Dietary betaine and ractopamine combine to increase lean tissue deposition in finisher pigs, particularly gilts

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Dunshea ◽  
D. J. Cadogan ◽  
G. G. Partridge
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Additive Effects ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Improve Body Composition ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
Daily Gain

Dietary ractopamine increases lean tissue deposition, with the responses most evident at ad libitum feed intakes whereas dietary betaine can improve growth by reducing maintenance requirements, with the greatest responses occurring when energy is limiting. This study was conducted to investigate the interactions between dietary ractopamine and betaine on growth and carcass characteristics in restrictively fed [31.0 MJ digestible energy (DE)/day for 14 days followed by 36.8 MJ DE/day for 21 days] boars and gilts. Forty individually penned pigs (58.4 kg) were allocated to a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, with the respective factors being sex (gilt or boar), dietary betaine (0 and 1.5 g/kg betaine) and dietary ractopamine (0 and 10 ppm ractopamine) for 35 days. Over the first 14 days of the study when the restriction was greatest, daily gain was greater in pigs fed betaine (+8%, P = 0.04) and in boars (+12%, P = 0.005) but was not affected by ractopamine (P = 0.18). Lean deposition was greater in pigs fed betaine (+5%, P = 0.08) and in boars (+6%, P = 0.006) but was not affected by ractopamine (P = 0.57). However, there was an interaction (P = 0.03) between ractopamine and sex such that ractopamine increased lean deposition in gilts but not boars. Thus, betaine and ractopamine had additive effects on lean mass in gilts (+5.1 kg) but not boars. Fat deposition was less in pigs fed ractopamine (–8%, P = 0.05) and in boars (–17%, P < 0.001) but was not affected by betaine (P = 0.81). However, there was an interaction (P = 0.04) between dietary ractopamine and sex such that ractopamine decreased fat deposition in gilts (–14%) but not boars. In conclusion, dietary betaine and ractopamine may have additive effects on lean deposition and improve body composition in gilts but responses in boars are more equivocal.

Current recommended levels of dietary lysine in finisher pig diets are sufficient to maximise the response to ractopamine over 28 days but are insufficient in the first 7 days

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. V. Rikard-Bell ◽  
J. R. Pluske ◽  
R. J. van Barneveld ◽  
B. P. Mullan ◽  
A. C. Edwards ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Fat Tissue ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
High Lysine ◽  
Available Lysine ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Daily Gain

Dietary ractopamine increases lean tissue deposition and responses increase as dose is increased provided sufficient dietary lysine is supplied. In Australia, diets supplemented with ractopamine (RAC) are formulated with 0.56 g available lysine per MJ digestible energy. The present study was conducted to investigate the interactions between dietary RAC and lysine on growth and carcass characteristics in ad libitum fed (13.8 MJ/kg) boars and gilts. The study involved 108 individually penned pigs at 17 weeks of age (64.1 ± 0.57 kg) in a 2 by 2 by 3 factorial design, with the respective factors being sex (gilt or boar), dietary lysine (low and high, i.e. 0.56 or 0.65 g available lysine/MJ digestible energy, respectively) and dietary RAC (0, 5 or 20 mg/kg) for 28 days. Over the 28-day study duration, both lysine diets containing dietary RAC were sufficient to elicit a response in average daily gain (ADG) (+5.8%, P = 0.026) and carcass weight (3%, P = 0.045), but not in feed efficiency (FE) (P = 0.555). However, over the period of the first 7 days, there were interactions between the effects of RAC and lysine for FE (P = 0.025) and ADG (P = 0.023), with both traits being responsive only to dietary RAC containing the high lysine, which increased FE (+9.1%, P = 0.002) and ADG (+7.2%, P = 0.068). Dietary RAC improved FE in the latter stages of the study, namely Days 15–21 (+5.7%, P = 0.031) and Days 22–28 (+4.9%, P = 0.040). The high RAC diet reduced carcass P2 backfat (–16.5%, P < 0.001) and fat tissue deposition (–6.2%, P = 0.074) and high lysine tended to reduce fat tissue deposition (–13.3%, P = 0.072). A sex by lysine interaction (P = 0.043) was observed for lean tissue deposition at 28 days, such that only the high-lysine diet increased lean deposition in boars (+11%, P < 0.05) but not in gilts. Dietary RAC tended to increase lean deposition (+14.0%, P = 0.067) in the first 14 days; however, only the high RAC diet increased lean deposition (+9.6%, P < 0.05) over 28 days. In conclusion, the current recommended supplementation levels of lysine for commercial gilts and boars fed RAC may limit the response to dietary RAC if the feeding regime is for short durations and boars will not maximise their lean tissue deposition rates.

scholarly journals Net micromineral requirements for maintenance and growth of ewe lambs at the latter fattening period

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (9) ◽  
pp. 1421-1429
Author(s):  
Ya Qian Jin ◽  
Na Ding ◽  
Xiao Gao Diao ◽  
Sheng Chen Yu ◽  
Jun Xing Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Growth Requirements ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
Daily Gain

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the net micromineral (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn) requirements for maintenance and growth of Dorper×Jinzhong crossbred ewe lambs at their latter fattening period.Methods: Thirty 1/2 Dorper × 1/2 Jinzhong crossed F1 ewe lambs (35±0.5 kg of body weight [BW]) were used and divided into five groups in a randomized design for a comparative slaughter trial. At the beginning of the experiment, six lambs were randomly selected and slaughtered at 35 kg BW to determine their initial body composition. When their BWs reached 43 kg, another six lambs fed ad libitum were slaughtered to serve as an intermediate slaughter group. The retained eighteen lambs were randomly distributed into three groups and offered one type of feed at 100%, 65%, and 40% of the ad libitum intake. When the lambs fed ad libitum reached a BW of 50 kg, the three groups were slaughtered. The body composition (muscle, fat, bone, blood with viscera, skin, and wool) were weighted, ground, mixed, and subsampled for mineral content analysis.Results: The net maintenance requirements of Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn were 0.017, 0.160, 0.004, and 0.067 mg/kg BW/d, respectively, and the net growth requirements per 100 grams of average daily gain ranged from 0.48 to 0.51 mg of Cu, 2.63 to 2.17 mg of Fe, 0.12 to 0.15 mg of Mn, and 2.07 to 2.00 mg of Zn, respectively, for Dorper × Jinzhong crossed ewes from 35 to 50 kg BW.Conclusion: Our results suggest that the micromineral requirements for both maintenance and growth of Dorper × Jinzhong crossbred ewe lambs were quite different from the recommendations of NRC (2007), except for Zn.

Interrelationships between porcine somatotropin (pST), betaine, and energy level on body composition and tissue distribution of finisher boars

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (9) ◽  
pp. 983 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Suster ◽  
B. J. Leury ◽  
R. H. King ◽  
M. Mottram ◽  
F. R. Dunshea
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Level ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Porcine Somatotropin ◽  
Tissue Responses ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Daily Gain

Fifty-six individually penned boars (initial weight 64 kg) were used to investigate the interactions between dietary betaine, dietary energy, and porcine somatotropin (pST) treatment. The study was a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment with the respective factors being dietary betaine (0 or 1.5 g/kg) and energy level (80% or 100% ad libitum) and treatment with pST (0 or 5 mg/day). A Hologic QDR4500A Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometer (DXA) was used to determine body composition of pigs at the beginning and end of the study at Day 35. After slaughter, the composition of the whole half-carcass as well as the shoulder, ham, belly, and loin primal cuts was determined with DXA and verified with manual dissection. The main effects of dietary betaine were most pronounced when dietary energy was restricted. Under these conditions, daily gain was increased by dietary betaine (1188 v. 1271 g/day, P = 0.049) and pST (1115 v. 1344 g/day, P < 0.001). When dietary energy was restricted, lean tissue deposition was increased by dietary betaine (830 v. 908 g/day, P = 0.032) and pST (764 v. 974 g/day, P < 0.001), and these effects were additive. As a result, the lean meat yield in the half-carcass was increased by both dietary betaine (23.9 v. 25.1 kg, P = 0.043) and pST (23.3 v. 25.7 kg, P < 0.001). Lean tissue responses in primal cuts were more variable but followed a similar pattern. There was little effect of either dietary betaine or pST on fat deposition. These data demonstrate that when energy intake is limiting the potential for growth (as is normally the case for the improved boar), then both dietary betaine and pST treatment, either alone or in combination, can increase lean tissue deposition without increasing fat deposition.

Effect of nutritional regimen including limit feeding and breed on growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality in beef cattle

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. McGregor ◽  
C. P. Campbell ◽  
S. P. Miller ◽  
P. P. Purslow ◽  
I. B. Mandell
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Shear Force ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Limit Feeding ◽  
Daily Gain

McGregor, E M., Campbell, C. P., Miller, S. P., Purslow, P. P. and Mandell, I. B. 2012. Effect of nutritional regimen including limit feeding and breed on growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality in beef cattle. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 327–341. The effects of nutritional management regimen and breed on growth performance, carcass attributes, and meat quality were evaluated in 68 British (BRIT) and Continental (CONT) crossbred steers, managed on one of three nutritional regimens: (1) ad libitum access to a 77% corn diet (ALGRAIN), (2) limit feeding initially of the 77% corn diet, followed by ad libitum access to the 77% corn diet (LFGRAIN), and (3) limit feeding initially of a 90% haylage diet, followed by ad libitum access to the 77% corn diet (LFHAYL). Nutritional regimen by breed interactions (P<0.02) were present for average daily gain, dry matter intake (DMI), gain to feed, and shear force. LFHAYL regimen decreased gains to a greater extent for BRIT steers than CONT steers managed on ALGRAIN or LFGRAIN. Feed intakes were similar across nutritional regimens for CONT steers, while DMI was depressed in BRIT on LFHAYL as compared with steers started on ALGRAIN or LFGRAIN. Gain to feed was greater in BRIT cattle on LFGRAIN vs. ALGRAIN, while gain to feed was similar in CONT started on grain (ALGRAIN, LFGRAIN). Shear force was lower for beef from LFHAYL BRIT vs. beef from BRIT on ALGRAIN or LFGRAIN, while the converse was true for CONT. Limit feeding of a high-energy diet may be appropriate for cattle of British background to reduce feed input costs, while ensuring tenderness.

scholarly journals A Novel Micronutrient Supplement to Mitigate the Transgenerational Effects of Paternal Obesity on Body Composition of Male Offspring (P11-138-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Mustahsan Billah ◽  
Saroj Khatiwada ◽  
Virginie Lecomte ◽  
Margaret Morris ◽  
Chris Maloney
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Transgenerational Effects ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Offspring Health ◽  
Paternal Obesity

Abstract Objectives Emerging evidence suggests that paternal obesity plays a significant role on offspring health. Our previous work in rodents showed that high fat diet (HFD) induced paternal obesity reduced offspring glucose tolerance. It has also been reported that paternal obesity can initiate metabolic disturbance in subsequent generations. Therefore, we designed a novel micronutrient supplement to ameliorate the transgenerational effects of paternal obesity. Methods Founder (F0) male Sprague Dawley rats (3 weeks, 12 per group) were weaned on control (CD) or HFD or diets containing micronutrient supplement (CS; HS), after which they were mated with CD fed females at 19 weeks of age. Twelve F1 offspring from each litter across the four diet groups were weaned on day 21 onto CD, generating four F1 groups. After 14 weeks on CD, they were mated with CD fed females. Male F2 siblings were fed CD or HFD from day 21. After 6 weeks on diet, they underwent EchoMRI (See attached study design). Results HFD increased adiposity (CD: 12.3%, HFD: 18.6%) in F0 which was normalized by supplementation (HS: 11.7%). Though no paternal effect on adiposity was found in F1 males across the four groups, supplementing F0 had significant impact on F2 body composition (fat mass, fat and lean percentage) without influencing body weight and lean mass after 6 weeks on diet. In F2, post weaning HFD significantly increased fat mass in rats from CD and HFD fed founders (CH vs CC P = 0.0001; HH vs HC P = 0.009) but this effect was significantly reduced by F0 supplementation irrespective of F0 diets (CSH vs CH P = 0.017; and HSH vs HH P = 0.04) [3-way ANOVA][See attached table]. Moreover, lean percentage was decreased by post weaning HFD in rats from both non-supplemented F0 diet groups but interestingly this effect was significantly reduced only in rats sired by supplemented CD fed F0 (CSH > CH; P = 0.04). Conclusions Supplementing CD fed grandfathers ameliorated the deleterious effect of HFD, decreasing fat deposition and increasing lean percentage whereas supplementing HFD fed F0 reduced only fat deposition without affecting lean mass of male grand offspring. Therefore, our designed supplement could eventually reduce the transgenerational effect of paternal obesity. Funding Sources Supported by Australian NHMRC grant to MJM and CAM; MMB is supported by Scientia PhD Scholarship, UNSW. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

scholarly journals Exogenous porcine somatotropin administered to neonatal pigs at high doses can alter lifetime fat but not lean tissue deposition

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 795-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank. R. Dunshea ◽  
Danny Suster ◽  
Douglas J. Kerton ◽  
Brian J. Leury
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Neonatal Pigs ◽  
Average Litter Size ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Endocrine Status ◽  
High Doses

The growth rate of the young pig is generally much less than its potential and may be constrained by endocrine status as well as nutrient intake. The aim of the present study was to determine whether porcine (p) somatotropin (ST) treatment of the sucking pig could alter subsequent body composition. Twelve mixed-parity cross-bred sows with an average litter size of ten piglets were used to nurse pigs for the present study. On day 1 of lactation, the median two male pigs (by weight) from each litter were randomly allocated to one of two doses of pST (0 or 1 mg/kg per d) until weaning on day 21. Pigs were weaned and offered feed ad libitum until slaughter at 134 d of age. Body composition was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at 21, 49, 77, 105 and 133 d of age. There was no significant difference in growth rates between day 1 and 21 of lactation in pigs injected with either saline (9 g/l NaCl/l) or pST (258 v. 246 g/d for control and pST-treated pigs respectively, P=0·61), and as a consequence there was no significant difference in liveweight at weaning (7·13 v. 6·84 kg, P=0·59). However, fat mass at weaning tended to be decreased (1·18 v. 0·96 kg, P=0·064), while the % fat in the body at weaning was significantly (16·7 v. 13·9 %, P=0·008) decreased by exogenous pST treatment. In the immediate post-weaning period there was a reduction in lean tissue deposition (347 v. 300 g/d, P=0·021) but no effect on fat deposition (35 v. 33 g/d, P=0·72). Over the entire weaning-to-slaughter period, pST treatment of neonatal pigs decreased the rate of fat deposition (130 v. 112 g/d, P=0·033), but had no effect on lean tissue deposition (550 v. 538 g/d, P=0·49). Therefore, treatment of nursing pigs with high doses of pST for a short period before weaning may provide a means of reducing the fat content of pork and pork products.

Relationship between energy intake and growth performance and body composition in pigs selected for low backfat thickness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Liu ◽  
Christopher J Brewster ◽  
Samantha Gilmour ◽  
David J Henman ◽  
Robert J Smits ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Deposition Rate ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Ad Libitum

Abstract Genetic selection of pigs over recent decades has sought to reduce carcass fat content to meet consumer demands for lean meat in many countries (e.g.: Australia). Due to the impacts of genetic changes, it is unknown whether the carcass fat measures are still responsive to energy intake. Thus, the present experiment aimed to quantify the relationship between tissue composition and dietary energy intake in finisher pigs selected for low carcass backfat. Intact male and female pigs (n=56 for each sex; PrimegroGenetics, Corowa, NSW, Australia) were fed seven different amounts of an amino acid adequate wheat-based diet containing 14.3 MJ digestible energy (DE)/kg to provide the following daily DE intakes- 25.8, 29.0, 32.6, 35.3, 38.5, 41.5 and 44.2 (ad libitum) MJ DE/d for males, and 25.8, 28.9, 32.0, 35.6, 38.3, 40.9 and 44.5 (ad libitum) MJ DE/d for females between 60 kg and 108 kg live weight. Body composition of anaesthetised pigs was measured using the Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) method when individual pigs reached 108 kg, and protein, fat and ash deposition rates were calculated. Pigs were slaughtered on the 2nd day post-DXA scan for carcass backfat measurement. The results showed that the carcass backfat thickness (standardized at 83.7 kg carcass) increased by 0.125 mm for every MJ increase in daily DE intake in male pigs (P = 0.004; R2 = 0.130), but carcass backfat of female pigs (standardized at 85.1 kg carcass) was not responsive to daily DE intake. Whole-body fat composition and fat deposition rate increased linearly (both P &lt; 0.01) in male pigs but quadratically (both P &lt; 0.01) in female pigs in response to DE intake. Every MJ increase of daily DE intake increased the rate of daily protein deposition by 3.8 g in intact male pigs (P &lt; 0.001; R2 = 0.781) and by 2.5 g in female pigs (P &lt; 0.001; R2 = 0.643). In conclusion, the selection for low backfat thickness over the last two decades has altered the response of fat deposition and backfat thickness to energy intake, particularly in female pigs. Despite this change, the linear relationship between DE intake and protein deposition rate was maintained in these modern genetics.

Effect of a soluble activin receptor type IIB on androgen-deprivation-induced effects on body composition

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 5133-5133
Author(s):  
J. Lachey ◽  
A. Koncarevic ◽  
J. Ucran ◽  
R. S. Pearsall ◽  
M. L. Sherman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Receptor Type ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Lean Tissue Mass ◽  
Adipose Mass

5133 Background: Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a well-established treatment for hormone sensitive prostate cancer, but is associated with adverse side effects including loss of bone and lean mass and increased adipose mass. Activin receptor type IIB (ActRIIB) signaling is necessary for the negative regulation of lean tissue mass and treatment with a non-signaling, decoy ActRIIB results in a robust increase in lean tissue mass. Methods: Similar to ADT patients, orchiectomized (ORX) mice lose bone and lean mass and gain fat mass. To determine the therapeutic potential of inhibiting ActRIIB signaling to reduce the negative effects associated with ADT, we treated sham-operated (SHAM) and orchiectomized (ORX) mice with RAP-031, a fusion protein comprised of a form of the extracellular domain of ActRIIB linked to a murine Fc. Mice received twice weekly injections for 10 weeks with either vehicle (VEH) or 10 mg/kg RAP-031 (RAP). NMR scanning was used to determine body composition and whole body DEXA scans were performed to determine bone mineral density (BMD). Results: ORX resulted in a 4.4% decrease in BMD, an 18% reduction in lean tissue and a 41.6% increase in adiposity compared to the VEH-SHAM cohort. Both RAP-031treated groups of mice had significantly increased BMD and lean tissue mass and decreased adipose mass compared to their respective VEH groups. However, BMD, lean tissue and adiposity were not significantly different between the VEH-SHAM and RAP-ORX groups. These data illustrate that RAP-031 treatment completely attenuates ORX-induced alterations in bone, lean and fat mass. Conclusions: These data support the hypothesis that treatment with a form of soluble ActRIIB can offset negative side effects of ADT and have significant therapeutic implications for the treatment of patients with prostate cancer. [Table: see text] [Table: see text]

scholarly journals 33 Determining the feeding value of hulless barley relative to corn in beef finishing rations

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 47-47
Author(s):  
Gabriel J Pent ◽  
Thomas B Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hulless Barley ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract Hulless varieties of barley have been developed to improve the digestibility of this small grain. The objective of this project was to determine the feeding value of hulless barley relative to corn in a beef-finishing ration. Angus-cross steers (n = 12) were fed rations that included varying ratios of cracked corn and cracked hulless barley. Steers were stratified by body weight (BW) and allotted to one of four rations: corn, 2:1 ratio of corn to barley, 1:2 ratio of corn to barley, and barley. All treatments included concentrate at 85% and baleage at 15% of total ration dry matter (DM). Rations were fed ad libitum on an individual basis using Calan gates. Feed refusals were measured daily. Steers were weighed and ultrasound 12th rib fat thickness (FT) was measured every 28 d. Steers were harvested at a commercial abattoir when average FT exceeded 0.9 cm. Average daily gain (1.2 kg/d), final BW (653 kg), feed to gain efficiency (10.2:1), and final ultrasound FT (0.94 cm) were not different (P ≥ 0.1486) between treatments. Steer DM intake was lower (P ≤ 0.0496) for those fed corn (9.8 kg/d) compared to those fed barley (12.2 kg/d) or a 1:2 ratio of corn to barley (11.7 kg/d); steer DM intake was similar (P ≥ 0.0640) for those fed a 2:1 ratio of corn to barley compared to those fed the other rations. Finishing ration did not affect hot carcass weight (384 kg; P = 0.7158), carcass FT (1.6 cm; P = 0.9511), ribeye area (87.7 cm^2; P = 0.7184), kidney, pelvic, and heart fat (2.6%; P = 0.3842), and yield grade (3.5; P= 0.8802). Feeding hulless barley compared to corn resulted in similar performance and carcass characteristics when included in beef finishing rations although feed intake was greater when barley exceeded 56% of the ration DM.

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