothermal layer due to the cooling effect of melting snow particles.

Derivation Mathematical Equations for Future Calculation of Potential Evapotranspiration in Iraq, A Review of Application of Thornthwaite Evapotranspiration

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 1037-1048
Author(s):  
Hussein Ilaibi Zamil Al-Sudani
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Research Review ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
Mathematical Equations ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
The Relationship

     In any natural area or water body, evapotranspiration is one of the important outcomes in the water balance equation. As a significant method and depending on monthly average temperature, estimating of potential Evapotranspiration depending on Thornthwaite method was adopted in this research review. Estimate and discuss evapotranspiration by using Thornthwaite method is the main objectives of this research review with considerable details as well as compute potential evapotranspiration based on climatologically data obtained in Iraq. Temperature - evapotranspiration relationship can be estimated between those two parameters to reduce cost and time and facilitate calculation of water balance in lakes, river, and hydrogeological basins. The relationship was obtained using Thornthwaite method in Iraq by dividing the area into seven sectors according to geographic latitude. Each sector has multi meteorological stations where thirty two stations were used with different periods of records. A mathematical relationship was obtained between mean temperature and corrected potential evapotranspiration with (97.45) to (99.84) coefficient of determination. The mean temperature has a decreasing pattern from southern east towards northern west of Iraq affected by Mediterranean Sea climate conditions, while corrected potential evapotranspiration has the opposite direction regarding increased value because of a direct relationship with temperature.

scholarly journals High correlation between winter precipitation and air temperature in heavy-snowfall areas in Japan

2008 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 7-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukari Takeuchi ◽  
Yasoichi Endo ◽  
Shigeki Murakami
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Winter Precipitation ◽  
The Sea Of Japan ◽  
Heavy Snowfall ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Effective Factor ◽  
Precipitation Decrease ◽  
Precipitation Ratio ◽  
Term Data

AbstractLong-term data of winter air temperature and precipitation were analyzed and the correlation between them investigated in order to identify the factors influencing snow reduction during the recent warmer winters in the heavy-snowfall areas in Japan. A high negative correlation between winter precipitation and air temperature was identified in the heavy-snowfall areas on the Sea of Japan side in the center of the main island (Honshu). It was confirmed that precipitation is mainly caused by cold winter monsoons, and thus correlates to a large extent with air temperature in these areas. The precipitation decrease can be considered an effective factor for the recent reduction in snow as well as the snowfall to precipitation ratio. This should be taken into account for a better prediction of snow reduction in relation to global warming.

A Study of the Annual Soil Temperature Wave

1952 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 303 ◽  
Author(s):  
ES West
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Temperature Wave ◽  
Theoretical Equation ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Soil temperatures recorded at Griffith over an 8 year period at a depth ranging from 1 in. to 8 ft. have been examined and compared with air temperatures. The observed fluctuations m the soil temperatures fit closely the theoretical equation for the propagation of a simple harmonic temperature wave into the so11. The diffusivity of the sol1 has been deduced and compared with values found by other workers in other localities. The annual wave of the daily mean temperature at the surface of the soil has been deduced and compared with the annual wave of the dally mean air temperature and the differences in the means, amplitudes, and phase displacements have been discussed.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a New Statistical Method—TIN-Copula–for the Bias Correction of Climate Models’ Extreme Parameters

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgia Lazoglou ◽  
Christina Angnostopoulou ◽  
Konstantia Tolika ◽  
Gräler Benedikt
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Method ◽  
Bias Correction ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Regional Climate Models ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Copula Theory ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
Copula Method

During the last decades, global and regional climate models have been widely used for the estimation of future climate conditions. Unfortunately, the models’ estimated values present important biases relative to the observed values, especially when the estimations refer to extremes. Consequently, several researchers have studied several statistical methods that are able to minimize the biases between climate models and observed values. The present study evaluates a new statistical method for bias correction: The triangular irregular network (TIN)-copula method. This method is a combination of the triangular irregular networks and the copula theory. In the present research, the new method is applied to ten Mediterranean stations and its results are compared with the bias-corrected values of three other widely used methods: The delta, the scaling, and the empirical quantile mapping methods. The analysis was made for maximum mean temperature (TMX) and minimum mean temperature (TMN) as well as for extreme precipitation (R99). According to the results, the TIN-copula method is able to correct extreme temperature and precipitation values, estimated by regional climate models, with high accuracy. Additionally, it is proven that the TIN-copula method is a useful tool for bias correction as it presents several advantages compared with the other methods, and it is recommended for future works.

scholarly journals Effect of the duration of high air temperature on cow’s milking performance in moderate climate conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Herbut ◽  
Sabina Angrecka ◽  
Dorota Godyń
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Temperature Ranges ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Moderate Climate

Abstract The main aim of the presented investigation was to determine the effect of the air thermal conditions variability on cow’s milking performance in summer in a moderate climate. The analyses covered the summer months of 2012-2013 (June-September) and shorter, several-day periods characterized by the times of elevated or high air temperatures and by the declines and increases in milking performance. The research was conducted in a free stall barn for Holstein-Friesian cows. The study showed that the thermoneutral temperature for high yielding cows decreases gradually with the registered increasingly warmer summer periods. The decreases in milk yield already commence at an air temperature equal to 20°C and also depend on the dairy cattle sensitivity. July and August, with a high number of hot days, caused that in September the cows responded faster to a worsening of thermal conditions and the decline in milking performance happened almost simultaneously with the air temperature change, at milking yield recovery after the period of 3-4 d (r=-0.84, P<0.04). The percent duration in the individual temperature ranges which caused a decrease of milk yield was also determined. In June, and at the beginning of July, this was 90% of the time with temperatures above 20°C, and simultaneously 45% above 25°C occurred to milking performance decrease (r=-0.89, P<0.02). In September, this was only 30% of the time with temperatures above 20°C (r=-0.91, P<0.01).

scholarly journals Long-Term Winter Inversion Properties in a Mountain Valley of the Western United States and Implications on Air Quality

2015 ◽  
Vol 54 (12) ◽  
pp. 2339-2352 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.-Y. Simon Wang ◽  
Lawrence E. Hipps ◽  
Oi-Yu Chung ◽  
Robert R. Gillies ◽  
Randal Martin
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Horizontal Distance ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Narrow Valley ◽  
Northern Utah ◽  
Temperature Inversions

AbstractBecause of the geography of a narrow valley and surrounding tall mountains, Cache Valley (located in northern Utah and southern Idaho) experiences frequent shallow temperature inversions that are both intense and persistent. Such temperature inversions have resulted in the worst air quality in the nation. In this paper, the historical properties of Cache Valley’s winter inversions are examined by using two meteorological stations with a difference in elevation of approximately 100 m and a horizontal distance apart of ~4.5 km. Differences in daily maximum air temperature between two stations were used to define the frequency and intensity of inversions. Despite the lack of a long-term trend in inversion intensity from 1956 to present, the inversion frequency increased in the early 1980s and extending into the early 1990s but thereafter decreased by about 30% through 2013. Daily mean air temperatures and inversion intensity were categorized further using a mosaic plot. Of relevance was the discovery that after 1990 there was an increase in the probability of inversions during cold days and that under conditions in which the daily mean air temperature was below −15°C an inversion became a certainty. A regression model was developed to estimate the concentration of past particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5). The model indicated past episodes of increased PM2.5 concentrations that went into decline after 1990; this was especially so in the coldest of climate conditions.

Summer Nonconvective Severe Wind Frequency over Ontario and Its Correlation with Tropical Pacific Sea Surface Temperature

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 1170-1182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Da-Lin Zhang ◽  
Zuohao Cao ◽  
Jianmin Ma ◽  
Aiming Wu
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Surface Wind ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Kendall Test ◽  
Tropical Pacific ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Climate Conditions

AbstractThe summer nonconvective severe surface wind (NCSSW) frequency over Ontario, Canada, in relation to regional climate conditions and tropical Pacific Ocean sea surface temperatures (SSTs) during the period of 1979–2006 is examined using surface wind reports and large-scale analysis data. A statistically robust positive trend in Ontario summer NCSSW frequency is identified using three independent statistical approaches, which include the conventional linear regression that has little disturbance to the original time series, the Mann–Kendall test without a lag-1 autoregressive process, and the Monte Carlo simulation. A composite analysis of the large-scale monthly mean data reveals that the high- (low-) NCSSW occurrence years are linked to stronger (weaker) large-scale horizontal pressure gradients and more (less) intensive vector wind anomalies in the upper troposphere. Unlike the low-event years, anomalous anticyclonic circulations are found at 500 and 250 hPa in the high-event years, which are conducive to downward momentum transport and favorable for severe surface wind development. It is also found that the summer NCSSW occurs more frequently under the conditions of warmer surface air temperature over Ontario. Further analyses indicate that an increase in the summer NCSSW frequency is well correlated with an increase in the previous winter SSTs over the eastern equatorial Pacific, namely, in the Niño-1+2 and Niño-3 areas, through a decrease in sea level pressure over northern Ontario and an increase in surface air temperature over central and southern Ontario.

scholarly journals Temperature – Potential Evapotranspiration Relationship in Iraq Using Thornthwaite Method

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hussein Ilaibi Zamil Al-Sudani
Keyword(s):  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Natural Area ◽  
Mathematical Relationship ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
North West ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
Crucial Component ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

One of the most important outcomes in the water balance equation for any natural area or water body is Evapotranspiration and it is also a crucial component of the hydrologic cycle. The relationship of temperature - evapotranspiration was obtained using the Thornthwaite method in Iraq by dividing the area into (7) sectors according to geographic latitude. Each sector has multi meteorological stations where (32) stations were used with different periods of records. A mathematical relationship was obtained between mean temperature and corrected potential evapotranspiration (PEc) with (97.45) to (99.84) coefficient of determination. Mean temperature has a symmetrical decreasing pattern from south-east towards north-west of Iraq affected by Mediterranean Sea climate conditions, while correcting potential evapotranspiration (PEc) has the opposite direction of increasing values due to a direct relationship with temperature.

The relationship between air temperature, scrotal surface area and testis temperature in rams

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (38) ◽  
pp. 258 ◽  
Author(s):  
DG Fowler
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Sweat Loss ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Skin Fold ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Important Means ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Relationship

Scrotal surface area, intra-testicular, and subcutaneous scrotal temperatures were measured for five Merino rams selected for a high degree of skin fold (Folds Plus) and five selected for a low degree of skin fold (Folds Minus) at air temperatures between 20�C and 45�C. As air temperature increased, scrotal surface area of both Folds Plus and Folds Minus rams increased slightly. The greatest increases occurred at a scrotal temperature of about 36�C. At all temperatures Folds Plus rams had more pendulous scrota and larger scrotal surface areas than Folds Minus rams. Despite this, the intra-testicular temperatures of Folds Plus rams were higher than those of Folds Minus. Increasing scrotal surface area at high temperatures is one means of reducing testes temperature and maintaining fertility, but the scrotum has other more important means of thermoregulation, e.g., rate and amount of sweat loss.

scholarly journals Prediction of Indoor Air Temperature Using Weather Data and Simple Building Descriptors

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (22) ◽  
pp. 4349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aguilera ◽  
Andersen ◽  
Toftum
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Building Simulations ◽  
Set Up

Non-optimal air temperatures can have serious consequences for human health and productivity. As the climate changes, heatwaves and cold streaks have become more frequent and intense. The ClimApp project aims to develop a smartphone App that provides individualised advice to cope with thermal stress outdoors and indoors. This paper presents a method to predict indoor air temperature to evaluate thermal indoor environments. Two types of input data were used to set up a predictive model: weather data obtained from online weather services and general building attributes to be provided by App users. The method provides discrete predictions of temperature through a decision tree classification algorithm. The data used to train and test the algorithm was obtained from field measurements in seven Danish households and from building simulations considering three different climate regions, ranging from temperate to hot and humid. The results show that the method had an accuracy of 92% (F1-score) when predicting temperatures under previously known conditions (e.g., same household, occupants and climate). However, the performance decreased to 30% under different climate conditions. The approach had the highest performance when predicting the most commonly observed indoor temperatures. The findings suggest that it is possible to develop a straightforward and fairly accurate method for indoor temperature estimation grounded on weather data and simple building attributes.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document