CHRONIC COPPER TOXICITY IN LAMBS: A SURVEY OF BLOOD CONSTITUENT RESPONSES

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 613-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. T. BUCKLEY ◽  
R. M. TAIT
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Aspartate Aminotransferase ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Copper Toxicity ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Copper Accumulation ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Dietary Copper ◽  
Liver Copper ◽  
Plasma Copper

Blood chemistry of lambs was studied during the period of liver copper accumulation in chronic copper toxicity. In trial 1, dietary copper was 10.9, 17.8 and 25.2 mg/kg. During a 10-wk feeding trial no mortalities due to copper toxicity and no differences in growth rate were found (P > 0.05). At slaughter, liver copper levels were 239, 454 and 721 μg/g of dry matter, respectively (P < 0.05). There was no response to added dietary copper for hematocrit, ferroxidase, aspartate aminotransferase, allantoin, plasma protein, catalase, molybdenum or plasma copper (P > 0.05). In trial 2, dietary copper was 9.1 and 37.3 mg/kg. Lambs were individually fed for an 11-wk feeding trial. No mortalities or difference in growth occurred (P > 0.05). At slaughter, liver copper levels were 372 and 1109 μg/g of dry matter, respectively (P < 0.05). Plasma aspartate aminotransferase was elevated in response to added dietary copper (P < 0.05). No effect due to added dietary copper was found with superoxide dismutase, alkaline phosphatase, ferroxidase, lactate dehydrogenase, plasma protein, hemoglobin, plasma copper, calcium, inorganic phosphate, cholesterol, triglyceride, uric acid, urea nitrogen or hematocrit (P > 0.05). Only plasma aspartate aminotransferase and liver copper concentration could be considered useful indicators of high copper status.

Effect of ionophores on the accumulation of copper in the livers of sheep

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. J. van Ryssen ◽  
P. R. Barrowman
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Copper Concentration ◽  
Copper Toxicity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Liver Size ◽  
Dietary Copper ◽  
Toxicity Threshold ◽  
Liver Copper ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACTLambs were allocated to three treatments: control (C), monensin (M) and lasalocid sodium (L) in a concentrate diet containing 36 mg copper per kg food. After 2 months deaths from copper toxicity occurred and the trial was terminated. All lambs were slaughtered. The mean liver copper concentration (mg/kg dry matter) of 1907 in the M treatment was higher than the mean concentrations of 1342 and 1229 in the C and L groups respectively (P < 0·01). Total liver copper was 234, 260 and 230 mg and the retention of dietary copper in the liver was 93·5, 108·5 and 93·3 g/kg for the C, M and L treatments respectively. These differences were not significant. From reduced liver size (as a proportion of body weight) and high copper levels in the kidneys, it was concluded that the group given monensin had accumulated copper to a level closer to the toxicity threshold than the other two groups.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a commercially available molybdate formulation and zinc oxide boluses in preventing hepatic copper accumulation and thus enzootic icterus in sheep

2001 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
C.J. Botha ◽  
A.S. Shakespeare ◽  
R. Gehring ◽  
D. Van der Merwe
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Copper Concentration ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Copper Accumulation ◽  
Copper Excretion ◽  
Hepatic Copper ◽  
Liver Copper ◽  
Urinary Copper ◽  
Plasma Copper ◽  
Urinary Copper Excretion

The efficacy of a molybdate formulation and a zinc oxide bolus as prophylactic agents for enzootic icterus was evaluated in sheep. Before copper loading, liver biopsies were performed on 12 male, 6-month-old, Mutton Merino sheep to determine hepatic copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) concentrations. The animals were restrictively randomised according to liver copper concentrations to 3 treatment groups (n = 4) to achieve similar mean liver copper concentrations per group. All sheep received 4 m /kg of a 0.5 %aqueous solution of CuSO4·5H2O intraruminally 7 days per week for 10 weeks. On Day 0 the sheep in the Mo-group were injected subcutaneously with 42 mg molybdenum (Mo) contained in a commercial molybdate formulation. The animals in the Zn-group each received a zinc oxide bolus, containing 43 g zinc oxide, via a rumen cannula. Treatment was repeated on Day 42. Four animals served as untreated controls. Urinary copper excretion, plasma copper concentration, haematocrit and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) activity were determined throughout the trial. The animals were sacrificed after 10 weeks and liver samples were submitted for histopathological examination. Liver and kidney copper and zinc concentrations were determined. Neither the molybdate treatment nor the zinc oxide boluses prevented hepatic copper accumulation. The urinary copper excretion, plasma copper concentration, haematocrit and GLDH activity were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from the controls.

COPPER ACCUMULATION IN THE LIVER OF SHEEP AND CATTLE FED DIETS SUPPLEMENTED WITH COPPER SULFATE OR COPPER CHLORIDE

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 727-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. IVAN ◽  
J. G. PROULX ◽  
R. MORALES ◽  
H. C. V. CODAGNONE ◽  
M. DE S. DAYRELL
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Copper Sulfate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Copper Chloride ◽  
Copper Accumulation ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Liver Copper

Six groups of 12 pregnant cows were fed barley or grass silage with or without copper sulfate or copper chloride supplements (16 or 14 mg copper kg−1 dry matter (DM)). In addition, five groups of 10 lambs were fed diets supplemented with 5 or 10 mg Cu kg−1 DM as salts of sulfate or chloride. The two Cu salts produced equal increases in the concentration of Cu in the livers of both sheep and cattle. Key words: Sheep, cattle, liver, copper sulfate, copper chloride

The effect of breed of sire on the accumulation of copper in lambs, with particular reference to copper toxicity

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Woolliams ◽  
N. F. Suttle ◽  
G. Wiener ◽  
A. C. Field ◽  
Carol Woolliams
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Copper Concentration ◽  
Copper Toxicity ◽  
Total Liver ◽  
Liver Copper ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
Aspartate Amino Transferase ◽  
Breed Crosses ◽  
Copper Poisoning

ABSTRACTLambs, 9 weeks of age, the offspring of sires of the Scottish Blackface, East Friesland, Finnish Landrace, Suffolk and Texel breeds mated to Scottish Blackface females, as a common maternal breed, were given diets containing 12 or 20 mg copper per kg dry matter for 13 weeks. Concentrations of liver copper and of copper and aspartate amino-transferase in the plasma were measured regularly, and the concentrations of copper in the kidney, mandible and cheek muscle were also measured terminally. Livers were examined for histological symptoms of copper toxicity.Wide breed variation was apparent in liver copper concentration after 6 weeks and in plasma aspartate aminotransferase concentration after 9 weeks. At slaughter, total liver copper and kidney copper concentration showed significant breed variation. For all traits, the Texel-cross lambs had the highest concentrations, followed by the Suffolk crosses, and the Blackface had the lowest. The proportion of ingested copper retained in the liver of the Texel-cross lambs was twice that of the Blackface lambs (0·137 v. 0·056), with the other breed crosses intermediate.There was a significant difference between diets for liver, kidney and mandible copper concentrations, plasma aspartate amino-transferase concentration, and for total liver copper but not for cheek muscle. Both diets produced elevated plasma aspartate amino-transferase concentration and histological symptoms of copper toxicity in the livers of some lambs.The results show large breed differences in the susceptibility to copper poisoning, some breeds being at risk when given diets containing 12mg copper per kg dry matter for long periods. There was no suggestion that breeds differed in resistance to poisoning other than through different retentions of copper consumed

Assessment of copper accumulation in archived liver specimens from cats

2020 ◽  
pp. 1098612X2096135
Author(s):  
Punyamanee Yamkate ◽  
Randi M Gold ◽  
Panagiotis G Xenoulis ◽  
Katja Steiger ◽  
David C Twedt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Hepatic Steatosis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Reference Interval ◽  
Copper Accumulation ◽  
Zonal Distribution ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Hepatic Copper ◽  
Liver Copper ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption

Objectives The aim of this study was to assess hepatic copper concentrations and zonal distribution in cat liver specimens. Methods For this study, 121 archived, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded liver specimens from cats were used. Tissue sections were stained for copper with rhodanine and scored from 0 (no copper accumulation) to 5 (panlobular copper accumulation). The tissue specimens were then deparaffinized and hepatic copper concentrations were measured using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results Tissue samples were categorized into four groups based on histopathologic findings: (1) no significant histopathologic hepatic changes (n = 66); (2) hepatic steatosis (n = 18); (3) inflammatory or infectious disease (n = 24); and (4) neoplasia (n = 13). Of the 121 specimens, 13 (11%) stained positive for copper, with three having a score ⩾3. Thirty-seven specimens (31%) had copper concentrations above the reference interval ([RI] <180 µg/g dry weight liver). Copper concentrations in cats with hepatic inflammatory or infectious disease were significantly higher than cats with hepatic steatosis ( P = 0.03). Copper-staining score and concentration were positively correlated ( rs = 0.46, P <0.001). Conclusions and relevance Despite the fact that 31% of specimens had copper concentrations above the RI, only 11% showed positive copper staining and only 2.5% had a score ⩾3. Our findings suggest that hepatic copper concentrations greater than the upper limit of the RI are relatively common in cats. Further studies to determine the factors that influence hepatic copper staining in cats and to establish contemporary RIs for hepatic copper in healthy cats are warranted.

Haematological and serum biochemical indices of growing rabbits fed graded levels of Yam peel meal as replacement for maize

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 167-175
Author(s):  
I. B. Amaza ◽  
A. Maidala ◽  
C. E. Isidahomen
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Serum Biochemical ◽  
Inclusion Level ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Biochemical Indices ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Haematological and serum biochemical parameters are indicators of physiological, nutritional and pathological status of animals. Investigation of these parameters provide information for diagnostic purposes. The study was conducted to determine the influence of feeding graded levels of yam peel meal (YPM) as a replacement for maize on haematology; blood chemistry was evaluated in rabbits. Thirty- six (New Zealand white X Chinchilla) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design with nine rabbits per treatment. The rabbits were fed diets containing 0, 12.5, 25 and 37.5% of Yam peel meal (YPM) as a replacement for maize, designated as T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. The experimental diets and clean drinking water were supplied ad libitum throughout the experimental period of nine weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, three rabbits per treatment were randomly selected for hematological and serum biochemical analysis. All the haematological and serum biochemical indices except AST were affected (P<0.05) by dietary inclusion of YPM. Although most of the parameters investigated were affected by rabbits fed test ingredient, the values fell within the normal literature reference values for rabbits. It can therefore be concluded that up to 37.5% inclusion level of YPM can be fed to growing rabbits without deleterious effects on health status.

scholarly journals 389 Effects of energy source on performance and carcass characteristics in hair lambs finished in feedlot

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 155-156
Author(s):  
Roman Castañeda-Serrano ◽  
Fabian Gutierrez-Oviedo ◽  
Marcela Diaz-Cristancho ◽  
Jairo Pardo-Guzman ◽  
Paula Lozano-Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different energy sources on performance, and carcass characteristics in hair lambs finished in feedlots. Twenty-eight hair lambs with an initial body weight (BW) 20.8 ± 3.01, were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments included with seven lambs per treatment. The dietary treatments included an energy source included at 18% Dry matter: S. spectabilis flour (SF), palm kernel (PK), corn bran (CB) and rice bran (RB) in a diet based in corn silage, ground corn, soybean meal formulated to 13.0% PC and 2.6 Mcal/Kg of DM. The feeding trial was performed for 13 weeks. Water was allowed ad libitum. Animals were slaughtered after the feeding trial, and the carcasses were kept at 4°C for 24 h under Colombian standard guidelines. Data were analyzed by using the ANOVA procedure, SAS version 9.1 to perform a randomized complete experiment with four diets. For each studied variable, the mean and standard error of the mean (SEM) were calculated and differences between means were evaluated Using Tukey′s Test (P ≤ 0.05). Final body weight, hot carcass weight, cold carcass weight, hot dressing carcass (%), and cold dressing weight (%) were not different between the four treatments (P &gt; 0.05). Dry matter intake was superior to the S. spectabilis flour (P &lt; 0,001). Feed efficiency was higher in the CB and RB treatments (P &lt; 0,05). These results indicate that the inclusion of S. spectabilis and palm kernel could improve the dry matter intake and corn bran and rice bran the feed efficiency without effects on carcass characteristics

Acclimation to Copper by Rainbow Trout,Salmo gairdneri: Biochemistry

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darrel Jon Laurén ◽  
D. G. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Gill Tissue ◽  
Microsomal Protein ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Copper Accumulation ◽  
Copper Exposure ◽  
Copper Uptake ◽  
Liver Copper

Whole body, gill, and liver copper uptake, gill Na+-K+-ATPase specific activity, and gill and liver acid-soluble thiols (AST), glutathione, and cysteine of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were measured during 28 d of exposure to 55 μg copper∙L−1. Na+-K+-ATPase specific activity was inhibited by 33% within 24 h of copper exposure, but this was compensated by a significant increase in microsomal protein so that the total Na+-K+-ATPase activity per milligram of gill tissue returned to normal by day 14. There was no accumulation of copper and no increase in AST, glutathione, or cysteine in the gill. However, after 7 d of exposure, hepatic AST and glutathione had increased by about 2 times, and a sulfhydryl-rich, acid-soluble protein, tentatively identified as metallothionein, increased by 2.8 times. Copper accumulation was highest in the liver, but other tissues also accumulated copper.

Problems involved in the utilization of alkali-treated fibrous roughages 1. The effects of level of roughage and protein in the diet and neutralization of residual alkali

1983 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-112
Author(s):  
D. Levy ◽  
Z. Holzer ◽  
D. Drori ◽  
Y. Folman
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Protein Levels

ABSTRACTWheat straw treated with 35 g NaOH per kg was offered to male calves at three levels: 300 (A), 500 (B), and 700 (C) g/kg diet, in a metabolism trial and in a feeding trial. In the former the wheat straw was offered either neutralized with HC1 (N) or unneutralized (U), in six subtreatments (AN, BN, CN, AU, BU and CU) in a 3 × 2 factorial design to a total of 24 calves. Dry-matter intake per kg W0·73was 123, 108, 104, 122, 105 and 91 g/day, and the digestibility of the organic matter of the straw was 0·388, 0·616, 0·629, 0·385, 0·528 and 0·544 respectively. The apparent digestibility of the crude protein of the straw was negative. Nitrogen retention per kg W0·73was 0·91, 0·58, 0·52, 0·97, 0·57 and 0·50 g/day, respectively.In the feeding trial, unneutralized, NaOH-treated wheat straw was offered to a total of 84 calves for 100 days at the above three levels with two protein levels: standard, 120 g/kg (S) and high, 140 g/kg (H), in six subtreatments (AS, BS, CS, AH, BH and CH) in a 3 × 2 factorial design. The concentrates were pelleted. From day 101 to slaughter all the calves were offered one finishing diet.Level of protein had no effect on performance. Increasing the levels of straw in the first 100 days sharply reduced average daily gains; these were 1 074, 825 and 583 g, respectively. However, the respective average daily gains on the finishing diet were 1 131, 1 272 and 1 316 g, indicating a considerable amount of compensatory growth.

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