Streptococcus caprinus is ineffective as a rumen inoculum to improve digestion of mulga (Acacia aneura) by sheep

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1323 ◽  
Author(s):  
SM Miller ◽  
JD Brooker ◽  
A Phillips ◽  
LL Blackall
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Cattle Grazing ◽  
Rumen Bacterium ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Acacia Aneura ◽  
Micro Organisms

This study examined the distribution of Streptococcus caprinus in domestic and feral ruminants, and the effect of rumen inoculation with S. caprinus on nitrogen digestion in mulga-fed sheep. S. caprinus is a tannin-resistant rumen bacterium found in feral goats and may play a role in alleviating the nutritive depressing effects of high concentrations of plant tannins in these animals. S. caprinus was present in samples of rumen fluid from feral goats and feral camels but was not detectable in rumen fluid from sheep and domestic goats that had not previously grazed forages containing condensed tannins. A proportion of sheep, domestic goats, and cattle grazing in mulga paddocks, with either feral goats or camels, had detectable populations of S. caprinus. Pure cultures of S. caprinus grown in vitro were successfully placed in the rumen of sheep; however, nitrogen digestion was unaffected by rumen inoculation. Interactions between several populations of micro-organisms may therefore be involved in achieving improvements in protein digestion.

scholarly journals The effect of condensed tannins in Lotus pedunculatus on the solubilization and degradation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.39; Rubisco) protein in the rumen and the sites of Rubisco digestion

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. Mcnabb ◽  
G. C. Waghorn ◽  
J. S. Peters ◽  
T. N. Barry
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
The Other ◽  
Leaf Protein ◽  
Bisphosphate Carboxylase ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Lotus Pedunculatus ◽  
Micro Organisms

Three experiments were undertaken to determine the effect of condensed tannin (CT) in Lotuspedunculutus (45–55 g extractable CT/kg DM) on the digestion of the principal leaf protein, ribulose-1,5-bis phosphate carboxylase EC 4.1.1.39; Rubisco; fraction 1 leaf protein). In two of the experiments Lotus pedunculutus was fed to sheep, with one group receiving a continuous intraruminal infusion (per fistulum) of PEG (molecular weight 3500) to bind and inactivate the CT (PEG group). The other group, which did not receive PEG, was termed the control sheep (CT acting). Expt 3 involved in vitvo incubations of Lotus pedunculutus in buffered rumen fluid, with and without PEG added. In all experiments the results have been interpreted in terms of the effects of CT on Rubisco solubilization and degradation. Disappearance of N and Rubisco from Lotus pedunculutus suspended in polyester bags in the rumen was used as a measure of solubilization. Degradation was defined as the disappearance of Rubisco from in vitro incubations of Lotus pedunculatusinrumen fluid. In Expt 1, CT reduced the digestion of Rubisco in the rumen from 0.96 to 0.72 of intake (P < 0.01). Rubisco digestion in the small intestine was 0.27 of intake in control sheep and 0.04 of intake in PEG sheep. In Expt 2, PEG had no effect on the loss of Rubisco from Lotus pehneulatus contained in polyester bags which were incubated in the rumen, hence CT did not affect the solubilization of Rubisco. Observations in Expt 1 were confirmed by in vitro incubations in Expt 3, where PEG addition substantially increased the rate of degradation of plant protein to NH2. Addition of PEG decreased the period of time taken to degrade 50% of the Rubisco from about 13.8 h to about 3.0 h. It was concluded that the action of CT reduced the digestion of Rubisco in the rumen of sheep fed on fresh Lotus pedunculutus, and that this was primarily due to the ability of CT to slow its degradation by rumen micro-organisms, without affecting its solubilization. Both fresh-minced, and freeze-dried and ground lotus were used for in saccoand in vitro incubations; however, fresh-minced lotus was more suitable for the evaluation of protein solubilization and degradation in fresh forages.

scholarly journals Hydrolysis of14C-labelled proteins by rumen micro-organisms and by proteolytic enzymes prepared from rumen bacteria

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Performic Acid ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Rate Of Hydrolysis ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

1. Proteins were labelled with14C in a limited reductive methylation using [14C]formaldehyde and sodium borohydride.2. The rate of hydrolysis of purified proteins was little (< 10%) affected by methylation and the14C-labelled digestion products were not incorporated into microbial protein during a 5 h incubation with rumen fluid in vitro. It was therefore concluded that proteins labelled with14C in this way are valid substrates for study with rumen micro-organisms.3. The patterns of digestion of14C-labelled fish meal, linseed meal and groundnut-protein meal by rumen micro-organisms in vitro were similar to those found in vivo.4. The rates of hydrolysis of a number of14C-labelled proteins, including glycoprotein II and lectin from kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), were determined with mixed rumen micro-organisms and with proteases extracted from rumen bacteria. Different soluble proteins were digested at quite different rates, with casein being most readily hydrolysed.5. Proteins modified by performic acid oxidation, by cross-linking using 1,6-di-iso-cyanatohexane or by diazotization were labelled with14C. Performic acid treatment generally increased the susceptibility of proteins to digestion, so that the rates of hydrolysis of performic acid-treated proteins were more comparable than those of the unmodified proteins. Cross-linking resulted in a decreased rate of hydrolysis except with the insoluble proteins, hide powder azure and elastin congo red. Diazotization had little effect on the rate of hydrolysis of lactoglobulin and albumin, but inhibited casein hydrolysis and stimulated the breakdown of γ-globulin.

Repeatability of in vitro digestibility assays of forages when using fresh, frozen or freeze-dried cow faeces instead of sheep rumen liquor as sources of micro-organisms

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 110-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Akhter ◽  
E Owen ◽  
M K Theodorou ◽  
S L Tembo ◽  
E R Deaville
Keyword(s):  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Fresh Frozen ◽  
Sheep Rumen ◽  
Micro Organisms

Previous studies (El Shaer, Omed and Axford, 1987; Akhter, Owen, Fall, O'Donovan and Theodorou, 1994) with the two-stage in vitro procedure of Tilley and Terry (1963) have shown a high correlation between digestibilities of forages as determined using either sheep rumen liquor, sheep faeces or cow faeces as the microbial inoculum. In the first study of the of the present investigation one objective was to examine the repeatability of these digestibility measurements when made on different occasions. A second objective was to assess whether the correlations between faecal and rumen fluid based inocula could be improved if microorganisms were obtained from pairs rather than individual animals. The objective in the second study using forages of known in vivo digestibility, was to investigate the effect of freezing or freeze-drying of faeces on the repeatability of digestibilities of forages determined in vitro using micro-organisms from cow faeces.

Effects of heavy metals and other trace elements on the fermentative activity of the rumen microflora and growth of functionally important rumen bacteria

1978 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 298-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Forsberg
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Butyrivibrio Fibrisolvens ◽  
Fermentative Activity ◽  
Rumen Microflora ◽  
High Concentrations

The inhibitory effects of high concentrations of essential and non-essential trace elements were tested on the rumen microflora using the rate of fermentation in vitro as the assay. The elements (and the concentration causing 50% inhibition) in decreasing order of toxicity were Hg2+ (20 μg/ml), Cu2+ (21 μg/ml), Cr6+ (70 μg/ml), Se4+ (73 μg/ml), Ni2+ (160 μg/ml), Cd2+ (175 μg/ml), As3+ (304 μg/ml), and As5+ (1610 μg/ml). The elements tested that were either weak or non-inhibitory at concentrations greater than 400 μg/ml included Zn2+, Cr2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Pb2+, and Co2+. Methylmercury was as inhibitory as mercuric chloride to the fermentation. When the inhibitory effect of Cd2+ was tested on separated bacterial and protozoal fractions, it was more inhibitory to the bacteria. The inhibitory effects of trace elements were also determined for a number of axenic cultures of rumen bacteria. The bacteria which most frequently exhibited the greatest sensitivity were Bacteroides succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus, Bacteroides amytophilus, and Eubacterium ruminantium. Those often exhibiting intermediate sensitivities included Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Selenomonas niminantium, and Megasphera elsdenii, while Streptococcus bovis was very refractory to all elements tested. Rumen fluid provided a modest protective effect for the bacteria.

scholarly journals A comparative study of ruminal activity in Churra and Merino sheep offered alfalfa hay

1997 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Ranilla ◽  
M. D. Carro ◽  
C. Valdés ◽  
F. J. Giráldez ◽  
S. López
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Sheep Rumen ◽  
Fermentation Parameters ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Kinetics Of

AbstractA study was carried out to compare the fermentation parameters and kinetics of digestion of a range of different foods in the rumen of two breeds of sheep (Churra and Merino). Ten mature sheep (five Churra and five Merino), each fitted with a rumen cannula, were used in this study. In situ rumen degradability of both dry matter (DM) and cell wall was greater in Churra than in Merino sheep, the breed differences being significant for most of the foods used in the study (P < 0·05). These differences were greater when the foods had a higher cell wall concentration and this could be related to differences in the ruminal environment. However, when the foods were incubated with rumen fluid their in vitro organic matter (OM) degradability was similar in both breeds. Rumen pH was higher (P < 0·05) and ammonia concentrations were lower (P < 0·05) in Churra than in Merino sheep. Rumen volatile fatty acid concentrations tended to be higher in Merino than in Churra sheep, though differences were only significant just before feeding (P < 0·05). The ratio acetate: propionate was higher in the Churra than Merino breed before and 12 h after feeding (P < 0·05). Protozoa numbers in rumen liquid were similar for both genotypes. The greater degradation of forages in the rumen of Churra sheep is discussed in relation to the possible higher activity of fibre-degrading micro-organisms and the greater buffering capacity of the rumen contents against fermentation acids, which could result in more favourable conditions for the microbial degradation of foods in the rumen.

scholarly journals Excretion of purine derivatives by ruminants: recycling of allantoin into the rumen via saliva and its fate in the gut

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. B. Chen ◽  
F. D. DeB. Hovell ◽  
E. R. ØRskov
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Purine Derivatives ◽  
Complete Destruction ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Micro Organisms

The saliva of sheep was shown to contain significant concentrations of uric acid (16 (sd) 4.5) μmol/l) and allantoin (120 (sd 16.4) μmol/l), sufficient to recycle purine derivatives equivalent to about 0.10 of the normal urinary excretion. When allantoin was incubated in vitro in rumen fluid, it was degraded at a rate sufficient to ensure complete destruction of recycled allantoin. In a series of experiments in which allantoin was infused into the rumen of sheep fed normally, or into the rumen or abomasum of sheep and the rumen of cattle completely nourished by intragastric infusion of volatile fatty acids and casein, no additional allantoin was recovered in the urine. These losses were probably due to the degradation of allantoin by micro-organisms associated with the digestive tract. It is concluded that all allantoin and uric acid recycled to the rumen via saliva will be similarly degraded. Therefore, the use of urinary excretion of purine derivatives as an estimator of the rumen microbial biomass available to ruminants will need to be corrected for such losses.

Prevalence of mimosine and DHP toxicity in cattle grazing Leucaena leucocephala pastures in Queensland, Australia

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 365 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Dalzell ◽  
D. J. Burnett ◽  
J. E. Dowsett ◽  
V. E. Forbes ◽  
H. M. Shelton
Keyword(s):  
Urine Analysis ◽  
Cattle Grazing ◽  
Postal Survey ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Urine Concentrations ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Subclinical Toxicity

A postal survey of the level of awareness of leucaena toxicity and an on-farm study of the toxicity status of Queensland cattle herds grazing leucaena were conducted to investigate the prevalence of mimosine and dihydroxypyridine (DHP) toxicity in Queensland. In total, 195 of 356 graziers surveyed responded to the postal survey. Sixty-three percent had inoculated their cattle with in vitro Synergistes jonesii inoculum (produced in an anaerobic fermenter) and 30% of these had inoculated more than once. The remainder used inappropriate procedures. Many graziers (43%) had occasionally observed toxicity symptoms of hair loss and poor animal growth rates. In the on-farm study, the toxicity status of 385 animals in 44 individually managed herds on 36 properties was determined by urine analysis of mimosine and DHP concentrations. No animals were experiencing mimosine toxicity, based on low concentrations of this compound found in the urine. Using the criterion that average herd urine concentrations of DHP >100 μg/mL was indicative of subclinical toxicity, 48% of herds were exposed to subclinical toxicity due to dominant 3,4-DHP (21%) or dominant 2,3-DHP (27%) toxicity; many of these herds had been inoculated with S. jonesii and were thought to be protected. The finding that 27% of herds were excreting high concentrations of 2,3-DHP was unexpected. Statistical analysis of herd-management data revealed that the method used by graziers to inoculate their herds was significantly (P < 0.05) but weakly linked to herd protection status. It was concluded that subclinical 3,4-DHP and 2,3-DHP toxicity remains a problem in Queensland and is likely to be limiting animal production in a significant number of cattle grazing leucaena-grass pastures.

scholarly journals Multi-Omics Study of The Salivary Modulation of The Rumen Microbiome

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Manuel Palma-Hidalgo ◽  
Alejandro Belanche ◽  
Elisabeth Jiménez ◽  
A. Ignacio Martín-García ◽  
Charles J. Newbold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Rumen Bacterium ◽  
Commensal Microbiota ◽  
Rumen Microbiome ◽  
High Degree

Abstract Ruminants are able to produce large quantities of saliva which enter into the rumen. Although previous research has indicated that salivary immunoglobulins can partially modulate the rumen microbial activity, the role of the salivary components other than ions on the rumen microbial ecosystem has not been thoroughly investigated in ruminants. A total of 16 semi-continuous in vitro cultures were used to incubate rumen fluid from 4 donor goats inoculated with autoclaved saliva (AUT) as negative control, saliva from the same rumen fluid donor (OWN) as positive control, and either GOAT or SHEEP saliva as experimental interventions. Fermentation was monitored throughout the 7 days of incubation and the prokaryotic communities and metabolome were analysed at day 7 of incubation. Characterization of the salivas used prior to incubation showed a high degree of individual variability in terms of the salivary metabolites and proteins, including immunoglobulins. The prokaryotic community composition in AUT incubators was the most divergent across treatments, suggesting a modulatory effect of active salivary components, which were not affected in the other treatments (OWN, GOAT and SHEEP). The differences across treatments in microbial diversity were mostly caused by a greater abundance of Proteobacteria and Rikenellacea and lower of Prevotellaceae, a key rumen bacterium with greater abundance in GOAT and SHEEP treatments. These results suggest that specific salivary components contribute to host-associated role in selecting the rumen commensal microbiota and its activity.

An in vitro cultured rumen inoculum improves nitrogen digestion in mulga-fed sheep

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 403 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Miller ◽  
A. V. Klieve ◽  
J. J. Plumb ◽  
R. Aisthorpe ◽  
L. L. Blackall
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Mixed Cultures ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Widespread Adoption ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Laboratory Fermentor ◽  
Feral Goat ◽  
Goat Rumen

Mixed cultures of anaerobic micro-organisms were derived from feral goat rumen fluid (FGRF) using a laboratory fermentor to selectively culture microbes actively degrading mulga, and were evaluated as rumen inocula in digestion and liveweight studies with mulga-fed sheep. When placed in the rumen of sheep, FGRF enhances mulga digestion; however, limited supplies of feral goats, the labour involved in locating and mustering goats, and likely variations in the microbial composition of FGRF between animals and localities make the production of an in vitro cultured inoculum a desirable alternative to enable widespread adoption. The cultured inoculum significantly (P < 0·05) improved nitrogen digestion and retention in mulga-fed sheep by 16 and 76%, respectively. Inocula consisting of simplified mixtures of bacteria isolated from sheep, feral goats, and native marsupials did not affect mulga digestion. In the first of 2 liveweight studies, sheep inoculated with the fermentor inoculum lost significantly less weight than uninoculated sheep for the first 57 days (0·3 v. 4·6 kg); however, after 83 days the difference in the rate of liveweight loss between the fermentor inoculum group and the uninoculated sheep was not significant (53 v. 95 g/day). In the second study, liveweight loss was not significantly reduced by the fermentor inoculum. An inoculum based on FGRF, and produced in vitro using a fermentor, is potentially valuable to grazing enterprises reliant on mulga-fed sheep. However, problems in generating a consistent inoculum need to be addressed before such an inoculum can be generally considered.

A comparison between equine faeces and caecal digesta as sources of inoculum for in vitro fermentation studies using the pressure transducer technique

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 225-225
Author(s):  
R.S. Lowman ◽  
M.K. Theodorou ◽  
A.C. Longland ◽  
D. Cuddeford
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Transducer ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Faecal Material ◽  
Micro Organisms

Several studies have shown high correlations between in vtvo and in vitro degradation of fibrous feeds when preparations from either rumen fluid or ruminant faeces have been used as the inocula for the in vitro studies (El Shaer et al., 1987; Akhter et al., 1994 & 1995; Harris et al., 1995). Use of an inoculum prepared from faecal material is attractive, for unlike that obtained from rumen fluid, it precludes the need to prepare and maintain fistulated donor animals. This study investigated the use of pony faeces, as an alternative to pony caecal digesta, as a source of micro-organisms for in vitro feed degradability studies.

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