Effect of cropping sequences on soil nitrogen levels, rice growth, and grain yields

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 977 ◽  
Author(s):  
HG Beecher ◽  
JA Thompson ◽  
PE Bacon ◽  
DP Heenan
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Rice Crop ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Rice Growth ◽  
Soil Ammonium ◽  
Clover Pasture

The effect of 7 different crop and pasture sequences and cereal stubble management on soil nitrogen (N) levels and growth and grain yield of 2 subsequent rice crops was studied over 6 years (1986-92) on a Birganbigil clay loam soil at Yanco Agricultural Institute. After harvest of an initial rice crop in 1987, the following crop sequences were imposed: continuous annual rice cropping; 2 triticale crops, 2 seasons of pasture; pasture for 4 seasons; a second rice crop, 3 seasons of pasture; a second and third rice crop, 2 seasons of pasture; winter cereals; double cropped (winter-summer) on raised beds. The growth and productivity of 2 subsequent rice crops (1990-91, 1991-92) was then evaluated. Stubble retention rather than burning was practiced on half of each plot. Half of each pasture plot was sown to annual pasture (Trifolium subterraneum), while the other half was sown to perennial pasture (Trifolium repens). All plots returned to rice in 1990-91 and N rates up to 400 kg N/ka were applied. No fertiliser was applied to the 1991-92 crop. Anaerobic incubation ammonium content of soil, sampled before sowing of the 1990-91 rice crop, ranged from 28 to 85 pg/g oven-dried soil. The 1990-91 rice crop reduced soil ammonium by 30 y g/g in all sequences except continuous annual rice cropping. These differences in soil ammonium content were significantly correlated with rice growth and yield. Dry matter at panicle initiation and at physiological maturity and grain yield all increased significantly with N fertiliser application for all crop sequences. This indicates the benefit of N fertiliser, even after a 4-year pasture phase. Modelled grain yield from the unfertilised 2-year subterranean clover pasture (10.4 t/ha) was equal to that from the continuous rice sequence receiving 212 kg N/ha. Applying 320 kg N/ha to continuous rice plots produced yields similar to that of the 2-year subterranean clover pasture sequence, which received 98 kg N/ha. This indicates that the major effect on grain yield of different crop sequences could be alleviated through high N applications. Stubble management had little effect on rice growth or grain yield. Sequences with pasture phases of 2, 3, and 4 years produced similar rice grain yields. Pasture phases still had a positive effect, compared with continuous ricegrowing, on the second rice crop; however, crop growth and grain yield were about half that obtained from the unfertilised plots of the first rice crop. We conclude that continuous, high-yielding, annual ricegrowing can be maintained provided the N supply is adequate, that highly productive legume-dominant pasture phases of 2, 3, or 4 years contribute eqivalent amounts of N to succeeding rice crops, and that stubble management technique or pasture type has little effect on grain yield.

Impact of lupins, grazed or ungrazed subterranean clover,stubble retention, and lime on soil nitrogen supplyand wheat nitrogen uptake, grain yields, and grain protein

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 487 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. McGhie ◽  
D. P. Heenan ◽  
D. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Total Soil ◽  
Total Soil N

Soil nitrogen (N), N uptake, and wheat production in relation to rotation with wheat, lupin,or subterranean clover, mulched or grazed, were examined on a red earth at Wagga Wagga, New South Wales. Data over 4 years (1992{95) are presented from a long-term trial commenced in 1979. The effects of the various rotations on wheat productivity changed with seasonal rainfall duringthe wheat and the previous legume growing year. Generally, low rainfall (1991 and 1994) during thelegume growing season resulted in lower N uptake, grain protein, and grain yield by wheat grown ina following season. The addition of N fertiliser (100 kg N/ha) to continuous wheat increased soil N supply, N uptake, grain yield, and grain protein. Yields from continuously cropped wheat fertilisedwith N were usually lower than those after a lupin growing season, although total soil N levels weresimilar. Subterranean clover produced higher total soil N and grain protein than lupin but yields werenormally less. Lodging and take-all diseases were higher after a growing season with subterraneanclover than after lupins and most likely reduced grain yields. Grazing, as opposed to mowing andmulching subterranean clover, increased soil total N, grain protein, and usually soil mineral N, butnot grain yield. The addition of lime at 1·5 t/ha raised the soil pH(CaCl2) (0-10 cm) of the mostacidified treatment, continuously cropped wheat fertilised with N, from 4·04 to a mean of 4·7, andincreased yields and N uptake in 1993 and 1995.

scholarly journals Growth and Yield Performance of Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata (L.) Walp) as influenced by Row-Spacing and Period of Weed interference in South-West Nigeria

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Adigun ◽  
A. O. Osipitan ◽  
Segun Toyosi Lagoke ◽  
Raphael Olusegun Adeyemi ◽  
Stephen Olaoluwa Afolami
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Growth Parameter ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Weed Removal

Weed problem appears to be the most deleterious factor causing between 25 and 60% reduction in potential yield of cowpea. Field trials were therefore conducted to study the effect of inter-row spacing and period of weed interference on growth and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp) at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (07° 15'; 03° 25' E) in South Western Nigeria during the early and late wet seasons of 2009. The experiment consisted of eight main plots of weed interference which included initial weed removal for 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks after sowing (WAS) and subsequently weed –infested until harvest as well as initial weed infestation for corresponding periods and thereafter kept weed free until harvest. There were also sub-plot treatments of three inter-row spacing of 60, 75, and 90 cm. All treatments in different combinations were laid out in a split-plot design with three replications. In both trials, the use of inter-row spacing of 60 cm resulted in significant reduction in weed growth as evident in lower weed dry matter production and subsequent higher cowpea pod and grain yields than those of 75 and 90 cm inter-row spacing. Initial weed infestation of up to 3 WAS did not have any adverse effect on crop growth and cowpea grain yields provided the weeds were subsequently removed. On the other hand, cowpea grain yield loss was not significantly averted by keeping the crop weed free for only 3 WAS without subsequent weed removal. In this study, initial weed-infestation for 6 WAS and beyond significantly depressed various crop growth parameter and cowpea grain yield compared with the crop kept weed free throughout its life cycle. In order to obtain optimum yields similar to that of the weed free cowpea field, it was required to keep the crop weed free for 6 WAS and beyond. However, frequent weeding beyond 9 weeks after sowing did not improve cowpea yield significantly and as a matter of fact it may even result in reduction of cowpea grain yield due to mechanical damage of hoe weeding. The practical implication of this finding is that early weeding starting from 3 WAS is very crucial for cowpea production while the critical period of weed removal for optimum yield in cowpea is between 3 and 9 WAS in the forest-savannah transitional zone of south Western Nigeria.

Prior crop and residue incorporation time affect the response of paddy rice to fertiliser nitrogen

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 937 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Ockerby ◽  
A. L. Garside ◽  
P. D. Holden ◽  
S. W. Adkins
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Rice Yield ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Rice Crop ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Rice Growth ◽  
Legume Crops

Crop residues are an important source of nitrogen (N) for rice (Oryza sativa L.). The objective of this research was to determine how the supply of mineral N from different prior crops or fallow might affect the growth and yield of rice. The study also tested whether N use by rice might be improved by timing the application of inorganic fertiliser N to supplement the N mineralised after prior crops. Experiments consisted of fallow, or cereal or legume crops in the dry-season followed by wet-season rice; and fallow, or cereal or legume crops in the wet- season followed by dry-season rice. Urea at one-third of the rate required for optimum rice yield was applied at 3 times during the rice crop: sowing, permanent flood, and/or panicle initiation. The prior fallow and crop treatments significantly influenced the growth and yield of rice crops. After a fallow, the pattern of soil N mineralisation promoted vegetative growth but was limiting during grain-filling. In contrast, after a cereal crop, rice vegetative growth was limited but grain-filling was promoted. Legume prior crops promoted both vegetative and grain growth. The benefits derived from growing the cereal or legume crops before rice, in terms of replacing fertiliser N, were dependent on the time at which fertiliser N was applied to the rice crop. In particular, legume crops frequently nullified the rice growth responses to fertiliser N. The results demonstrated that fallow and prior crops can alter the amount and timing of mineral N supply to a rice crop. Farmers should consider including a legume crop in rotation with rice because legumes supply N, which increases rice yield and reduces the requirement for fertiliser N. Cereal crops also contribute N, although farmers who use a cereal rotation should monitor the soil and crop N status during early rice growth, and supply extra fertiliser N to alleviate N deficiency.

The growth and yield of uniculm and tillered barley over a range of sowing rates

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 449 ◽  
Author(s):  
GK McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Waite Agricultural Research Institute

The growth and yield of two lines of uniculm barley, WID-103 and WID-105, were compared over a range of sowing rates (50-400 kg/ha) with the commercial varieties Galleon and Schooner. The experiments were conducted at Strathalbyn, S.A., in 1986, 1987 and 1988 and at the Waite Agricultural Research Institute in 1987. A third tillered variety, Clipper, was included in the comparison in 1988. Over the three years plant populations measured early in the season ranged from 39/m2 to 709/m2, and grain yields from 97 to 41 1 g/m2. Dry matter production at ear emergence increased with greater plant density, and both the tillered varieties and the uniculm lines showed similar responses to higher sowing rates. At maturity, dry matter production of the tillered barleys was greater than or equal to that of the uniculms and the harvest indices (HIs) of the two types were similar. Consequently, grain yields of the tillered types were greater than or equal to the yields of the uniculms. Over the four experiments the tillered varieties had a 6% higher yield. The number of ears/m2 was the yield component most affected by plant density in both the tillered and uniculm barleys. The uniculm lines had more spikelets/ear, but tended to set fewer grains/spikelet and produce smaller kernels. The experiments failed to demonstrate any advantage of the uniculm habit to the grain yield of barley. These results differ from previous experiments that showed that a uniculm line, WID-101, had a higher yield than the tillered variety Clipper. It is suggested that the uniculm habit per se was not the cause of this higher yield, but its higher HI resulted in it outyielding Clipper. Current varieties, however, have HIs similar to the uniculm lines and yield equally to or more than the uniculm barleys examined. To further improve the grain yield of uniculm barley, greater dry matter production is necessary as the HIs of these lines are already high.

Integrated nutrient, water and other agronomic options to enhance rice grain yield and N use efficiency in double-season rice crop

2013 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
pp. 15-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianquan Qin ◽  
S.M. Impa ◽  
Qiyuan Tang ◽  
Shenghai Yang ◽  
Jian Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
N Use Efficiency ◽  
Rice Crop ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
N Use

scholarly journals Morphological Observation and Correlation of Growth and Yield Characteristics with Grain Quality and Antioxidant Activities in Exotic Rice Varieties of Afghanistan

Agriculture ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kifayatullah Kakar ◽  
Tran Dang Xuan ◽  
Saidajan Abdiani ◽  
Imran Khan Wafa ◽  
Zubair Noori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Morphological Observation ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Panicle Number

Rice is an important staple food for Afghans. Its production has been increased, and attention is needed to improve grain quality. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the growth, yield, physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity, and morphological structures of four exotic rice varieties widely grown in Afghanistan (Attai-1, Jalalabad-14, Shishambagh-14, and Zodrass). Antioxidant activities, including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), of rice grain were determined. A scanning electron microscopic observation was conducted on the cross-cut section of dehulled rice grains. The results showed a wide variation among four rice varieties for growth, grain yield, physicochemical properties, antioxidant activities, and morphology. Tiller and panicle number per hill, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, and antioxidant activities were found to be highest in Jalalabad-14. Attai-1 showed lower amylose, protein, and lipid contents with a high number of perfect grains, consequently enhanced taste point (score of quality). Grain yield, protein, and amylose contents showed a negative correlation with antioxidant activities. Accumulated structures in Attai-1, Shishambagh-14, and Zodrass were normal; however, Jalalabad-14 increased protein bodies and its traces in the amyloplasts. Information on yield potential, grain quality, and nutritional value of these exotic rice varieties may useful for sustainable food provision and nutritional improvement of rice in Afghanistan.

scholarly journals Effects of cropping system and varieties on the rice growth and yield in acid sulphate soils of tidal swampland

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
Izhar Khairullah ◽  
Wahida Annisa ◽  
Herman Subagio ◽  
Hendri Sosiawan
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Critical Function ◽  
Acid Sulphate ◽  
Rice Growth ◽  
Acid Sulphate Soils ◽  
Rice Yields ◽  
Main Plot

Swampland plays a critical function in agriculture, specifically in growing rice production. The study aimed to determine the effects of cropping systems and varieties on the rice growth and yield in acid sulfate soil of tidal swampland. The experiment was conducted in a potential acid sulphate soils in Kapuas Regency, Central Kalimantan Province. The experiment was arranged in a split plot design with three replications. The main plot consisted of three HYV’s of rice, namely Inpara 8, Inpari 32, and Margasari. The subplot consisted of five cropping systems, namely, Jarwo 2:1A, Jarwo 2:1B, Jarwo 2:1C, Hazton, and Tegel.  The plot size was 4 m x 5 m. The variables observed included initial soil properties, plant growth, and yield components. The jajar legowo cropping system in this study was not able to increase rice yields in acid sulphate soil.  There was an interaction effect of cropping systems and varieties on the plant height and number of tillers at vegetative phase. At generative and pre-harvest phases, there was significant single effect of variety and cropping system in the planting height and number of tillers, respectively. Both cropping system and variety significantly affected the number of panicles per hill, while panicle length, grain per panicle and grain yield were only affected by variety.  There was no significant effect of both factors on the number of filled grains per panicle.  Inpara 8 variety achieved the highest grain yield, which was 6.78 ton.ha-1 or equivalent to 4.34 ton.ha-1 of 14 % water content. 

scholarly journals Amendments to saline-sodic soils showed long-term effects on improving growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e8726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dandan Zhao ◽  
Zhichun Wang ◽  
Fan Yang ◽  
Wendong Zhu ◽  
Fenghua An ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Selective Absorption ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Rice Growth

Background Saline-sodic soils are widely distributed in arid and semi-arid regions around the world. High levels of salt and sodium inhibit the growth and development of crops. However, there has been limited reports on both osmotic potential in soil solutions (OPss) and characteristics of Na+ and K+ absorption in rice in saline-sodic soils under various amendments application. Methods A field experiment was conducted between 2009 and 2017 to analyze the influence of amendments addition to saline-sodic soils on rice growth and yield. Rice was grown in the soil with no amendment (CK), with desulfurization gypsum (DG), with sandy soil (SS), with farmyard manure (FM) and with the mixture of above amendments (M). The osmotic potential in soil solution, selective absorption of K+ over Na+ (SA), selective transport of K+ over Na+ (ST), the distribution of K+ and Na+and yield components in rice plants were investigated. Results The results indicated that amendments application have positive effects on rice yield. The M treatment was the best among the tested amendments with the highest rice grain yield. M treatment increased the OPss values significantly to relieve the inhibition of the water uptake by plants. Additionally, the M treatment significantly enhanced K+ concentration and impeded Na+ accumulation in shoots. SA values were reduced while ST values were increased for all amendments. In conclusion, a mixture of desulfurization gypsum, sandy soil and farmyard manure was the best treatment for the improvement of rice growth and yield in the Songnen Plain, northeast China.

scholarly journals RICE GRAIN YIELD ESTIMATION OVER SOME ASIAN COUNTRIES USING ISRO’S SCATSAT-1 KU-BAND SCATTEROMETER DATA

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-3/W6 ◽  
pp. 257-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Tripathy ◽  
B. K. Bhattacharya ◽  
P. Tahlani ◽  
P. Gaur ◽  
S. S. Ray
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
State Level ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Rice Crop ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Yield Estimation ◽  
Back Scattering ◽  
Ku Band

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Rice crop monitoring and yield prediction at country-scale can be effectively done using high-repeat active microwave remote sensors due to its all-weather observation capability of land surface. The Ku-band with a frequency of 13.515&amp;thinsp;GHz has the ability to interact with the surface layer and hence is useful for providing information on top portion of canopy and hence the grain and awns of rice crop. Also it has the capability to generate information over the whole region of South Asia in one day. Hence the present study was carried out to explore the super resolved Ku band back scattering coefficient from space borne scatterometer (SCATSAT-1) for rice productivity assessment over six Asian countries (India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Sri Lanka). The super resolved sigma-0 in both polarization (H and V) for the kharif rice season of 2017 (May to Mid-Nov) was used for this study. The temporal backscatter was used to generate rice planting date using polynomial fitting. Multiple regression models were developed using the daily SH/SV ratio and the farm-level fresh paddy yield collected through the Crop Cutting Experiment (CCE). The validation of the model was done for India at state level. For other countries national average reported yield was compared with the estimated yield. The rice planting date was found to vary from first week of June to last week of August in different parts of the six countries. Country average yield was found to vary from 3.45&amp;thinsp;t&amp;thinsp;ha<sup>&amp;minus;1</sup> in Sri Lanka to 4.32&amp;thinsp;t&amp;thinsp;ha<sup>&amp;minus;1</sup> in Myanmar. The absolute difference was lowest in India (8 %) followed by Sri Lanka (&amp;minus;11&amp;thinsp;%) and maximum in Nepal (35&amp;thinsp;%). In Indian states, the validation results showed a correlation coefficient of 0.95 at state level with a RMSE of 0.28&amp;thinsp;t&amp;thinsp;ha<sup>&amp;minus;1</sup> (11.4&amp;thinsp;% of mean reported yield). This study showed the possibility of using high frequency and high resolution Ku-band back scattering coefficient for rice grain yield estimation at continental scale such as Asia. The yield estimation can be further improved with the use of country-wise crop cutting data for model development and validation.</p>

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