Porcine somatotropin alters body composition and the distribution of fat and lean tissue in the finisher gilt

2005 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 683 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Suster ◽  
B. J. Leury ◽  
R. Hewitt ◽  
D. J. Kerton ◽  
F. R. Dunshea
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Large White ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Porcine Somatotropin ◽  
Available Lysine ◽  
Dose Dependent Decrease ◽  
Dose Dependent

The present study was designed to determine whether porcine somatotropin (pST) reduces whole animal and belly fat using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and manual dissection. The study utilised 24 Large White × Landrace gilts selected at 16 weeks of age with an approximate liveweight of 80 kg and housed in individual pens. Gilts were stratified on liveweight into 8 blocks and 1 pig from each block was assigned to either 0, 5 or 10 mg per day of pST. Pigs were fed ad libitum a wheat-based diet containing 200 g crude protein, 10.2 g available lysine and 14.6 MJ DE/kg, to ensure that responses to pST were expressed. Feed intake and liveweight were measured on a weekly basis. An Hologic QDR4500A dual energy X-ray absorptiometer was used to determine lean, fat and ash composition of pigs initially and again 4 weeks later at the end of the experiment. After slaughter, the composition of the whole half carcass as well as the shoulder, ham, belly and loin primal cuts was determined with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and verified with manual dissection. Daily pST treatment decreased feed intake (3440, 2710 and 2537 g/day for 0, 5 or 10 mg pST per day, respectively; P<0.001) and decreased feed conversion ratio (2.95, 2.18 and 2.03 g/g; P<0.001) even though there was no significant effect on daily gain. Pigs treated with pST deposited more lean tissue (620, 839 and 873 g/day; P<0.05) and less fat (384, 218 and 176 g/day; P<0.001) than control animals, but there was no effect of pST on ash deposition. As a consequence, pigs treated with 5 and 10 mg pST/day contained 5 and 9 kg less dissectible fat than control gilts, respectively. A dose dependent decrease in belly, loin, ham and shoulder fat was also observed, although the decrease in belly fat was more pronounced than for the whole carcass and other primal cuts. Overall, pST treatment has the potential to decrease carcass and especially belly fat in pigs and increase consumer acceptance of pork in markets that place a premium on carcass fat and lean yield in the belly region. The results determined with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry were confirmed by manual dissection.

Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry predicts the effects of dietary protein on body composition of pigs

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 1439 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Suster ◽  
B. J. Leury ◽  
D. J. Kerton ◽  
F. R. Dunshea
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Adequate Diet ◽  
Nutritional Studies

The present study investigated the potential of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry to determine the effect of dietary protein on live pig body composition compared with the standard methods. The experiment utilised 48 Large White × Landrace gilts, stratified on liveweight at 17 weeks of age (initial liveweight about 60 kg), and allocated within strata to diets containing either 85 or 100% of dietary protein requirements. The diets were fed ad libitum and contained 14.6 or 16.7% protein, respectively. Pigs were housed individually to allow weekly measurement of feed intake and liveweight. A Hologic QDR4500A dual energy X-ray absorptiometer was used to determine lean, fat and ash composition of pigs initially and 4 weeks later at the end of the experiment. Daily gain was increased by about 200 g in pigs fed the protein-adequate diet, but feed intake was not affected. Therefore, pigs fed adequate protein had a lower feed conversion ratio (2.92 v. 3.52 g/g, P<0.001). Feeding the protein-adequate diet increased lean deposition by about 150 g/day (577 v. 429 g/day, P<0.001) and ash deposition by about 4 g/day (28.7 v. 25.0 g/day, P<0.001), but did not affect fat accretion. This resulted in carcasses with a higher lean content (54.0 v. 50.7 kg, P<0.001) and ash content (2.35 v. 2.28 kg, P<0.05) but unaltered fat content. Therefore, an inadequate level of dietary protein leads to suboptimal growth in lean tissue and bone mineral, with no pronounced effect on fat. These observations were substantiated by chemical analysis and available corrective equations were useful in correcting differences between dual energy X-ray absorptiometry outputs and chemical values. After correction, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry estimates differed less than 5% from the chemical values for lean, protein, water and ash and 10% for lipid. In addition, reduced standard error of the differences around most dual energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements, relative to chemical analysis, allowed small changes in body composition to be detected with increased confidence. These data support the efficacy of using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in nutritional studies of pigs.

Effect of xylanase supplementation of wheat-based liquid diets, for weaner pigs, steeped for 1 or 24 h before feeding

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie A. l'Anson ◽  
Mingan Choct ◽  
Peter H. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Available Lysine ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Weaner Pigs ◽  
Entire Male

Seventy-two individually housed, entire male (Large White × Landrace) weaner pigs (28 days; 7.4 ± 0.4 kg) were used in a 26-day feeding trial. The pigs were allocated to one of six treatments in a 3 by 2 factorial design. The factors were (1) steeping duration of liquid feed [0 (dry control diet), 1 or 24 h], and (2) enzyme supplementation (0 or 300 ppm xylanase). The basal diet was wheat-based (65%) and was formulated to be marginally adequate for pigs of this age, containing 14.5 MJ digestible energy (DE)/kg and 0.85 g available lysine/MJ DE. Feeding pigs liquid diets steeped for 1 h increased feed intake (61 g/day; s.e.d. 17; P < 0.05) and daily gain (70 g/day; s.e.d. 17; P < 0.05) and improved feed conversion ratio (1.16 versus 1.22; s.e.d. 0.03; P < 0.05) compared with pigs fed dry diets. Performance was not further improved by steeping for 24 h. The addition of xylanase to the diets had no positive effect on any of the performance measures and was associated with a significant (40 g/day; s.e.d. 14; P < 0.05) reduction in feed intake. These results provide no support for supplementing liquid diets for weaner pig diets with xylanase.

The accuracy of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), weight, and P2 back fat to predict half-carcass and primal-cut composition in pigs within and across research experiments

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (9) ◽  
pp. 973 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Suster ◽  
B. J. Leury ◽  
C. D. Hofmeyr ◽  
D. N. D'Souza ◽  
F. R. Dunshea
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Content ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Large White ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fat Composition ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Total Tissue

A Hologic QDR4500A dual energy X-ray absorptiometer (DXA) was used to measure body composition in 199 half-carcasses ranging from 15 to 48 kg. Half-carcasses were from animals of mixed sex and of either Large White × Landrace or Large White × Landrace × Duroc descent. Half-carcasses were selected from 5 different experiments to evaluate DXA accuracy within and across experiments. Values determined by DXA including total tissue mass, fat tissue mass, lean tissue mass, and bone mineral content, for the half-carcass and the shoulder, loin, belly, and ham primal cuts were evaluated by comparison with manually dissected composition. Relationships between manually dissected values and measurements of weight and backfat at the P2 site were also evaluated. Manually dissected values were strongly related to DXA-derived values, more so than with weight and P2 or a combination of both, particularly in the measurement of fat composition. In contrast to estimates derived from weight and P2, DXA-derived estimates remained accurate even when between-experiment variation was included. However, because DXA estimates were different from manually dissected values, they would need to be adjusted with the use of appropriate regression equations to correct the in-built algorithms. These results demonstrate the efficacy of DXA as a non-destructive method for determining the composition of the half-carcass and primal cuts, and its greater precision than current routinely used methods.

Porcine somatotropin (pST) administered using a commercial delivery system improves growth performance of rapidly growing, group-housed finisher pigs

2002 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 287 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Dunshea ◽  
M. L. Cox ◽  
M. R. Borg ◽  
M. N. Sillence ◽  
D. R. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Porcine Somatotropin ◽  
Available Lysine ◽  
Veterinary Pathologist ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Stomach Ulceration

Porcine somatotropin (pST) treatment of pigs consistently improves average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, most studies have been conducted with individually housed pigs, of unimproved genotype and over a lighter finisher phase than current practice. The present study was designed to determine whether a commercial pST (Reporcin) treatment regime would improve growth performance in heavy boars and gilts (initial weight 79 kg) of an improved genotype and housed under commercial conditions. The 2 2 factorial experiment involved 160, 19-week-old Large White Landrace pigs (80 males and 80 females) in 20 pens of 8 pigs/pen. The respective factors were sex (boars and gilts) and dose of pST (0 and 5 mg/day). Pigs were fed a wheat-based diet formulated to contain 200 g crude protein, 10.2 g available lysine, and 14.6 MJ DE/kg to ensure that responses to pST and sex were expressed. Injections of pST were given daily for 28 days prior to slaughter using a commercial applicator designed for this purpose. Pigs were bled by venipuncture on days 7 and 28 of treatment and the plasma samples analysed for plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) and glucose. The degree of stomach ulceration at slaughter was assessed by a veterinary pathologist. Daily pST treatment increased ADG (P = 0.003), particularly in gilts, as indicated by the interaction (P = 0.015) between sex and pST. Thus, gilts treated with pST grew 23% faster than control gilts (1093 v. 1273 g/day), whereas the pST-treated boars grew only slightly faster (+2.5%) than control boars (1261 v. 1291 g/day). Feed intake was similar for boars and gilts and was decreased in both sexes by 10% during pST treatment. FCR was higher in control gilts than in boars and was improved by pST treatment. This was particularly evident in the gilts such that there was no difference in the FCR of pST-treated gilts and boars. Back fat at slaughter was reduced by 2.3 and 3.2 mm in boars and gilts treated with pST, respectively. The only stomach lesions observed were very minor in severity and there was no effect of pST on the proportion of pigs exhibiting stomach ulcers (7/80 and 9/79 for control and pST-treated pigs, respectively; χ2 = 0.31, P = 0.58) or visible possible injection site lesions (0/80 and 1/79; χ2 = 1.01, P = 0.31). The PUN response mirrored the effects of sex and pST on FCR. Indeed, there was a high correlation (R = +0.84, P < 0.001) between FCR and PUN. In conclusion, pST treatment of finisher pigs of an improved genotype and housed under simulated commercial conditions improved growth performance, decreased back fat, and negated sex differences.

Interactions between weaning age, weaning weight, sex, and enzyme supplementation on growth performance of pigs

2002 ◽  
Vol 53 (8) ◽  
pp. 939 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Dunshea ◽  
D. K. Kerton ◽  
P. D. Cranwell ◽  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
B. P. Mullan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Exogenous Enzyme ◽  
The Third ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Weaning Age ◽  
Enzyme Supplementation ◽  
Daily Gain

Digestive capacity of early-weaned pigs may be insufficient to fully digest many ingredients currently used in weaner diets. The aim of this experiment was to determine whether an exogenous enzyme preparation with broad carbohydrase activity could benefit pigs that developmentally might be immature at weaning, especially with regard to gastrointestinal development. Eighty Large White × Landrace pigs were used in a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment with the factors being: weaning age (14 or 24 days), weaning weight (heavy or light), sex (boar or gilt), and dietary Biofeed Plus CT (0 or 500 μg/g) which contained fungal xylanases, pentosanases and β-glucanases. Pigs were housed individually and given a wheat-based (550 g/kg) diet containing 15.0 MJ DE and 15.9 g lysine/kg on an ad libitum basis for 21 days. The diet also contained 50 g/kg of soybean meal and 50 g/kg of lupin (Lupinus�angustifolius) kernels. The liveweights of heavy (H) pigs weaned at 24 or 14 days and light pigs (L) weaned at 24 or 14 days were 7.9 and 5.3 and 5.2 and 3.9 kg, respectively. Pigs weaned at 14 days grew slower (157 v. 345 g/day) than those weaned at 24 days, although there was a suggestion of an interaction between age and weight at weaning (P = 0.081). Thus, H and L pigs weaned at 14 days grew at 148 and 166 g/day, whereas H and L pigs weaned at 24 days grew at 374 and 315 g/day, respectively. Although there was no main effect of enzymes on daily gain (248 v. 254 g/day, P = 0.80), feed intake (278 v. 284 g/day, P = 0.79), or feed conversion ratio (1.19 v. 1.25, P�=�0.35), there were interactions with weaning age on daily gain (P = 0.050) and feed intake (P = 0.060). Pigs weaned at 14 days grew slower (176 v. 138 g/day) and ate less (206 v. 174 g/day), whereas pigs weaned at 24 days grew faster (321 v. 369 g/day) and ate more (351 v. 394 g/day), when supplemented with enzymes. During the third week after weaning there were interactions between dietary enzymes and sex (P = 0.060) and dietary enzymes and age (P = 0.023) on daily gain. Thus, pigs weaned at 24 days and supplemented with Biofeed Plus CT grew more quickly during the third week (559 v. 460 g/day), whereas the converse was true for pigs weaned at 14 days (286 v. 334 g/day). Also, enzyme-supplemented boars grew better over this period (457 v. 371 g/day), whereas the converse was true for gilts (388 v. 423 g/day). In conclusion, these data clearly indicate that the greatest determinant of post-weaning performance under the present conditions was the age of the pigs at weaning. Dietary enzyme supplementation appeared most efficacious in boars weaned at an older age, although benefits did not become apparent until 2 weeks after weaning.

scholarly journals Copy number variation of amylase alpha 2B gene is associated with feed efficiency traits in Large White pigs--title not given--

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsukasa Yoshidomi ◽  
Kazuaki Tanaka ◽  
Tatsuya Takizawa ◽  
Satoshi Nikaido ◽  
Tetsuya Ito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Copy Number Variation ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Number Variation

Copy number variation (CNV) of the AMY gene in humans has been enthusiastically studied for its association with starch digestibility and obesity. The alpha-amylase (AMY) is a major starch digestive enzyme in mammals. This study aimed to determine the association between CNV of the porcine pancreatic amylase (AMY2B) gene and feed efficiency. Improvement of feed efficiency in growing pigs is of great economic interest. We assayed the copy number of AMY2B by using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) in a Large White pig population. We identified three genotypes for AMY2B CNVs, namely I/I (homozygotes of haplotype I; a chromosome with one copy of AMY2B), I/II (heterozygotes of haplotype I and II; a chromosome with two copies) and II/II (homozygotes of haplotype II). We tested the genotypes of the parental generation consisting of six males, 21 females and 265 offspring piglets to validate the AMY2B CNV genotyping. With very few mistyping exceptions, copy numbers of AMY2B were transmitted to piglets in segregation ratios following Mendelian inheritance. Finally, we performed an association analysis between the CNV of the AMY2B gene and feed efficiency traits in 207 uncastrated male pigs. The generalised linear model analysis showed the significant effects of AMY2B CNV genotype on average daily feed intake, total feed intake and feed conversion ratio during growth from 30 kg to 100 kg body weight. However, it was not associated with average daily gain, backfat thickness and loin eye muscle area. Individuals with the genotype I/I had about 76.6 ± 27.1 g lower average daily feed intake, 5.35 ± 1.90 kg lower total feed intake and 0.089 8 ± 0.026 5 lower feed conversion ratio than individuals with I/II and II/II genotypes. Thus, AMY2B CNV has the potential to be an effective genetic marker that could reduce feed costs for pig farming.  

scholarly journals Performance and nutrient digestibility of crossbred weaned pigs fed raw pride of barbados (Caesalpina pulcherrima) seed meal

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-191
Author(s):  
A. A. Ogunbode ◽  
A. F. Baderinwa ◽  
I. O. Gbemisola
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Large White ◽  
Final Body Weight

Deficit of conventional feed resources in meeting increased demand has led to hike in their prices culminating in soaring cost of livestock feed. This has necessitated the search for cheap and easily available alternatives. Pride of barbados seed which constitute a waste has potential of becoming a cheap and easily available feed resource. Performance and nutrient digestibility of dietary inclusion of raw pride of barbados seed meal was evaluated in an eight week feeding trial. Atotal of sixteen crossbred (Large White x Landrace) weaned pigs of eight weeks of age were weighed and allotted to four dietary treatments with four pigs each being a replicate in a completely randomized design. Diet 1 (control) was without raw pride of barbados seed meal while 5%, 10% and 15% of virgin raw pride of barbados were included in diets 2,3 and 4 respectively. Weekly weight gain, daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio and nutrient digestibility of raw pride of barbados seed meal was also determined. Results revealed a significant average final body weight of 16.75kg (diet 3) to 24.50kg (diet 4).The pigs fed 15% raw pride of barbados had the highest feed intake of 137.20kg in diet 4 while the lowest feed intake was obtained in pigs fed 10% (diet 3) inclusion level of raw pride of barbados. Pigs maintained on the control diet had the best feed conversion (7.60kg) while the pigs fed diet 3 had the lowest feed conversion ratio (8.93kg). Crude protein, ether extract and dry matter digestibility was highest at T4 (84.15%, 80.21% and 86.70%) respectively while the least values (68.71%, 65.75% and 71.10% was obtained in T2 and T3 respectively. This study concluded that 15% inclusion of raw pride of barbados in the diets of crossbred weaned pigs had no deleterious effect on performance and nutrient digestibility of pigs.

Enrichment strategy of object combination on the behaviour of growing pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
A. A. Famakinwa ◽  
O. A. Adebiyi ◽  
T. O. Bankole ◽  
P. O. Idahosa
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Performance Data ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Average Weight Gain

This study was carried out to determine the effect of object combination as environmental enrichment on behaviour of growing pigs. Thirty-six (36) crossbreed (Large White X Landrace) growing pigs with average weight of 34-36Kg were allotted randomly into four treatments, replicated three times in a completely randomized design. The four treatments were; Control (without enrichment), PRope (2 pieces of polyester rope), treatment SWood (2 pieces of soft wood) and treatment PRope+SWood (1 piece of soft wood and 1 piece of polyester rope). Behavioural observations were monitored by CCTV and recordings were made for 6 hours/day and 3days/week. At the end of the experiment, data collected includes average feed intake and average weight gain while feed conversion ratio was calculated. Likewise, behavioural observations; enrichment use, general activities, pen manipulation and pen-mate manipulation were observed. Behavioural data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) while performance data were analysed using one-way ANOVA. Performance data were significantly influenced (P<0.05) by enrichments for all the parameters measured. PRope+SWood had the highest value for the final weight (50.63kg), average weight gain (15.95kg) and average feed intake (56.61kg) while PRope had the highest FCR 4.18). Penmate manipulation (10.48%), pen manipulation (19.02%) and general activities (14.62%) were lower and significantly better for PRope+SWood compared to PRope and SWood and the highest interaction with enrichment objects was observed in the PRope+SWood (55.88%). It can be concluded that the use of combination of enrichment objects enhanced the performance and behaviour of pigs.

Estimating Body Fat and Lean Tissue Distribution in Hyperthyroidism by Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry

2002 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Gómez Acotto ◽  
H. Niepomniszcze ◽  
C.A. Mautalen
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Distribution ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
X Ray

Metabolic and production responses to different porcine somatotropin injection regimes in pigs

2002 ◽  
Vol 53 (7) ◽  
pp. 785 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Dunshea
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Daily Injection ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Porcine Somatotropin ◽  
Ideal Protein ◽  
Crossbred Pigs

Thirty-two female crossbred pigs (initial weight 75 kg) were used in this experiment to investigate the effect of differing porcine somatotropin (pST) regimes on growth performance. Pigs were kept in individual pens and fed ad libitum a wheat-based diet formulated to contain 14.4 MJ DE/kg and 180 g ideal protein/kg. Treatments were daily injection with saline (Sal), daily injection with pST (5 mg) (D), bi-daily injection with pST (10 mg) (2D), and injection with pST (12 mg) every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday (MWF). On the days that pigs were not receiving pST they were injected with saline (0.5 mL). All pST regimes caused a reduction (P < 0.001) in feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR), although there was no significant effect on average daily gain. Feed intake decreased after the first injection and, for the D group, remained low and constant. Feed intake for the 2D group was also reduced but not to as great an extent as for the D group. Feed intake in the MWF group showed a clear temporal response, being low during the week but increasing over the latter part of the weekend. Thus, feed intake from Sunday until Monday mornings was 400 g greater (P < 0.001) than from Saturday until Sunday mornings. Therefore, it appears that the effects of pST on feed intake may be reduced when a 3-day interval is used between injections. Back fat was significantly reduced with all pST injection regimes, whereas estimated fat deposition was only significantly reduced in the D and 2D pigs. Plasma urea nitrogen was increased, whereas glucose was decreased during pST administration and the average concentrations of both metabolites during the first week of administration were strongly related (P < 0.001) to FCR over the full 3 weeks of the study (R = 0.733 and -0.683, respectively). Although daily injection with pST appears to give the greatest reduction in feed intake and fat deposition, an alternative pST injection regime involving less frequent pST injections can also improve growth performance similarly in finisher pigs.

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