Feed intake, nitrogen retention and liveweight of Hereford and crossbred Hereford steers offered forage diets differing in digestibility and nitrogen content

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 421
Author(s):  
DW Hennessy ◽  
R Barlow ◽  
PJ Williamson ◽  
RD Murison ◽  
JW Herilhy
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
N Retention ◽  
The Third ◽  
Feed Digestibility ◽  
Forage Diets

Forty-eight steers, comprising purebred British cattle (Hereford) and their crosses with Bos indicus (Brahman cross Hereford), dairy (Friesian cross Hereford) and large European (Simmental cross Hereford) sires were used to record feed intake and estimate nitrogen retention of each genotype. In the first experiment, the feed intake of steers fed on 3 forage diets (H, M and L, metabolizable energy 9.3, 8.4 and 7.0 MJ/kg DM and nitrogen 22.4, 14.9 and 5.6 g/kg DM, respectively) was recorded over 80 days, with feed digestibility and N retention estimated over two, 10-day periods, at the beginning and end of the experiment. The second experiment followed immediately on from the first with the feed intake of steers of each genotype being recorded over 14 days, when each steer was given the H-diet. Steers were then taken off pasture for 70 days and the third experiment completed in pens by recording the feed intake of all steers over 14 days when given the H-diet. Steers fed on the H-diet in experiment 1 had higher (Pless than0.01) feed intakes and N retentions than steers fed on the M- and L-diets; M-diet steers had significantly higher values than L-diets steers for both these measures. Consequently, H-diet steers were heavier (331+-3.6 kg liveweight) than M- (295+-5.1 kg) or L-diet (225+-3.6 kg, standard error) steers after adjusting for initial differences in liveweight by covariance. During experiment 1, Brahman cross steers ate 22% less (Pless than0.01) hay on the L-diet (as g organic matter (OM)/kgsup(0).sup(75) liveweight) than Friesian cross steers, and 17% less (Pless than0.05) than steers of the other genotypes. Brahman cross steers had a 12% lower intake of digestible OM than Friesian cross steers only on the M-diet in the early part of experiment 1, but not the later part. When all steers were given the same diet (H-diet) in experiments 2 and 3, feed intake did not differ between genotypes. There were differences between diets in the excretion and net retention of N by steers, and in the apparent digestibility of N, but differences were not attributed to genotype. It appears that diet was only partially responsible for differences between genotypes in liveweight recorded at grazing.

COMPARISON OF INTACT, LATE-CASTRATED, AND DIETHYLSTILBESTROL (DES)-IMPLANTED BOARS WITH BARROWS AND GILTS: NITROGEN AND ENERGY DIGESTIBILITY, NITROGEN RETENTION, CARCASS MEASUREMENTS, MUSCLE ANALYSES, AND RESIDUAL DES IN MUSCLE TISSUE

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 579-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. NEWELL ◽  
J. P. BOWLAND
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Grade Index

Forty boars, eight barrows, and eight gilts were allotted in groups of four pigs each at an average weight of 13.1 kg. Metabolism studies with a portion of the animals were conducted at 15 and 50 kg liveweight. Although no statistical differences between sexes were found in these studies, barrows tended to digest more nitrogen (N) but to retain less than boars and gilts. N digestibility (DN) and retention (NR) values at 50 kg were higher than those at 15 kg. The three sexes were found to be similar in energy digestibility (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME). Significant differences were found for boars in DE and ME coefficients between the two periods, averaging 83.2 and 85.6% DE in the 15- and 50-kg periods, respectively. At 70 kg, 16 boars were implanted with 96 mg of diethylstilbestrol (DES), 16 boars were castrated, and 8 boars were left intact. Barrows had thicker backfat (P < 0.05) and lower (P < 0.05) grade index than any of the other treatments. Late-castrated boars showed a general trend to revert to the carcass characteristics of barrows but were still superior to barrows at market weight. No significant differences between treatments were found for dry matter, protein, fat, or ash content of the longissimus muscle. No residual DES was found in the muscle tissue of the implanted boars.

The effect of the pea to wheat ratio and harvest date on the voluntary feed intake,in vivodigestibility and nitrogen retention of pea-wheat bi-crop silages by sheep

2000 ◽  
Vol 2000 ◽  
pp. 81-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.T. Adesogan ◽  
M.B. Salawu ◽  
E.R. Deaville
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Harvest Date ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Two Stages

Pea-wheat bi-crop silages were reported to have moderate nutritive value when the proportion of peas in the sward was less than 200 g/kg (Adesoganet al., 1999). These authors also suggested that improvements in the digestibility, intake and nitrogen (N) balance of the forages may result from increasing the proportion of peas in the sward. This experiment was designed to examine this theory by determining thein vivoapparent digestibility, N retention and voluntary feed intake (VFI) in sheep of pea-wheat bi-crop silages containing different ratios of peas to wheat and harvested at two stages of growth.

RAPESEED MEAL AS A REPLACEMENT FOR SOYBEAN MEAL IN DIETS OF PROGENY FROM SOWS FED EITHER PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Bowland ◽  
F. W. Schuld
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Initial Weight

First- and second-litter progeny from sows fed either 0 or 8% solvent-extracted rapeseed meal in replacement for isonitrogenous amounts of soybean meal and wheat was used to evaluate solvent-extracted rapeseed meal as a protein source. There was no influence of the dam’s diet on gain, efficiency of feed utilization, digestible (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) or digestible nitrogen (DN) and nitrogen retention in the progeny. In pigs from first litters, the feeding of 8% rapeseed meal, compared with 0% rapeseed meal, depressed feed intake and rate of gain in the finishing period from 55 to 90 kg liveweight, and resulted in reduced gain and poorer efficiency of feed utilization for the overall experiment from 6 kg initial weight. Carcasses from rapeseed meal-fed pigs were leaner. Gilt carcasses were leaner than barrow carcasses. With second-litter pigs, there were no significant differences associated with dietary treatment or sex. There were no significant differences in DE or ME or in DN and nitrogen retention between pigs receiving 0 or 8% rapeseed meal in either the starting diets at 6 weeks of age or the growing diets at 40 kg liveweight.

Further studies on the utilization of nitrogen in silage based diets

1974 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 531-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. Griffiths ◽  
F. H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Biological Value ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Urea Inclusion ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryTwo digestibility and balance experiments were carried out using 12 growing heifers to compare first and second cut silages fed alone or with supplementary barley or barley and urea, and to measure the effects of the addition of urea to silage and barley diets at three levels of dietary energy.Digestibility of gross energy (GE), N and modified acid detergent fibre (MADF) was higher in first cut than second cut silage diets, and although D.M. intake was slightly lower, metabolizable energy (ME) intake was significantly higher. Inclusion of urea increased the apparent digestibility of N but had no effect on the intake of D.M. or ME. Nitrogen retention was significantly higher on first cut than second cut silage diets and was significantly increased by the addition of urea when N intake was low. The relationship between daily N retention (DRN), ME intake (DME) and digestible N intake (DAN) was represented by an equation of the form:DRN =C–2·164DME+0·447DAN–0·00512DAN2+0·0487DMExDAN,but when apparent biological value (ABV) of dietary protein was high DRN was linearly related to DAN. These equations were used to estimate requirements for digestible N. The results of rumen fermentation studies suggested that the response in DRN to urea inclusion could be partially explained by the low rumen ammonia values on silage and barley diets.

Effect of concurrent infection with Ostertagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus colubriformis on the performance of growing lambs consuming fresh herbage

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 531-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Sykes ◽  
D. P. Poppi ◽  
D. C. Elliot
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Infection ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Feed Digestibility ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Multiplicative Mean

SummaryNinety 4-month-old wether lambs were allocated to an initial slaughter group (n =10) or to one cell (n= 5) of a 4 × 4 factorial treatment design involving four levels of infection with Ostertagia circumcincta (0, 1000, 2000 and 4000 larvae/day) and Trichostrongyluscolubriformis (0, 1000, 2000 and 3000 larvae/day). They were maintained indoors in individual pens and offered freshly cut ryegrass-white clover herbage during an 84-day period of infection after which they were slaughtered. Body protein, fat, water, Ca and P contents were determined. Feed digestibility was determined in all sheep during 5-day periods during weeks 2, 5, 8 and 11. Faecal egg counts were determined and blood samples obtained at intervals and total worm counts done at slaughter.The effects of mixed infection on feed intake and body-weight gain were multiplicative. Mean D.M. intake of sheep infected simply with 3000 larvae of T. colubriformis or with 4000 larvae of O. circtimcincta was reduced by 10 and 8% respectively, but in those infected simultaneously intake was reduced by 30%. Energy retention was depressed mainly by reduction in gross efficiency of use of metabolizable energy in infections with T. colubriformisand by reduction in feed intake in infections with O. circumcincta. The additional effect of mixed infection occurred mainly through further depression in feed intake.There was no interaction between infections in effect on deposition of Ca or P in the body, both species having significant effect. Infection with T. colubriformis caused hypophosphataemia and hypocalcaemia, but infection with O. circumcincta had no effect.The number of worms established by the infections was generally low compared with previous studies with conserved and concentrate feeds. This was associated with relatively low pathogenicity in infection with O. circumcincta and normal pathogenicity with T. colubriformis.Infection with T. colubriformis reduced the number of adult worms of O. circumcincta present at slaughter.

scholarly journals Adaptation to a marginal intake of energy in young children

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Kennedy ◽  
A. V. Badaloo ◽  
A. A. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Marked Reduction ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Stool Frequency ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
N Retention ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake

Six male children, aged 8–28 months, were studied for three consecutive periods of 1 week each. They were given diets that provided 1.7 g protein/kg per d and supplements of minerals and vitamins, with a metabolizable energy intake during the 1st, 2nd and 3rd week of 419, 293 and 335 kJ (100, 70 and 80 kcal)/kg per d, diets 1, 2 and 3 respectively. All the food offered was consumed. Each child was weighed at the same time each day on an electronic balance. On the 6th and 7th day of each study period urine and stool were collected for 24 h to assess nitrogen balance. Using linear regression analysis it was shown that all children gained weight on diet 1, 2.3 (sd 1.3) g/kg per d, and five of six children gained weight on diet 3, the mean for the whole group being 2.7 (sd 2.3) g/kg per d, not significantly different. On diet 2 all children lost weight, -5.4 (sd 1.3) g/kg per d, highly significantly different from each of the other dietary periods. Using asymptotic regression analysis it could be shown that the rate of weight loss during the first part of the week on diet 2, - 11 g/kg per d, was greater than at the end of the week, - 2 g/kg per d, with a tendency towards a steady weight by day 7. Apparent N retention (mg/kg per d) was positive at the end of each of the three dietary periods: diet 1, 112 (sd 25); diet 2, 54 (sd 34); diet 3, 82 (sd 20). In five of the six children there was a marked reduction in stool frequency on diet 2 compared with diet 1, that was maintained to the period on diet 3. The findings suggest that during the period on diet 2 there was a saving of energy of the order of 105 kJ (25 kcal)/kg per d, which lasted through into the period on diet 3.

International Tin Council

1960 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-371
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Quarter ◽  
Export Quota ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Press ◽  
Belgian Congo ◽  
Mine Workers

The press reported in March 1960 that the International Tin Council had again raised the export quotas for its six producing members, this time to 37,500 tons for the June quarter. Previous increases had raised the limit by 2,000 tons to 25,000 for the third quarter of 1959; by 5,000 tons to 30,000 for the fourth quarter of 1959; and by 6,000 tons to 36,000, or 95 percent of capacity, for the first quarter of 1960. This last increase raised the export quota of the Federation of Malaya to 13,590 long tons, or 37.75 percent of the global quota. The first-quarter quotas for the other five producing countries were as follows: Bolivia, 6,984 tons (19.4 percent); Indonesia, 6,804 tons (18.9 percent); Belgian Congo, 3,258 tons (9.05 percent); Thailand, 3,168 tons (8.8 percent); and the Federation of Nigeria, 2,196 tons (6.1 percent). The Malayan quota was equivalent to 91.7 percent of the quarterly production in that country in 1957, prior to the establishment of controls; as a result of the substantial quota, all mines operating in Malaya between January 1953 and December 1957 became eligible to resume operations. Applications from new mines were also to be accepted. Thailand's quota for the first quarter of 1960 was 20 percent above that for the last quarter of 1959, which meant that mines operating at 60–80 percent of capacity in late 1959 might increase operations to 90 percent; in the early part of 1959, when Thailand's tin export quota was low, mines had operated at only 50 percent of capacity, and more than 1,000 mine workers had been dismissed during the year.

scholarly journals Lysine utilization by growing pigs: simultaneous measurement of protein accretion and lysine oxidation

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrix Mnilk ◽  
C. Ian Harris ◽  
Malcolm F. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Water Rates ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Lysine Concentration

Nitrogen retention and lysine oxidation were measured in growing pigs given diets which supplied 0, 0·2 or 0·8 of the lysine requirement, with other amino acids in relative excess. Eight groups of three female littermate pigs were used: one of each group was given each of the three diets. In half the pigs (four groups) N retention was measured at body weights (W) of approximately 25,35 and 45 kg. The other four littermate groups of three pigs were given the same three diets; when they reached 35 kg W they were given a continuous (6h) primed infusion of L-[6-3H]lysine. Lysine oxidation was estimated from the production of tritiated water. Rates of both N retention and lysine oxidation increased significantly with lysine intake; mean values (g/kg W0·75 per d) for the three diets respectively were for N retention, 0·00, 0·32 and 1·22, and for lysine oxidation 0·051, 0·058 and 0·078. From the N balance results (assuming a constant lysine concentration in body protein) the efficiency of utilization of absorbed lysine was estimated to be 0·85; from the oxidation results (assuming lysine absorbed but not retained is oxidized) the estimate was 0·95.

EFFECT OF FEEDING FREQUENCY ON THE UTILIZATION OF HIGH-FORAGE DIETS BY CATTLE

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1067-1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. RUIZ ◽  
D. N. MOWAT
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Eating Patterns ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
High Forage ◽  
Effect Of Feeding ◽  
Forage Diets

A feedlot trial and a digestion and nitrogen balance trial were carried out to evaluate the effect of feeding one (1 ×) or four times (4 ×) daily on the utilization of two high-forage diets. On a dry matter basis, diet 1 contained 76% alfalfa haylage and 22% high-moisture corn; diet 2 contained 93% corn silage and 4% soybean meal; the balance was composed of mineral and Rumensin premixes. In the feedlot trial, feed was offered ad libitum, and feeding frequency resulted in small differences in eating patterns within diets. Thus, rate of gain, feed intake and conversion were not significantly affected. In the digestion trial, feed intake was restricted to 90% of each individual's maximum intake, which resulted in larger differences in eating patterns between 1 × and 4 × feeding. Under these conditions, feeding frequently increased (P < 0.05) dry matter and organic matter digestibility, as well as N retention (percent of N intake). Increased feeding frequency had no beneficial effects under ad libitum feeding of high-forage diets. However, under restricted feeding, feeding more frequently improved total diet digestibility and nitrogen retention. Key words: Cattle, feeding frequency, digestibility, growth, nitrogen retention

scholarly journals RETENSI NITROGEN DAN ENERGI METABOLIS RANSUM BROILER YANG MENGANDUNG TEPUNG SILASE KULIT PISANG KEPOK (Musa paradisiaca formatypica).

ZOOTEC ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 226
Author(s):  
Risanto Siabandi ◽  
B. Bagau ◽  
M. R. Imbar ◽  
M.N. Regar
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Banana Peel ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Alternative Feed ◽  
Musa Paradisiaca ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Key Word ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

NITROGEN RETENTION AND METABOLIC ENERGY BROILER RATIONS CONTAINING SILAGE KEPOK BANANA PEEL MEAL. Banana peel is a potential waste used as feed because their numbers are abundant and have the nutrients needed livestock. This study aims to determine the value of nitrogen retention (NR) and nitrogen corrected metabolizable energy value (AMEN) broiler ration containing silage kepok flour banana peel. This study involved 20 birds of broiler strains of Cobb at 6 weeks old. The completely randomized design was applied using four treatments and five replications for each treatment. The treatments were assigned into ration of 55 % corn without peel silage of kepok banana (R0), ration of 46.75% corn with 8.25% peel silage of kepok banana (R1), ration of 38.5% corn with 16.5% peel silage of kepok banana (R2), ration of 30.25% corn with 24.75% peel silage of kepok banana (R3). Variables measured were including nitrogen retention (NR) and nitrogen adjusted metabolic energy (AMEn). Results of analysis of variance showed that treatment significantly different (P <0.05) on nitrogen retention value and highly significant (P <0.01) against the value AMEn. Based on this study it can be concluded that the banana peel silage kepok flour (Musa paradisiaca formatypica)   can be used as one of alternative feed ingredients in the ration of broiler replace up to 30% corn 16.5% in the ration seen from Value Retention N (69.68%) while viewed from the AMEn (2924.92 kcal/kg) reimbursement to 15% or 8.25% in the ration. Key word: Kepok banana peel silage, N retention, metabolizable energy, broilers.

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