Regeneration of the legumes Acacia ancistrocarpa and Senna notabilis in the Pilbara region of Western Australia: mineral nutrition and carbon fractions

2000 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Islam ◽  
David W. Turner ◽  
Mark A. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Mineral Nutrition ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Total Phenolics ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Carbon Fractions ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Phosphorus Application

A large proportion of Australia’s rangelands is arid or semi-arid and is dominated by soils low in total phosphorus. Productivity is controlled chiefly by the season and distribution of rainfall, although fire plays a major role in determining species composition, especially of the scrublands in these regions. Two legumes, common to the Pilbara region of Western Australia, Acacia ancistrocarpa and Senna notabilis, regenerated quickly after fires in summer 1995–1996. We examined their growth, mineral nutrition and carbon fractions in relation to their role as possible feed for herbivores, both native and introduced, with and without added phosphorus both in the field and the glasshouse. In the field, both species showed no significant changes in concentrations of total phenolics, condensed tannins, non-structural carbohydrates or lignin in response to fertiliser addition. Both species accumulated nitrogen and phosphorus after summer rain but the allocation of those resources varied between species. In the glasshouse, the concentration of nitrogen in both species was not affected by phosphorus fertilisation but the concentration of phosphorus in foliage increased linearly as the amount of phosphorus increased. Phosphorus application resulted in an increase in the dry mass of both species. Both species are low in in vitro dry organic matter digestibility and maintain high concentrations of total phenolics, condensed tannins and lignin. All nutritional, including major minerals, and anti-nutritional components varied significantly with season.

scholarly journals Changes of tannin and nutrients during decomposition of branchlets of Casuarina equisetifolia plantation in subtropical coastal areas of China

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 74-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhang LH ◽  
Zhang SJ ◽  
Ye GF ◽  
Shao HB ◽  
Lin GH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Total Phenolics ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Casuarina Equisetifolia ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Litterbag Experiment ◽  
Time Required

A litterbag experiment was conducted to investigate the changes of tannins and nutrients in branchlets at different decomposition stages of Casuarina equisetifolia in southern subtropical coastal zone, China, using the colorimetric assays. The time required for the loss of half of the initial dry weight (t<sub>50</sub>) was 9.13 months. Total phenolics (TP), extractable condensed tannins (ECT), protein-bound condensed tannins (PBCT), total condensed tannins (TCT) and protein precipitation capacity (PPC) of branchlets litter decreased rapidly, while fibre-bound condensed tannins (FBCT) increased during decomposition. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentration of the branchlet litter both increased gradually during decay. Negative correlations between TP and nitrogen or phosphorus, as well as TCT and nitrogen or phosphorus were found. These chemical changes enhanced the current knowledge on the potential ecological role of nutrient transformation in tannins in C. equisetifolia plantations.

Nutritional characteristics of selected species of Acacia growing in naturally saline areas of Western Australia

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 341 ◽  
Author(s):  
GF Craig ◽  
DT Bell ◽  
CA Atkins
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Acid Detergent Lignin ◽  
Nutritional Characteristics ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Fodder Shrubs ◽  
High Concentrations

The forage potential of 11 species of Acacia from naturally saline areas of Western Australia was assessed by analysing their nutritive characteristics and acceptability to sheep. The crude protein content of new shoots was greater than that of mature phyllodes [8-25 v. 6-12% dry matter (DM) respectively]. This was reflected in higher in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) values (34-59% in shoots v. 22-54% in phyllodes). IVDMD appeared to be reduced by high concentrations of neutral and acid detergent fibre (NDF and ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL). The least acceptable species generally had high values of NDF. The most promising species for use as perennial fodder shrubs were Acacia ampliceps, A. brunzalis, A. cyclops and A. ligustrina. Mature phyllodes of these species had IVDMD >40%, ADL <20% and crude protein level of all foliage in the range 8-17% DM. A. patagiata and A. ixiophylla were acceptable to sheep; however, crude protein levels and IVDMD of phyllodes were relatively low. Although new shoot material of A. eremaea, A. inceae, A. aff. lineolata, A. mutabilis and A. redolens had relatively high levels of crude protein, mature phyllodes of these species had low levels of protein, IVDMD <40% and high NDF concentrations (>50% DM), which suggests that these species would be unsuitable as animal feed. The ability of salt-tolerant acacias to grow in marginal land means they may provide supplementary forage in times of drought.

scholarly journals The role of condensed tannins in the nutritional value of Lotus pedunculatus for sheep

1986 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 607-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. N. Barry ◽  
T. F. Allsop ◽  
Carolyn Redekopp
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Acetate Incorporation ◽  
Glycerol Release ◽  
Lotus Pedunculatus ◽  
High Concentrations

1. Three experiments were conducted using Lotus pedunculatus containing high concentrations of condensed tannins (CT), and utilizing the principle that polyethylene glycol (PEG) application (molecular weight 3350) will irreversibly bind a portion of the CT and thus reduce the dietary reactive (i.e. non-PEG bound) CT concentration. Lotus diets containing 95, 45 and 14 g total reactive CT/kg dry matter (DM), induced by spraying with three PEG rates, were given to sheep at hourly intervals (600 g DM/d) for 21 d (Expt 1). In Expts 2 and 3, lambs grazed areas oversown with either lotus (89 g CT/kg DM) or clovers (Trifolium repens and Trifolium pratense; < 1 g CT/kg DM) for 42 and 92 d respectively. In Expt 2 half the animals grazing each forage received oral PEG (75 g/d), whilst in Expt 3 half the lambs were sired by rams selected respectively for low or high levels of sub- cutaneous fat deposition.2. Hormone concentrations in plasma (Expt 1 only) were determined by radioimmunoassay. Rates of [U-14C]-acetate and D-[U-14C]glucose incorporation and oxidation by subcutaneous and abdominal adipose tissue removed at slaughter, together with rate of glycerol release, were determined during in vitro incubation in all three experiments.3. Plasma concentration of growth hormone was positively and linearly related to dietary reactive CT concentration, whilst 3, 5, 3'-triiodothyronine (T3) concentration tended to be negatively and linearly related to dietary reactive CT concentration. Diet CT concentration had no effect on plasma concentrations of the other hormones measured.4. Feeding of lotus high in CT was associated with a consistent but non-significant increase in the rate of glycerol release from adipose tissue, which was reduced as dietary reactive CT concentration was lowered through PEG application, and a reduction in the lipogenesis: lipolysis value. Selection for leanness decreased acetate incorporation and increased glycerol release from adipose tissue, with the effect not interacting with the diet.

Streptococcus caprinus is ineffective as a rumen inoculum to improve digestion of mulga (Acacia aneura) by sheep

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1323 ◽  
Author(s):  
SM Miller ◽  
JD Brooker ◽  
A Phillips ◽  
LL Blackall
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Cattle Grazing ◽  
Rumen Bacterium ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Acacia Aneura ◽  
Micro Organisms

This study examined the distribution of Streptococcus caprinus in domestic and feral ruminants, and the effect of rumen inoculation with S. caprinus on nitrogen digestion in mulga-fed sheep. S. caprinus is a tannin-resistant rumen bacterium found in feral goats and may play a role in alleviating the nutritive depressing effects of high concentrations of plant tannins in these animals. S. caprinus was present in samples of rumen fluid from feral goats and feral camels but was not detectable in rumen fluid from sheep and domestic goats that had not previously grazed forages containing condensed tannins. A proportion of sheep, domestic goats, and cattle grazing in mulga paddocks, with either feral goats or camels, had detectable populations of S. caprinus. Pure cultures of S. caprinus grown in vitro were successfully placed in the rumen of sheep; however, nitrogen digestion was unaffected by rumen inoculation. Interactions between several populations of micro-organisms may therefore be involved in achieving improvements in protein digestion.

In Vitro Effects of Ethanol on Rabbit Platelet Aggregation, Secretion of Granule Contents, and Cyclic AMP Levels in the Presence of Prostacyclin

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (02) ◽  
pp. 254-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret L Rand ◽  
Peter L Gross ◽  
Donna M Jakowec ◽  
Marian A Packham ◽  
J Fraser Mustard
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Amp ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Rabbit Platelet ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Rabbit Platelets ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
In Vitro Effects ◽  
Aggregation Of Platelets

SummaryEthanol, at physiologically tolerable concentrations, inhibits platelet responses to low concentrations of collagen or thrombin, but does not inhibit responses of washed rabbit platelets stimulated with high concentrations of ADP, collagen, or thrombin. However, when platelet responses to high concentrations of collagen or thrombin had been partially inhibited by prostacyclin (PGI2), ethanol had additional inhibitory effects on aggregation and secretion. These effects were also observed with aspirin- treated platelets stimulated with thrombin. Ethanol had no further inhibitory effect on aggregation of platelets stimulated with ADP, or the combination of ADP and epinephrine. Thus, the inhibitory effects of ethanol on platelet responses in the presence of PGI2 were very similar to its inhibitory effects in the absence of PGI2, when platelets were stimulated with lower concentrations of collagen or thrombin. Ethanol did not appear to exert its inhibitory effects by increasing cyclic AMP above basal levels and the additional inhibitory effects of ethanol in the presence of PGI2 did not appear to be brought about by further increases in platelet cyclic AMP levels.

Aggregation of Cat Platelets in Vitro

1970 ◽  
Vol 23 (03) ◽  
pp. 601-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Th. B Tschopp
Keyword(s):  
Adenosine Monophosphate ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Reversible Aggregation ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Irreversible Aggregation ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Improved Technique

SummaryAggregation of cat platelets in the citrated plasma is examined by means of Born’s absorptiometer. A marked tendency of the platelets of this species to spontaneous aggregation necessitated first of all the development of an improved technique of blood collection.A hypothesis according to which 5-HT is released from the platelets, explains the absence of oscillations on the base line of the absorptiometer, the absence of platelet swelling, when ADP is added, and the effect of stirring on the aggregation curves in cat PRP. The average volume of cat platelets amounts to 10.46 μ3 when directly fixed in the blood, when fixed from PRP to 12.17 μ3, when fixed from stirred PRP to 13.51 μ3.In low concentrations (0.3-2 μM) ADP produce reversible aggregation; in narrowly restricted, individually dissimilar mean concentrations irreversible aggregation in two phases and in high concentrations, irreversible aggregation in one phase. Like ADP serotonin produces 2 phase irreversible aggregation in concentrations of 3-10 μM, but unlike ADP, the aggregation velocity decreases again with high 5-HT concentrations (>100 μM). Adrenaline does not produce aggregation and it is likely that adenosine and adenosine monophosphate inhibit the aggregation by serotonin but not by ADP. Species differences in the aggregation of human, rabbit and cat platelets are discussed.

Thrombin Generation Measured Ex Vivo Following Microvasculor Injury Is Increased in SLE Patients with Antiphospholipid-protein Antibodies

1997 ◽  
Vol 78 (04) ◽  
pp. 1173-1177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacek Musiał ◽  
Jakub Swadźba ◽  
Miłosz Jankowski ◽  
Marek Grzywacz ◽  
Stanisława Bazan-Socha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Thrombin Generation ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Skin Incision ◽  
Anticardiolipin Antibodies ◽  
Small Blood Vessel ◽  
Anionic Phospholipids ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
High Concentrations

SummaryAntiphospholipid-protein antibodies (APA) include lupus-type anticoagulant (LA) and antibodies recognizing complexes of anionic phospholipids (e.g. cardiolipin) and proteins (e.g. prothrombin and (β2-glycoprotein I). The presence of APA is associated with an increased risk of both arterial and venous thrombosis. However, the pathogenic mechanism leading to thrombosis in patients with APA remains unclear. We studied 32 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who were divided into two groups depending on the presence (n = 19) or absence (n = 13) of APA. Healthy volunteers (n = 12) matched by age and sex served as controls. In all subjects LA and IgG class anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA) were determined. Thrombin generation was monitored ex vivo measuring fibrinopeptide A (FPA) and prothrombin fragment F1 + 2 (F1 + 2) in blood emerging from a skin microvasculature injury, collected at 30 second intervals. In subjects with antiphospholipid antibodies mean FPA and F1 + 2 concentrations were signiF1cantly higher at most blood sampling times than in controls. In some SLE patients with APA the process of thrombin generation was clearly disturbed and very high concentrations of F1brinopeptide A were detected already in the F1rst samples collected. Two minutes after skin incision SLE patients without APA produced slightly more FPA, but not F1 + 2, as compared to healthy subjects. Mathematical model applied to analyze the thrombin generation kinetics revealed that APA patients generated signiF1cantly greater amounts of thrombin than healthy controls (p = 0.02 for either marker). In contrast, in the same patients generation of thrombin in recalciF1ed plasma in vitro was delayed pointing to the role of endothelium in the phenomenon studied. In summary, these data show for the F1rst time that in SLE patients with antiphospholipid-protein antibodies thrombin generation after small blood vessel injury is markedly increased. Enhanced thrombin generation might explain thrombotic tendency observed in these patients.

Inhibition of Platelet Function by Antiarrhythmic Drugs, Verapamil and Disopyramide

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (02) ◽  
pp. 150-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Han ◽  
C Boatwright ◽  
N G Ardlie
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Platelet Function ◽  
Antiarrhythmic Drugs ◽  
Adenosine Diphosphate ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Ionophore A23187 ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Artery Disease

SummaryVarious cardiovascular drugs such as nitrates and propranolol, used in the treatment of coronary artery disease have been shown to have an antiplatelet effect. We have studied the in vitro effects of two antiarrhythmic drugs, verapamil and disopyramide, and have shown their inhibitory effect on platelet function. Verapamil, a calcium channel blocker, inhibited the second phase of platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inhibited aggregation induced by collagen. Disopyramide similarly inhibited the second phase of platelet aggregation caused by ADP and aggregation induced by collagen. Either drug in synergism with propranolol inhibited ADP or collagen-induced platelet aggregation. Disopyramide at high concentrations inhibited arachidonic add whereas verapamil was without effect. Verapamil, but not disopyramide, inhibited aggregation induced by the ionophore A23187.

Needleless electrospinning of PVP/PGS fibrous scaffolds for skin tissue engineering applications

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonios Keirouz ◽  
Giuseppino Fortunato ◽  
Anthony Callanan ◽  
Norbert Radacsi
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Dermal Fibroblasts ◽  
Skin Tissue ◽  
Skin Substitute ◽  
Electrospinning Technique ◽  
Skin Tissue Engineering ◽  
Needleless Electrospinning ◽  
High Concentrations

Scaffolds and implants used for tissue engineering need to be adapted for their mechanical properties with respect to their environment within the human body. Therefore, a novel composite for skin tissue engineering is presented by use of blends of Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) and Poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) were fabricated via the needleless electrospinning technique. The formed PGS/PVP blends were morphologically, thermochemically and mechanically characterized. The morphology of the developed fibers related to the concentration of PGS, with high concentrations of PGS merging the fibers together plasticizing the scaffold. The tensile modulus appeared to be affected by the concentration of PGS within the blends, with an apparent decrease in the elastic modulus of the electrospun mats and an exponential increase of the elongation at break. Ultraviolet (UV) crosslinking of PGS/PVP significantly decreased and stabilized the wettability of the formed fiber mats, as indicated by contact angle measurements. In vitro examination showed good viability and proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts over the period of a week. The present findings provide important insights for tuning the elastic properties of electrospun material by incorporating this unique elastomer, as a promising future candidate for skin substitute constructs.

Methods of experimental polyploidization and their use in apple breeding

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 85-90
Author(s):  
L. V. Tashmatova ◽  
O. V. Matsneva ◽  
T. M. Khromova ◽  
V. V. Shakhov
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Time ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Colchicine Treatment ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Open Ground ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Diploid Gametes

The article presents methods of experimental polyploidy of fruit, berry and ornamental plants. The purpose of this review is to highlight the problems and prospects of polyploidization of plants in the open ground and in vitro culture and the possibility of their application for apple trees. For the purpose of obtaining apple tetraploids as donors of diploid gametes, seed seedlings were treated with a solution of colchicine in concentrations of 0.1-0.4 % for 24 and 48 hours. Colchicine concentrations of 0.3 % and 0.4 % at 48 hours of treatment had a detrimental eff ect on their development. As a result, tetraploids and chimeras were obtained from seeds from free pollination of the varieties Orlik, Svezhest, Kandil Orlovsky, as well as from seeds obtained from crossing the varieties Svezhest×Bolotovskoe, Moskovskoe Оzherel’e×Imrus, Girlyanda×Venyaminovskoe. The optimal concentration of colchicine was 0.1 %. Methods of colchicine treatment have been studied: 1) adding to the nutrient medium, colchicine concentration: 0.01%, 0.02%, exposure time 24h-19 days; 2) applying amitotic solution to the growth point, colchicine concentration: 0.1 %, 0.2 %, exposure time 24h-7 days. To increase the penetration of colchicine through the cell walls, a 0.1 % dimexide solution was used. Studies have shown that high concentrations and prolonged exposure to colchicine reduce the viability of explants.

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