scholarly journals The role of condensed tannins in the nutritional value of Lotus pedunculatus for sheep

1986 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 607-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. N. Barry ◽  
T. F. Allsop ◽  
Carolyn Redekopp
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Acetate Incorporation ◽  
Glycerol Release ◽  
Lotus Pedunculatus ◽  
High Concentrations

1. Three experiments were conducted using Lotus pedunculatus containing high concentrations of condensed tannins (CT), and utilizing the principle that polyethylene glycol (PEG) application (molecular weight 3350) will irreversibly bind a portion of the CT and thus reduce the dietary reactive (i.e. non-PEG bound) CT concentration. Lotus diets containing 95, 45 and 14 g total reactive CT/kg dry matter (DM), induced by spraying with three PEG rates, were given to sheep at hourly intervals (600 g DM/d) for 21 d (Expt 1). In Expts 2 and 3, lambs grazed areas oversown with either lotus (89 g CT/kg DM) or clovers (Trifolium repens and Trifolium pratense; < 1 g CT/kg DM) for 42 and 92 d respectively. In Expt 2 half the animals grazing each forage received oral PEG (75 g/d), whilst in Expt 3 half the lambs were sired by rams selected respectively for low or high levels of sub- cutaneous fat deposition.2. Hormone concentrations in plasma (Expt 1 only) were determined by radioimmunoassay. Rates of [U-14C]-acetate and D-[U-14C]glucose incorporation and oxidation by subcutaneous and abdominal adipose tissue removed at slaughter, together with rate of glycerol release, were determined during in vitro incubation in all three experiments.3. Plasma concentration of growth hormone was positively and linearly related to dietary reactive CT concentration, whilst 3, 5, 3'-triiodothyronine (T3) concentration tended to be negatively and linearly related to dietary reactive CT concentration. Diet CT concentration had no effect on plasma concentrations of the other hormones measured.4. Feeding of lotus high in CT was associated with a consistent but non-significant increase in the rate of glycerol release from adipose tissue, which was reduced as dietary reactive CT concentration was lowered through PEG application, and a reduction in the lipogenesis: lipolysis value. Selection for leanness decreased acetate incorporation and increased glycerol release from adipose tissue, with the effect not interacting with the diet.

scholarly journals The role of condensed tannins in the nutritional value of Lotus pedunculatus for sheep

1984 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. N. Barry ◽  
S. J. Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Lotus Pedunculatus ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
High Concentrations

1. Voluntary intake was determined with vegetative Lotus pedunculatus cut and fed fresh to growing sheep of 42–46 kg live weight. Effects attributable to condensed tannins were assessed by growing the plant under high and low levels of soil fertility, inducing low and high concentrations of tannin (Expt 1), or by binding the tannins through spraying the herbage with polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 3350, PEG; Expt 2). Primary-growth lotus was used in Expt 1 and secondary-growth lotus in Expt 2. Concentrations of total and free condensed tannin were determined in fresh lotus, free tanning being defined as that not bound by mascerates of the plant.2. In Expt 1 the herbages fed contained respectively 46 and 106 g total condensed tannin/kg dry matter (DM) and 3 and 14 g free condensed tannin/kg DM. Mean metabolizable energy (ME) intakes were 0.89 and 0.77 MJ/kg live weight0.75 per d (P < 0.05) respectively.3. The lotus used in Expt 2 contained 63 and 5 g total reactive condensed tannin and free condensed tannin/kg DM respectively. After spraying with PEG at 2.4 g/g total condensed tannin, these values were reduced to 7 and 0.5 g/kg DM respectively. PEG addition increased apparent digestibility (proportion of each nutrient ingested) of cellulose, hemicellulose and nitrogen by 0.05, 0.08 and 0.26, and increased ME intake from 0.48 to 0.69 MJ/kg live weight0.75 per d.4. It was concluded that high concentrations of condensed tannins depressed ME intake, due to depressions in both the voluntary intake and digestion of organic matter. The stimulation of hemicellulose and cellulose digestion by PEG addition suggests that the condensed tannin was depressing rumen digestion.5. It is considered that free tannins are most likely to have been responsible for the depressive effects in the present study. This could be due to their reaction with microbial enzymes in the rumen, the tannin content of the plant exceeding the capacity of the plant protein to bind it, or to reaction with enzymes secreted into the small intestine following the absorption of amino acids. In either instance free tannins could also react with proteins of the gut wall.

THE EFFECT OF INSULIN ON THE UTILIZATION OF [U-14C]GLUCOSE AND [1-14C]ACETATE BY GOAT ADIPOSE TISSUE IN VITRO

1969 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. ŠKARDA ◽  
S. BARTOŠ
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Glucose Oxidation ◽  
Marked Effect ◽  
Acetate Incorporation ◽  
Adipose Tissue In Vitro ◽  
High Concentrations

SUMMARY No change in the rate of 14CO2 production from [U-14C]glucose by the adipose tissue of goats was found in vitro, even in the presence of high concentrations of insulin (1 and 10 m-u./ml.) when glucose was the only substrate in the medium. However, it was demonstrated that in the presence of acetate as little as 10 μu. insulin/ml. exerted a marked effect on glucose oxidation. The most significant effect of insulin was that on the rate of [1-14C]acetate incorporation into fatty acids in the presence of glucose. These findings support the suggestion that the significance of insulin in ruminants is best demonstrated by its effects on the rate of utilization of acetate in the presence of glucose by adipose tissue.

METABOLISM IN ADIPOSE TISSUE AND MUSCLE OF THE YOUNG PIG

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. ADEOLA ◽  
B. W. McBRIDE ◽  
R. O. BALL ◽  
L. G. YOUNG
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Adenosine Deaminase ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Muscle Metabolism ◽  
Acetate Incorporation ◽  
Glycerol Release ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

Subcutaneous adipose tissue and intercostal and sartorius muscles from five barrows and five gilts at 20 kg liveweight were used to study lipogenesis, lipolysis, Na+, K+-ATPase-dependent respiration and protein synthesis. Lipogenesis rate measured by 14C-acetate incorporation into lipid was similar between barrows and gilts; and 100 μg insulin per mL enhanced (P < 0.1) subcutaneous adipose tissue lipogenesis by 74%. Lipolysis rate quantitated by glycerol release was similar between barrows and gilts (3546 and 4160 nmol g−1 2 h−1). Adenosine deaminase and norepinephrine together enhanced adipose tissue lipolytic response by 102%. Fractional and absolute rates of protein synthesis were similar between barrows and gilts (3.24 and 3.69% d−1; 6.01 and 6.06 mg g−1 d−1); and between intercostal and sartorius muscles. Barrows had lower Na+, K+-ATPase-dependent respiration than gilts and the maintenance of Na+ and K+ transmembrane ionic gradient in the muscle preparations accounted for 23–26% of total respiration. Key words: Pigs, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, metabolism

scholarly journals Release of Inflammatory Mediators by Human Adipose Tissue Is Enhanced in Obesity and Primarily by the Nonfat Cells: A Review

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
John N. Fain
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
In Vitro Release ◽  
Human Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fat Cells ◽  
Omental Adipose Tissue ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose ◽  
Circulating Levels ◽  
Pai 1

This paper considers the role of putative adipokines that might be involved in the enhanced inflammatory response of human adipose tissue seen in obesity. Inflammatory adipokines [IL-6, IL-10, ACE, TGFβ1, TNFα, IL-1β, PAI-1, and IL-8] plus one anti-inflammatory [IL-10] adipokine were identified whose circulating levels as well as in vitro release by fat are enhanced in obesity and are primarily released by the nonfat cells of human adipose tissue. In contrast, the circulating levels of leptin and FABP-4 are also enhanced in obesity and they are primarily released by fat cells of human adipose tissue. The relative expression of adipokines and other proteins in human omental as compared to subcutaneous adipose tissue as well as their expression in the nonfat as compared to the fat cells of human omental adipose tissue is also reviewed. The conclusion is that the release of many inflammatory adipokines by adipose tissue is enhanced in obese humans.

scholarly journals Colchicine-binding protein of the liver. Its characterization and relation to microtubules.

1975 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 609-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Patzelt ◽  
A Singh ◽  
Y L Marchand ◽  
L Orci ◽  
B Jeanrenaud
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Specific Binding ◽  
Electrophoretic Analysis ◽  
Binding Activity ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Electrophoretic Behavior ◽  
High Affinity Binding Site ◽  
High Concentrations

Colchicine-binding activity of mouse liver high-speed supernate has been investigated. It has been found to be time and temperature dependent. Two binding activities with different affinities for colchicine seem to be present in this high-speed supernate, of which only the high-affinity binding site (half maximal binding at 5 x 10(-6) M colchicine) can be attributed to microtubular protein by comparison with purified tubulin. Vinblastine interacted with this binding activity by precipitating it when used at high concentrations (2 x 10(-3) M), and by stabilizing it at low concentrations (10(-5) M). Lumicolchicine was found not to compete with colchicine. The colchicine-binding activity was purified from liver and compared with that of microtubular protein from brain. The specific binding activity of the resulting preparation, its electrophoretic behavior, and the electron microscope appearance of the paracrystals obtained upon its precipitation with vinblastine permitted its identification as microtubular protein (tubulin). Electrophoretic analysis of the proteins from liver supernate that were precipitated by vinblastine indicated that this drug was not specific for liver tubulin. Preincubation of liver supernate with 5 mM EGTA resulted in a time-dependent decrease of colchicine-binding activity, which was partly reversed by the addition of Ca++. However, an in vitro formation of microtubules upon lowering the Ca++ concentration could not be detected. Finally, a method was developed enabling that portion of microtubular protein which was present as free tubulin to be measured and to be compared with the total amount of this protein in the tissue. This procedure permitted demonstration of the fact that, under normal conditions, only about 40% of the tubulin of the liver was assemled as microtubules. It is suggested that, in the liver, rapid polymerization and depolymerization of microtubules occur and may be an important facet of the functional role of the microtubular system.

scholarly journals Cellular adaptations in fat tissue of exercise-trained miniature swine: role of excess energy intake

2000 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 881-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gale B. Carey
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Excess Energy ◽  
Fat Tissue ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Miniature Swine ◽  
Extracellular Adenosine

This study examined the influence of energy expenditure and energy intake on cellular mechanisms regulating adipose tissue metabolism. 1 Twenty-four swine were assigned to restricted-fed sedentary, restricted-fed exercise-trained, full-fed sedentary, or full-fed exercise-trained groups. After 3 mo of treatment, adipocytes were isolated and adipocyte size, adenosine A1 receptor characteristics, and lipolytic sensitivity were measured. Swine were infused with epinephrine during which adipose tissue extracellular adenosine, plasma fatty acids, and plasma glycerol were measured. Results revealed that adipocytes isolated from restricted-fed exercised swine had a smaller diameter, a lower number of A1 receptors, and a greater sensitivity to lipolytic stimulation, compared with adipocytes from full-fed exercised swine. Extracellular adenosine levels were transiently increased on infusion of epinephrine in adipose tissue of restricted-fed exercised but not full-fed exercised swine. These results suggest a role for adenosine in explaining the discrepancy between in vitro and in vivo lipolysis findings and underscore the notion that excess energy intake dampens the lipolytic sensitivity of adipocytes to β-agonists and adenosine, even if accompanied by exercise training.

scholarly journals Protocatechuic acids protects against high glucose- induced insulin resistance in human visceral adipose tissue

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 45-46
Author(s):  
Paulina Ormazabal ◽  
Beatrice Scazzocchio ◽  
Rosaria Varì ◽  
Annunziata Iacovelli ◽  
Roberta Masella
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Visceral Adipose Tissue ◽  
High Glucose ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Insulin Sensitizer ◽  
20 Nm ◽  
Visceral Adipose

Adipocytes exposed to high glucose concentrations exhibit impaired insulin signaling. Binding of insulin to its membrane receptor activates insulin metabolic pathway leading to IRS-1 and AKT phosphorylations. The accumulation of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) correlates with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Anthocyanins (ACN) are bioactive food compounds of great nutritional interest. We have shown that protocatechuic acid (PCA), a major metabolite of ACN, might exert insulin-sensitizer activities in human visceral adipose tissue. The aim of this work was to define the protective role of PCA against insulin-resistance induced by high glucose in VAT.Methodology: VAT obtained from control subject (BMI≤25) were separated in four experimental groups: i) PCA: samples treated for 24 h with 100 μM PCA, ii) GLU: VAT treated with 30 mM glucose for 24 h, iii) PCA+GLU: 1 hour incubation with 100 μM PCA before adding glucose (30 mM, 24 h), iv) CTR: vehicle. After treatment, VAT groups were (or not) acutely stimulated with insulin (20 nM, 20 min). Tyr-IRS-1 and Ser-Akt phosphorylations were assessed by Western blotting (WB) in basal or insulin stimulated tissues in all experimental groups. Samples were assessed for IRS-1, IR, Akt and GLUT4 protein content by WB. Results: No differences in protein contents between experimental groups were found. GLU tissues showed a lower increment in insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of IRS-1 and Akt compared to CTR and PCA samples. This impaired activation was completely reversed by the pretreatment with PCA.Conclusion: An in-vitro insulin-resistance condition induced by high glucose was established in biopsies of VAT. PCA restores the ability of GLU-tissues to fully respond to insulin by increasing IRS-1 and Akt phosphorylations. These results confirm the insulin-sensitizer effect of PCA on VAT previously reported by our group. An anthocyanin rich diet might help to protect against insulin-resistance in VAT.

scholarly journals Osteopontin Expression in Human and Murine Obesity: Extensive Local Up-Regulation in Adipose Tissue but Minimal Systemic Alterations

Endocrinology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 149 (3) ◽  
pp. 1350-1357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian W. Kiefer ◽  
Maximilian Zeyda ◽  
Jelena Todoric ◽  
Joakim Huber ◽  
René Geyeregger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Morbidly Obese ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Multifunctional Protein ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Obesity is associated with a chronic low-grade inflammation characterized by macrophage infiltration of adipose tissue (AT) that may underlie the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Osteopontin (OPN) is a multifunctional protein involved in various inflammatory processes, cell migration, and tissue remodeling. Because these processes occur in the AT of obese patients, we studied in detail the regulation of OPN expression in human and murine obesity. The study included 20 morbidly obese patients and 20 age- and sex-matched control subjects, as well as two models (diet-induced and genetic) of murine obesity. In high-fat diet-induced and genetically obese mice, OPN expression was drastically up-regulated in AT (40 and 80-fold, respectively) but remained largely unaltered in liver (&lt;2-fold). Moreover, OPN plasma concentrations remained unchanged in both murine models of obesity, suggesting a particular local but not systemic importance for OPN. OPN expression was strongly elevated also in the AT of obese patients compared with lean subjects in both omental and sc AT. In addition, we detected three OPN isoforms to be expressed in human AT and, strikingly, an obesity induced alteration of the OPN isoform expression pattern. Analysis of AT cellular fractions revealed that OPN is exceptionally highly expressed in AT macrophages in humans and mice. Moreover, OPN expression in AT macrophages was strongly up-regulated by obesity. In conclusion, our data point toward a specific local role of OPN in obese AT. Therefore, OPN could be a critical regulator in obesity induced AT inflammation and insulin resistance.

THE ROLE OF CONDENSED TANNINS IN THE DIGESTION OF FRESH Lotus pedunculatus BY SHEEP

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 181-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. N. BARRY
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Hormone Concentration ◽  
Plasma Growth Hormone ◽  
Tannin Concentration ◽  
Lotus Pedunculatus ◽  
Ruminal Digestion

Relative to non-tannin-containing fresh forages, condensed tannins in Lotus pedunculatus increased duodenal N flow and calculated absorption of amino acids from the small intestine, but depressed ruminal digestion of soluble carbohydrate and hemicellulose. Plasma growth hormone concentration was positively and linearly related to forage condensed tannin concentration. Key words: Condensed tannin, nitrogen digestion, growth hormone

Oestrogens in breast tumours and fat

1989 ◽  
Vol 95 ◽  
pp. 161-168
Author(s):  
J. H. H. Thijssen ◽  
M. A. Blankenstein
Keyword(s):  
Biological Effects ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Normal Breast ◽  
Malignant Tumours ◽  
Breast Tumours ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Breast Tissues

SynopsisThe levels of endogenous steroids in the target tissues are thought to be more closely related to the biological effects than their concentrations in plasma. Therefore studies on oestrogen levels in malignant and non-malignant breast tissues (expressed per g wet weight) were conducted and the following conclusions were drawn:(1) malignant tumours contained higher oestradiol levels than normal or benign breast tissues, whereas oestrone levels were more comparable;(2) in contrast to the large decrease in plasma concentrations after menopause, the levels of oestradiol in tumours and in normal breast tissue did not change with advancing age;(3) the oestradiol levels in breast tissues were lower than in uterine tissues, particularly in women before menopause; oestrone levels were very similar in all tissues studied;(4) the mean oestradiol level was higher in oestrogen-receptor-positive tumours, but no correlation between the two parameters was found;(5) preliminary results indicated lower oestradiol levels in tumours obtained from countries with a lower incidence of breast cancer;(6) as far as available, oestrone levels were comparable and those of oestradiol were lower in fat tissues than in breast tumours;(7) neither in vitro studies with breast tumours, nor in vivo results using myometrial tissues support a prominent role of the metabolism of oestrogens at the 16α-position in the development of tumours;(8) the role of local factors in the production, retention and metabolism of oestradiol in the breast remains to be elucidated.

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