Grain yield production in relation to plant growth of wheat and canola following clover pastures in southern Victoria

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Zhang ◽  
P. M. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Yield Production

The plant growth and grain yield of crops following a pasture phase in 1:1 pasture–crop rotations were studied in southern Victoria in 2001 (wheat and canola at Hamilton, and wheat at Streatham and Gnarwarre). Both the wheat and canola crops produced high grain yields with no application of nitrogen fertiliser. In experiment 1 (at Hamilton) where the crops were dependent on nitrogen input from subterranean clover pasture, canola produced 4.1 t/ha of grain and wheat averaged 6.0 t/ha. The 3 canola cultivars (Charlton, Mystic and Surpass 400) had similar grain yields. However, for wheat, the late-maturing spring wheat cv. Kellalac and the early-maturing spring wheat cv. Silverstar produced significantly higher grain yields (6.6 and 6.3 t/ha, respectively) than the late-maturing winter cv. Brennan (5.0 t/ha). The 3 cultivars of each crop differed markedly in their major yield components. The most striking differences were those shown by Silverstar, which had the highest yield, together with Kellalac, but had lower biomass and lower leaf area index than the 2 late-maturing wheats. Silverstar compensated by having 50% more grains per head than the late-maturing Brennan. While Silverstar flowered on average 34 days earlier than the 2 other wheats, it took some 3 weeks longer to mature after anthesis. In experiment 2, the wheat crop (cv. Silverstar) produced grain yields of 5.4 t/ha over 6 different treatments, with higher grain yields at Streatham (6.1 t/ha) than at Gnarwarre (4.7 t/ha). Across the 2 sites, the grain yields following clovers reached over 5.7 t/ha, in contrast with low grain yields from the continuous crop (3.7 t/ha) and fallow/crop treatments (3.7 t/ha). Grain yields were closely related to the herbage dry matter production of previous pasture legumes, indicating a positive crop response. This may, in turn, reflect the nutrient status of the treatments, particularly the nitrogen status.

Effect of cropping sequences on soil nitrogen levels, rice growth, and grain yields

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 977 ◽  
Author(s):  
HG Beecher ◽  
JA Thompson ◽  
PE Bacon ◽  
DP Heenan
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Rice Crop ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Rice Growth ◽  
Soil Ammonium ◽  
Clover Pasture

The effect of 7 different crop and pasture sequences and cereal stubble management on soil nitrogen (N) levels and growth and grain yield of 2 subsequent rice crops was studied over 6 years (1986-92) on a Birganbigil clay loam soil at Yanco Agricultural Institute. After harvest of an initial rice crop in 1987, the following crop sequences were imposed: continuous annual rice cropping; 2 triticale crops, 2 seasons of pasture; pasture for 4 seasons; a second rice crop, 3 seasons of pasture; a second and third rice crop, 2 seasons of pasture; winter cereals; double cropped (winter-summer) on raised beds. The growth and productivity of 2 subsequent rice crops (1990-91, 1991-92) was then evaluated. Stubble retention rather than burning was practiced on half of each plot. Half of each pasture plot was sown to annual pasture (Trifolium subterraneum), while the other half was sown to perennial pasture (Trifolium repens). All plots returned to rice in 1990-91 and N rates up to 400 kg N/ka were applied. No fertiliser was applied to the 1991-92 crop. Anaerobic incubation ammonium content of soil, sampled before sowing of the 1990-91 rice crop, ranged from 28 to 85 pg/g oven-dried soil. The 1990-91 rice crop reduced soil ammonium by 30 y g/g in all sequences except continuous annual rice cropping. These differences in soil ammonium content were significantly correlated with rice growth and yield. Dry matter at panicle initiation and at physiological maturity and grain yield all increased significantly with N fertiliser application for all crop sequences. This indicates the benefit of N fertiliser, even after a 4-year pasture phase. Modelled grain yield from the unfertilised 2-year subterranean clover pasture (10.4 t/ha) was equal to that from the continuous rice sequence receiving 212 kg N/ha. Applying 320 kg N/ha to continuous rice plots produced yields similar to that of the 2-year subterranean clover pasture sequence, which received 98 kg N/ha. This indicates that the major effect on grain yield of different crop sequences could be alleviated through high N applications. Stubble management had little effect on rice growth or grain yield. Sequences with pasture phases of 2, 3, and 4 years produced similar rice grain yields. Pasture phases still had a positive effect, compared with continuous ricegrowing, on the second rice crop; however, crop growth and grain yield were about half that obtained from the unfertilised plots of the first rice crop. We conclude that continuous, high-yielding, annual ricegrowing can be maintained provided the N supply is adequate, that highly productive legume-dominant pasture phases of 2, 3, or 4 years contribute eqivalent amounts of N to succeeding rice crops, and that stubble management technique or pasture type has little effect on grain yield.

scholarly journals Growth and yield attributes of wheat crop in response to application of micronutrients: A review

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 823-829
Author(s):  
Ganpat Louhar
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Optimum Dose ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Yield Attributes

Wheat is one of the most important cereal crop and staple foods in the world. Increase in productivity of wheat by balance nutrient management is one of the most crucial factors. The main objective this study is to assessing the role of micronutrients in improving different components of wheat yield. There are different methods of application such as seed priming, soil application and fortification but foliar application is more beneficial. This is due to response of foliar application has positive and quadrate in nature i.e. the optimum dose of foliar application of zinc for grain yield of wheat was observed as 0.04%. Among treatments of micronutrient alone or combined forms give better results over control. Results have show that micronutrient application substantially improved leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration, CGR (Crop growth rate), RGR (Relative growth rate), NAR (Net assimilation rate), plant height, spike length, spikelets/spike, grains/spike, test weight, tillers m-2, grain yield, chlorophyll content and biological yield as well as harvest index of wheat. The yield and quality of wheat products improved and boosted by micronutrient applications. Therefore, human and animal health will be protected with the feed of enriched and balanced nutrition of produce as well as it will help in facing the severe global food security.

scholarly journals Predicting spring wheat yields based on water use-yield production function in a semi-arid climate

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. e1201
Author(s):  
Funian Zhao ◽  
Runyuan Wang ◽  
Kai Zhang ◽  
Jun Lei ◽  
Qiang Yu
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Production Function ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Boundary Function ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Conventional Management ◽  
Yield Production ◽  
Attainable Yield

Grain yield of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) fluctuates greatly in Western Loess Plateau of China due to limited and highly variable precipitation. Farmers in this area need a simple tool to predict spring wheat grain yield and assess yield loss risk efficiently. The objectives of this study were to establish relations between water use and grain yield of spring wheat for predicting actual yield and attainable yield (water limited yield) under conventional management practice and mulching practices. Reference data during 1993-2013 and field experiment conducted from 1987 to 2011 were used to determine water use-yield production function and boundary function for spring wheat. Probability of achieving a given spring wheat grain yield threshold is determined based on available soil water content at sowing plus expected precipitation during growing season. Single linear equation was obtained with slope of 14.6 kg ha-1 mm-1 and x intercept at 126.3 mm for spring wheat water use-yield production function with different wheat varieties under varying climatic patterns. The slopes of the boundary function were 16.2 kg ha-1 mm-1 and 19.1 kg ha-1 mm-1 under conventional management practice and mulching practices, respectively. With increase of available soil water content at sowing, the probability of achieving at least 2000 and 4000 kg ha-1 of spring wheat for actual and attainable yield increased under different agricultural management practices.

scholarly journals Influence of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on grain yield and some baking quality characteristics of spring wheat

1975 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 166-180
Author(s):  
Paavo Elonen ◽  
Sirkka-Liisa Rinne ◽  
Hilkka Suomela
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
Falling Number ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Baking Quality ◽  
Additional Nitrogen

In the years 1967—70 twelve irrigation experiments of spring wheat were carried out in southern Finland (60-62° N, 22-26° E). Sprinkler irrigation (2 X 30 mm) increased the grain yields on an average by 1240±470kg/ha (from 2740 to 3980 kg) or 45±17 %. The increases in yield were significant on clay soils (9 trials) and loam (1 trial) but insignificant on fines and (1 trial) and mould (1 trial). Additional nitrogen fertilization (from 76 to 143kg/ha N) increased the grain yields on an average by 350± 200 kg/ha or 11±6 %. The ripening of wheat was significantly promoted by irrigation in one year but slightly retarded in three years. Nitrogen fertilization slightly retarded ripening every year The falling number of grains tended to be slightly improved by irrigation (from 285 to 321, on an average), but in most trials irrigation and nitrogen fertilization had no significant influence on the falling number. Irrigation decreased the crude protein content of grains in all trials, on an average by 2.2 ± 0.7 %-units (from 16.3 to 14.1%). This unfavourable effect was, however, avoided with additional nitrogen which increased the protein content by 1.9±0.4%-units (from 14,3 to 16.2 %). The effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on those characteristics of wheat that are correlated with protein, were similar to the effects on the protein content. Thus, irrigation decreased the zeleny value (from 64 to 53 ml), cold viscosity (from 214 to 114 seconds), water absorption (from 66.5 to 64.9 %) and the valorimeter value (from 68 to 60), while these characteristics were improved by nitrogen fertilization. Irrigation did not decrease the Pelshenke value but increased significantly the ratio of the Pelshenke value/protein content (from 5,1 to 6.1). This indicates that the quality of protein was improved by irrigation, while the effect of nitrogen fertilization was the reverse. In fact, irrigation and additional nitrogen fertilization affected the quantity and quality of protein and the baking quality characteristics of wheat in opposite directions but the quantity of grain yield in the same direction. With these two methods combined it was possible to produce 60 % higher grain yields without any noteworthy changes in the baking quality characteristics of spring wheat.

scholarly journals Introducing cover crops as fallow replacement in the Northern Great Plains: II. Impact on following wheat crops

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Maryse Bourgault ◽  
Samuel A. Wyffels ◽  
Julia M. Dafoe ◽  
Peggy F. Lamb ◽  
Darrin L. Boss
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Grain Yields

Abstract The introduction of cover crops as fallow replacement in the traditional cereal-based cropping system of the Northern Great Plains has the potential to decrease soil erosion, increase water infiltration, reduce weed pressure and improve soil health. However, there are concerns this might come at the cost of reduced production in the subsequent wheat crop due to soil water use by the cover crops. To determine this risk, a phased 2-year rotation of 15 different cover crop mixtures and winter wheat/spring wheat was established at the Northern Agricultural Research Center near Havre, MT from 2012 to 2020, or four rotation cycles. Controls included fallow–wheat and barley–wheat sequences. Cover crops and barley were terminated early July by haying, grazing or herbicide application. Yields were significantly decreased in wheat following cover crops in 3 out of 8 years, up to maximum of 1.4 t ha−1 (or 60%) for winter wheat following cool-season cover crop mixtures. However, cover crops also unexpectedly increased following wheat yields in 2018, possibly due in part to residual fertilizer. Within cool-, mid- and warm-season cover crop groups, individual mixtures did not show significant differences impact on following grain yields. Similarly, cover crop termination methods had no impact on spring or winter wheat grain yields in any of the 8 years considered. Wheat grain protein concentration was not affected by cover crop mixtures or termination treatments but was decreased in winter wheat following barley. Differences in soil water content across cover crop groups were only evident at the beginning of the third cycle in one field, but important reductions were observed below 15 cm in the last rotation cycle. In-season rainfall explained 43 and 13% of the variability in winter and spring wheat yields, respectively, compared to 2 and 1% for the previous year cover crop biomass. Further economic analyses are required to determine if the integration of livestock is necessary to mitigate the risks associated with the introduction of cover crops in replacement of fallow in the Northern Great Plains.

Tillage practices and the growth and yield of wheat in southern New South Wales: Lockhart, in a 450 mm rainfall region

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 457 ◽  
Author(s):  
IB Mason ◽  
RA Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Direct Drilling

Effects of tillage treatments on the wheat crop were compared during a 3-year cropping phase on a red-brown earth which had previously supported subterranean clover. Direct-drilled wheat after long and short herbicide fallows yielded as well as wheat after cultivated fallow, and differed only in terms of small reductions (averaging 12%) in early plant growth. Non-fallow direct-drill crops had, compared with fallow crops, significantly less soil water (34 mm) and mineral nitrogen (30 kg/ha) at sowing in the first season, but not in later ones. However, they always showed reduced early plant growth, averaging 28% less than cultivated crops, and despite a subsequent narrowing of relative differences in growth gave significantly lower (15%) grain yields in the two wetter seasons; only in the second year, a severe drought causing very low yields, did they produce yields equal to those of fallow plots. The use of narrow combine points in direct drilling, giving incomplete soil disturbance, gave yields equal to those obtained with standard points and complete disturbance of the soil surface. However direct drilling with retained stubble - gave lower yields in a wet season. Averaged over 3 seasons, cultivated fallow yielded 2.54 t/ha, herbicide fallow 2.41 t/ha and non-fallow direct drill with stubble burning 2.17 t/ha. It was concluded that non-fallow direct-drill yields suffered because of reduced presowing water storage and reduced early growth, the latter effect was of less final consequence when the spring was dry.

scholarly journals Response of winter wheat to herbicide plus fungicide plus ammonium thiosulphate tank-mixes

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 1357-1364 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Hooker ◽  
Nader Soltani ◽  
Peter H. Sikkema
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Leaf Injury ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
Winter Wheat Crop ◽  
Treatment Application

A study was conducted at six field sites near Exeter and Ridgetown, ON, over a 3 yr period (2014, 2015, and 2016) to determine the effect of ammonium thiosulphate (ATS), various fungicides (azoxystrobin/propiconazole, trifloxystrobin/prothioconazole, or pyraclostrobin/metconazole), and various herbicides (bromoxynil/MCPA, thifensulfuron/tribenuron + MCPA, pyrasulfotole/bromoxynil, or 2,4-D/dichlorprop) applied alone and in tank-mix combinations on winter wheat crop injury and grain yield. The treatments were applied using Hypro ULD120-02 flat-fan nozzles around Zadoks growth stage 30. The herbicides and fungicides caused <0.6% leaf injury when ATS was not added to the tank-mix. When averaged across fungicides in ATS tank-mixes, leaf injury 1 wk after treatment application was 3.5% to 3.7% with thifensulfuron/tribenuron and dichlorprop-P/2,4-D herbicides and 5.1% to 5.8% injury with bromoxynil/MCPA and thifensulfuron/tribenuron herbicides. On the three field sites with the highest leaf injury, a fungicide–ATS tank-mix increased injury to 4.5% averaged across fungicides and to 4.3% with a herbicide–ATS tank-mix averaged across herbicides. Three-way tank-mixes of herbicide–fungicide–ATS caused the highest injury (7.1%). Despite significant crop injury 1 WAA with some tank-mixes, there was no evidence that grain yields were adversely affected. This study shows that the co-application of a three-way tank-mix of ATS with fungicides (azoxystrobin/propiconazole, trifloxystrobin/prothioconazole, or pyraclostrobin/metconazole) and herbicides (bromoxynil/MCPA, thifensulfuron/tribenuron + MCPA, pyrasulfotole/bromoxynil, or dichlorprop-P/2,4-D) has the potential to cause considerable injury in winter wheat under some environmental conditions in Ontario, but the effect seems transient, with no grain yield reductions detected.

scholarly journals Co-inoculation and inoculation methods of plant growth-promoting bacteria in wheat yield performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-56
Author(s):  
Luiz Júnior Perini ◽  
◽  
Douglas Mariani Zeffa ◽  
William Rafael Roesler ◽  
Claudemir Zucareli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen Content ◽  
Inoculation Methods ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Commercial Inoculant ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Rhizobium Sp

Several studies have reported the beneficial effects of inoculation of Azospirillum brasilense in wheat, but only a few of them have related the co-inoculation of A. brasilense and Rhizobium sp. and the evaluation of different inoculation methods. This study aimed i) to verify the efficiency of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) in subtropical environments, ii) to verify the efficiency of co-inoculation of A. brasilense and Rhizobium sp., and iii) to verify the efficiency of the management of different inoculation methods in the wheat crop. The experiments were carried out in Londrina and Apucarana, State of Paraná, Brazil, under a complete randomized block design, with four replications and nine treatments: T1) absence of nitrogen (N) topdressing, T2) 30 kg ha−1 of N topdressing, T3) 60 kg ha−1 of N topdressing, T4) A. brasilense Ab-V5 in the seeds, T5) A. brasilense Ab-V5 in post-emergence, T6) A. brasilense Ab-V5 + Rhizobium sp. 53GRM1 in the seeds, T7) A. brasilense Ab-V5 + Rhizobium sp. 53GRM1 in post-emergence, T8) commercial inoculant (A. brasilense Ab-V5 + Ab-V6) in the seeds, and T9) commercial inoculant (A. brasilense Ab-V5 + Ab-V6) in post-emergence. The number of ears per linear meter, number of spikelets, number of grains per spikelet, number of grains per ear, thousand-grain weight, number of spikelets to ears ratio, leaf nitrogen content, and grain yield were evaluated. Leaf N content and yield components showed no alterations due to the inoculation and co-inoculation performed both in the seed and in the post-emergence of seedlings. Treatments T3, T7, and T9 showed the highest means of grain yield (2077.50, 1743.12, and 1660.62 kg ha−1, respectively), demonstrating that co-inoculation with A. brasilense Ab-V5 + Rhizobium sp. 53GRM1 and inoculation with A. brasilense Ab-V5 + Ab-V6, both in post-emergence of seedlings, have the potential to replace the topdressing nitrogen fertilization in wheat.

scholarly journals YIELD AND BIOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MAIZE SUBMITTED TO PLANT POPULATION AND TRINEXAPAC-ETHYL DOSES

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 667-678
Author(s):  
LUIZ FERNANDO PRICINOTTO ◽  
CLAUDEMIR ZUCARELI ◽  
ANDRÉ SAMPAIO FERREIRA ◽  
LEANDRO TEODOSKI SPOLAOR ◽  
INÊS CRISTINA DE BATISTA FONSECA
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Area Index

ABSTRACT The use of plant growth regulators in agriculture can alter the morphology of corn plants, increasing crop yield due to the possibility of increasing the population. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of plant populations associated with trinexapac-ethyl (TE) doses on the biometric characteristics of shoot and grain yield of contrasting corn cultivars regarding plant architecture. Experiments were conducted in the field during two seasons with the hybrids 2B710 HX (flat leaf) and TL Status (erect leaf) in a randomized block design (four replications) and treatments in a 5 × 5 factorial scheme, with five plant populations (40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 thousand plants ha−1) and five TE doses (0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 g a.i. ha−1) applied by foliar spraying at the V6 stage. Plant height, ear insertion height, stem diameter, leaf area index, and grain yield were evaluated. An increment in population increases plant height, ear insertion height, and the leaf area index, but reduces stem diameter. The plant growth regulator TE reduces plant height and ear insertion height. The interaction between plant population and TE favors corn yield, with the highest values observed in combinations of 93.4 thousand plants ha−1 with a dose of 176 g ha−1 of TE for the hybrid 2B710 HX and 92.2 thousand plants ha−1 with a dose of 251 g ha−1 of TE for the hybrid Status TL.

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