Interrelationships between porcine somatotropin (pST), betaine, and energy level on body composition and tissue distribution of finisher boars

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (9) ◽  
pp. 983 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Suster ◽  
B. J. Leury ◽  
R. H. King ◽  
M. Mottram ◽  
F. R. Dunshea
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Level ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Porcine Somatotropin ◽  
Tissue Responses ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Daily Gain

Fifty-six individually penned boars (initial weight 64 kg) were used to investigate the interactions between dietary betaine, dietary energy, and porcine somatotropin (pST) treatment. The study was a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment with the respective factors being dietary betaine (0 or 1.5 g/kg) and energy level (80% or 100% ad libitum) and treatment with pST (0 or 5 mg/day). A Hologic QDR4500A Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometer (DXA) was used to determine body composition of pigs at the beginning and end of the study at Day 35. After slaughter, the composition of the whole half-carcass as well as the shoulder, ham, belly, and loin primal cuts was determined with DXA and verified with manual dissection. The main effects of dietary betaine were most pronounced when dietary energy was restricted. Under these conditions, daily gain was increased by dietary betaine (1188 v. 1271 g/day, P = 0.049) and pST (1115 v. 1344 g/day, P < 0.001). When dietary energy was restricted, lean tissue deposition was increased by dietary betaine (830 v. 908 g/day, P = 0.032) and pST (764 v. 974 g/day, P < 0.001), and these effects were additive. As a result, the lean meat yield in the half-carcass was increased by both dietary betaine (23.9 v. 25.1 kg, P = 0.043) and pST (23.3 v. 25.7 kg, P < 0.001). Lean tissue responses in primal cuts were more variable but followed a similar pattern. There was little effect of either dietary betaine or pST on fat deposition. These data demonstrate that when energy intake is limiting the potential for growth (as is normally the case for the improved boar), then both dietary betaine and pST treatment, either alone or in combination, can increase lean tissue deposition without increasing fat deposition.

Dietary betaine and ractopamine combine to increase lean tissue deposition in finisher pigs, particularly gilts

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Dunshea ◽  
D. J. Cadogan ◽  
G. G. Partridge
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Additive Effects ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Improve Body Composition ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
Daily Gain

Dietary ractopamine increases lean tissue deposition, with the responses most evident at ad libitum feed intakes whereas dietary betaine can improve growth by reducing maintenance requirements, with the greatest responses occurring when energy is limiting. This study was conducted to investigate the interactions between dietary ractopamine and betaine on growth and carcass characteristics in restrictively fed [31.0 MJ digestible energy (DE)/day for 14 days followed by 36.8 MJ DE/day for 21 days] boars and gilts. Forty individually penned pigs (58.4 kg) were allocated to a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, with the respective factors being sex (gilt or boar), dietary betaine (0 and 1.5 g/kg betaine) and dietary ractopamine (0 and 10 ppm ractopamine) for 35 days. Over the first 14 days of the study when the restriction was greatest, daily gain was greater in pigs fed betaine (+8%, P = 0.04) and in boars (+12%, P = 0.005) but was not affected by ractopamine (P = 0.18). Lean deposition was greater in pigs fed betaine (+5%, P = 0.08) and in boars (+6%, P = 0.006) but was not affected by ractopamine (P = 0.57). However, there was an interaction (P = 0.03) between ractopamine and sex such that ractopamine increased lean deposition in gilts but not boars. Thus, betaine and ractopamine had additive effects on lean mass in gilts (+5.1 kg) but not boars. Fat deposition was less in pigs fed ractopamine (–8%, P = 0.05) and in boars (–17%, P < 0.001) but was not affected by betaine (P = 0.81). However, there was an interaction (P = 0.04) between dietary ractopamine and sex such that ractopamine decreased fat deposition in gilts (–14%) but not boars. In conclusion, dietary betaine and ractopamine may have additive effects on lean deposition and improve body composition in gilts but responses in boars are more equivocal.

scholarly journals Untersuchungen zur Körperzusammensetzung und zum Wachstum von Kälbern unterschiedlicher genetischer Herkunft mittels Dualenergie–Röntgenabsorptiometrie (DXA)

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 428-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hampe ◽  
S. Nüske ◽  
A. M. Scholz ◽  
M. Förster
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Fat Tissue ◽  
Genetic Origin ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Scan Modes

Abstract. Title of the paper: In vivo analysis of body composition and growth of calves of different genetic origin using dualenergy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) In vivo body composition and growth of 214 calves (6-50 days old) of different genetic origin were analyzed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). A whole body scan was performed. Looking at body composition there were differences among calf genotypes and parent genotypes. Purebred German-Holstein calves showed lower bone mineral density, bone mineral content, bone mineral percentage, fat tissue percentage and weight than the other genotypes. Opposite conditions existed for lean tissue percentage. Daily feed intake and tissue growth rates (lean tissue, fat tissue, bone mineral) were recorded from day 0 to day 50 of age. Further effects of birth type and lactation number of dam became obvious. Twins showed a significant higher daily gain than calves of single births. Heifer calves had highest daily gain between Scan 2 and Scan 3 in contrary to calves of cows of fourth or fifth lactation number. Within the study two scan modes were compared. A comparison between two scan modes 'normal' and 'pediatric large' showed a high correlation of selected values (r ≥ 0,90) except for lean tissue percentage (r = 0,62), fat tissue percentage (r = 0,70) and R-value (r = 0,69). In conclusion DXA is a very suitable method for examination of body composition and growth of calves.

scholarly journals Correlation of a feline muscle mass score with body composition determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (S1) ◽  
pp. S57-S59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn E. Michel ◽  
Wendy Anderson ◽  
Carolyn Cupp ◽  
Dorothy P. Laflamme
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
Rater Agreement ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
X Ray

Body condition scoring (BCS) systems primarily assess body fat. Both overweight and underweight animals may have loss of lean tissue that may not be noted using standard BCS systems. Catabolism of lean tissue can occur rapidly, may account for a disproportionate amount of body mass loss in sick cats and can have deleterious consequences for outcome. Therefore, along with evaluation of body fat, patients should undergo evaluation of muscle mass. The aims of the present study were first to evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility of a 4-point feline muscle mass scoring (MMS) system and second to assess the convergent validity of MMS by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). MMS was as follows: 3, normal muscle mass; 2, slight wasting; 1, moderate wasting; 0, severe wasting. For the first aim, forty-four cats were selected for evaluation based on age and BCS, and for the second aim, thirty-three cats were selected based on age, BCS and MMS. Cats were scored by ten different evaluators on three separate occasions. Body composition was determined by DXA. Inter- and intra-rater agreement were assessed using kappa analysis. Correlation between MMS and BCS, age, percentage lean body mass and lean body mass (LBM) was determined using Spearman's rank-order correlation. The MMS showed moderate inter-rater agreement in cats that scored normal or severely wasted (κ = 0·48–0·53). Intra-rater agreement was substantial (κ = 0·71–0·73). The MMS was significantly correlated with BCS (r 0·76, P < 0·0001), age (r − 0·75, P < 0·0001), LBM (g) (r 0·62, P < 0·0001) and percentage LBM (r − 0·49, P < 0·0035). Additional investigation is needed to determine whether the MMS can be refined and to assess its clinical applicability.

scholarly journals Exogenous porcine somatotropin administered to neonatal pigs at high doses can alter lifetime fat but not lean tissue deposition

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 795-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank. R. Dunshea ◽  
Danny Suster ◽  
Douglas J. Kerton ◽  
Brian J. Leury
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Neonatal Pigs ◽  
Average Litter Size ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Endocrine Status ◽  
High Doses

The growth rate of the young pig is generally much less than its potential and may be constrained by endocrine status as well as nutrient intake. The aim of the present study was to determine whether porcine (p) somatotropin (ST) treatment of the sucking pig could alter subsequent body composition. Twelve mixed-parity cross-bred sows with an average litter size of ten piglets were used to nurse pigs for the present study. On day 1 of lactation, the median two male pigs (by weight) from each litter were randomly allocated to one of two doses of pST (0 or 1 mg/kg per d) until weaning on day 21. Pigs were weaned and offered feed ad libitum until slaughter at 134 d of age. Body composition was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at 21, 49, 77, 105 and 133 d of age. There was no significant difference in growth rates between day 1 and 21 of lactation in pigs injected with either saline (9 g/l NaCl/l) or pST (258 v. 246 g/d for control and pST-treated pigs respectively, P=0·61), and as a consequence there was no significant difference in liveweight at weaning (7·13 v. 6·84 kg, P=0·59). However, fat mass at weaning tended to be decreased (1·18 v. 0·96 kg, P=0·064), while the % fat in the body at weaning was significantly (16·7 v. 13·9 %, P=0·008) decreased by exogenous pST treatment. In the immediate post-weaning period there was a reduction in lean tissue deposition (347 v. 300 g/d, P=0·021) but no effect on fat deposition (35 v. 33 g/d, P=0·72). Over the entire weaning-to-slaughter period, pST treatment of neonatal pigs decreased the rate of fat deposition (130 v. 112 g/d, P=0·033), but had no effect on lean tissue deposition (550 v. 538 g/d, P=0·49). Therefore, treatment of nursing pigs with high doses of pST for a short period before weaning may provide a means of reducing the fat content of pork and pork products.

Sub-Regional Tissue Morphometry in Male Athletes and Controls Using Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA)

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur D. Stewart ◽  
James Hannan
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Tissue Distribution ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Regional Body Composition ◽  
Response To Exercise ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Total Tissue

Athletes have traditionally been evaluated for body composition by percent fat, percent muscle, and somatotype. Since the late 1980s, dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) has offered total and regional body composition of bone mineral content (BMC), lean tissue and fat, but studies involving athletes are rare (11) and have not included regional tissue distribution. In the present study, DXA was used to compare a total of 121 male subjects belonging to 9 different athletic groups and controls. ANOVA showed total tissue percent BMC, lean tissue, and fat were significantly different between the various athletic groups (p < .001). Regional differences in tissue distribution between different athletic groups affect BMC and lean tissue (p < .001), but not fat (p > .05). However, athletes of the leanest groups had different fat distribution to that of nonexercising controls (p < .01). It appears that fat distribution is nonspecific in its response to exercise, while lean and BMC distributions show highly specific adaptations to specific sports.

scholarly journals Energy balance and energy values of α-amylase (EC 3. 2. 1. 1)-resistant maize and pea (Pisum sativum) starches in the rat

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Livesy ◽  
I. R. Davies ◽  
J. C. Brown ◽  
R. M. Faulks ◽  
S. Southon
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Resistant Starches

Apparent and partial digestible energy values for α-amylase (EC 3. 2. 1. 1)-resistant, retrograde starches, isolated from cooked maize and pea starches (RMS and RPS respectively), were determined in male Wistar rats (about 180 g) during a 28–29 d balance period with ten animals per treatment. The starches were provided as supplements (100 g/kg diet) to a semi-synthetic basal diet (B), and their effects on the apparent digestibilities of nitrogen and fat, and on gains of live weight, fat and lean tissue were examined. Diet B alone was the control; sucrose (Su) and Solka-floc cellulose (SFC) were also examined for reference. Apparent digestibilities for Su, SFC, RMS and RPS were 1.0, 0.16, 0.98 and 0.89 respectively. Whereas the apparent digestibilities of gross energy, N and fat in the diet were unaffected by supplementation with Su, each was decreased by supplementation with SFC, RMS and RPS. Partial digestible energy values calculated from the intakes and faecal losses of energy in the basal and supplemented diets were 15, 12.4 and 0.8 kJ/g for RMS, RPS and SFC respectively. These values were smaller than corresponding apparent digestible energy values calculated from the apparent digestibility of the supplement and its gross energy value. Only the Su and starch supplements increased the intake of apparent digestible energy and the gain of live weight. Both starches and Su increased total energy (and fat) deposition to almost similar extents. It is concluded that the resistant starches contribute significant dietary energy, enhance growth and elevate fat deposition to extents almost similar to Su.

The effect of dietary energy source on diet digestibility and growth performance of rainbow trout

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 222-222
Author(s):  
R.N. Weatherup ◽  
K.J. McCracken
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Energy Source ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Raw Starch ◽  
Carnivorous Fish

There is confusion in the literature as to the effects of carbohydrates in the diet of fishes. Warmwater, herbivorous fishes can digest more complex carbohydrates (Shiau and Chuang, 1995) while coldwater, carnivorous fish may digest glucose better. However high levels of dietary glucose may increase fat deposition in the viscera (Bergot, 1979). Furthermore, Kaushik and de Oliva-Teles (1985) reported that heat treatment of raw starch in diets for rainbow trout improved its utilisation. This study was conducted to determine the digestibility of diets containing raw wheat, extruded wheat, glucose and fish oil. The effects of these diets on growth performance and body composition of trout were also determined.

Effect of dietary energy level, addition of fat and physiological state on performance and energy balance of lactating and pregnant rabbit does

1995 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Xiccato ◽  
R. Parigi-Bini ◽  
A. Dalle Zotte ◽  
A. Carazzolo ◽  
M. E. Cossu
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Level ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Protein Balance ◽  
Initial Content

AbstractThe effects of dietary energy level and added fat were studied by comparative slaughter on 60 primiparous rabbit does in different reproductive states. Nine does were slaughtered immediately after their first parturition (preliminary slaughter group) to estimate initial empty body composition. The 51 remaining does were divided into three groups and given diets differing in digestible energy (DE) content: M (11·28 MJ/kg dry matter (DM); H (12·16 MJ/kg DM); F (11·93 MJ/kg DM, obtained by the inclusion of 25 g/kg of animal fat). Thirty-six does (12 per group) were remated 3 to 4 days after parturition, after which 20 does were concurrently pregnant and lactating (LP) and gave birth a second time. At the second parturition these does were slaughtered with their new-born litters. The non-mated or non-pregnant lactating does (LN) were slaughtered at the same time. All litters from the first parturition were weaned at the 30th day of age.The diets influenced the DE intake (3·11 v. 3·31 and 3·36 MJ/day, P < 0·05) and the milk production (171 v. 180 v. 191 glday, P < 0·05), respectively for the M, H and F diets. The high-energy diets (H and F) significantly modified the final empty body composition. The loss of body fat was proportionately 0·34, 0·36 and 0·39 of the initial body fat and the loss of energy was proportionately 0·17, 0·19 and 0·21 of the initial body energy in the M, H and F groups respectively (P > 0·05) (average of LP and LN does). The maternal diet significantly influenced the weight of the sucking litters (first parturition) at 20 days (2409 and 2454 v. 2629 g, P < 0·05).The LP does showed lower DE intake, milk yield (from 10 to 30 days) and litter weaning weights than LN does. Between the first and the second parturition, the LP does had a loss of empty body weight and a negative protein balance (-0·06 of the initial content), while the LN does had an increase in live weight and empty body weight and a positive protein balance (+0·11 of the initial content). Both LP and LN does had a negative energy balance (−0·24 v. −0·25, respectively; P < 0·01).

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