scholarly journals Lysine utilization by growing pigs: simultaneous measurement of protein accretion and lysine oxidation

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrix Mnilk ◽  
C. Ian Harris ◽  
Malcolm F. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Water Rates ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Lysine Concentration

Nitrogen retention and lysine oxidation were measured in growing pigs given diets which supplied 0, 0·2 or 0·8 of the lysine requirement, with other amino acids in relative excess. Eight groups of three female littermate pigs were used: one of each group was given each of the three diets. In half the pigs (four groups) N retention was measured at body weights (W) of approximately 25,35 and 45 kg. The other four littermate groups of three pigs were given the same three diets; when they reached 35 kg W they were given a continuous (6h) primed infusion of L-[6-3H]lysine. Lysine oxidation was estimated from the production of tritiated water. Rates of both N retention and lysine oxidation increased significantly with lysine intake; mean values (g/kg W0·75 per d) for the three diets respectively were for N retention, 0·00, 0·32 and 1·22, and for lysine oxidation 0·051, 0·058 and 0·078. From the N balance results (assuming a constant lysine concentration in body protein) the efficiency of utilization of absorbed lysine was estimated to be 0·85; from the oxidation results (assuming lysine absorbed but not retained is oxidized) the estimate was 0·95.

scholarly journals 119 Bioavailability of L-Methionine in comparison to DL-Methionine for nitrogen retention of weaned and growing pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 66-67
Author(s):  
Raphael P Caetano ◽  
Luan S Santos ◽  
John K Htoo ◽  
Alini M Veira ◽  
Welex C Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Relative Bioavailability ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
The Other ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Slope Ratio ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Molar Basis ◽  
Young Pigs

Abstract Two nitrogen (N) balance studies were conducted to compare the relative bioavailability (RBV) of L-Met with DL-Met as Met sources in young pigs. In each experiment, 42 barrows (PIC; initial BW in Exp. 1: 10.7 kg and Exp. 2: 20.5 kg) were allotted to 7 experimental diets with 6 pigs per treatment. The basal diets (diet 1) were formulated based on corn and soybean meal being deficient in Met, but adequate for the other AA (Exp. 1: 0.24% standardized ileal digestible [SID] Met; 0.53% SID Met + Cys; 1.30% SID Lys; Exp 2: 0.23% SID Met; 0.47% SID Met + Cys; 1.15% SID Lys). Three graded levels of DL-Met and L-Met (0.03, 0.06 and 0.09%) were supplemented to the basal diet on top to create diets 2 to 7 for both studies. In Exp.1, N retention (% of N absorbed) increased linearly (P < 0.05) with supplementation with both Met sources. The slope-ratio regression estimated the RBV of 106% [95% confidence interval (CI): 39 to 173%] for N retention (% of absorbed) on an equi-molar basis. In Exp. 2, N retained (g/d), N retention (% of N intake and % of N absorbed) increased linearly (P < 0.05) by supplementing with both Met sources. There was no effect of Met sources on all N balance parameters in both studies. The slope-ratio estimated the RBV of 89% (95% CI: -28 to 206%) for N retained (g/d), 95% (95% CI: 13 to 177%) for N retention (% of N intake) and 94% (95% CI: 20 to 167%) for N retention (% of N absorbed), respectively on an equi-molar basis. In conclusion, the 95% CI for the RBV of L-Met covers 100%, indicating the RBV of L-Met is not different from that of DL-Met as a Met source for weaned and growing pigs.

scholarly journals The effects of excessive amounts of protein on lysine utilization in growing pigs

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 743-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Langer ◽  
Malcolm F. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Lysine Concentration ◽  
Single Regression

Two experiments were conducted to investigate whether the utilization of lysine in growing pigs is affected by the level of excess protein in the diet. Nine lysine-deficient diets containing 100,200 or 300g crude protein/kg and between 1·2 and 6·8 g ileal digestible lysine/kg were prepared. In the first experiment the apparent ileal digestibility of lysine in three of the nine diets was determined using pigs with simple T-cannulasand Cr2O3, as an indigestible marker. Ileal digestibility of lysine in the other diets was calculated by interpolation. In the second experiment N retention, as a measure of lysine utilization, was determined in all nine diets using growing pigs over the weight range 30–50 kg. The effect of excess protein on lysine utilization was assessed by comparing the regression of N retention v. lysine (ileal digestible) intake at the three levels of protein. Increasing ileal digestible lysine in the diets resulted in a linear increase in N retention with all three protein levels and there was no significant difference amongst the three regressions, indicating that lysine utilization was not affected by the level of protein.Therefore, all data were pooled together to calculate a single regression for all treatments.An increase of 1·0 g ileal digestible lysine led to an increase of 1·43 g N or 8·96 g protein (N x 6·25) retained. Assuming a lysine concentration in the retained body protein of 65–72 mg/g, lysine was utilized with an efficiency of 0·58–0·65

Effects of feeding level and sex on nitrogen retention and serum insulin-like factor 1 in growing pigs

1991 ◽  
Vol 1991 ◽  
pp. 37-37
Author(s):  
J.A. Taylor ◽  
D.N. Salter ◽  
W.H. Close ◽  
G.H. Laswai ◽  
A. Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
The Body ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Stages Of Growth

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) stimulates many anabolic processes within the body. In entire animals, release of IGF-1 has been shown to be regulated by nutritional status (e.g. starvation/re-feeding) and in reproductive tissues by gonadotropins and steroid hormones (Phillips et al., 1990). To investigate this further the relation between serum IGF-1 and N retention has been studied in entire and castrated pigs at different planes of nutrition and stages of growth.

The responses of growing pigs, of different sex and genotype, to dietary energy and protein

1995 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Fuller ◽  
M. F. Franklin ◽  
R. McWilliam ◽  
K. Pennie
Keyword(s):  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
The Other ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Lean Growth

AbstractIntact male pigs from two nucleus breeding herds (one predominantly Duroc, DM; the other purebred Large Wliite, LM) together with intact male (RM), castrated male (RC) and female (RF) commercial hybrid pigs were given one of two diets, with the same balanced protein (180 or 240 g/kg) at three daily rates, the highest being ‘to appetite‘. Six replicates of 30 pigs were allocated to these regimes at 40 kg: one replicate was slaughtered immediately to determine initial carcass composition; the remaining pigs were slaughtered at 85 kg when carcass fat and specific gravity (SG) were measured. For two replicates this was followed by dissection and chemical analysis: daily gains of carcass lipid and protein were estimated directly for these two replicates and predicted from carcass weight and SG for the other three. Fed ‘to appetite’, castrated males and females ate more than males; LM pigs ate least. All males grew faster than females or castrated males, the DM pigs the fastest, these rankings being relatively insensitive to feeding level. However, both in daily weight gain and daily protein accretion only the males responded to additional dietary protein. Daily body protein accretion of DM pigs increased linearly with intake on both diets whereas LM pigs showed little response to the highest level of feeding. At the same daily protein intake all pigs had higher rates of body protein accretion on the low protein diet, showing that they were sensitive to additional dietary energy. Results indicate that an animal's superiority may result from a greater efficiency of protein utilization or a higher lean growth potential but that these two characteristics are not simply related.

The Measurement of Whole Body Protein Turnover in the Preterm Infant with Intragastric Infusion of l-[1-13C]Leucine and Sampling of the Urinary Leucine Pool

1984 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. De Benoist ◽  
Y. Abdulrazzak ◽  
O. G. Brooke ◽  
D. Halliday ◽  
D. J. Millward
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Infant ◽  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Co2 Enrichment ◽  
Retention Rates ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Synthesis And Degradation

1. The measurement of whole body protein turnover in the preterm infant has been investigated with an intragastric infusion of L[1-13C]-leucine and with sampling of the urinary leucine pool. 2. Measurements have been made in seven preterm infants with body weights averaging 1733 g, fed with either human breast milk (n = 3) or proprietary formulae (n = 4), giving intakes of 541 (±25)kJ/kg and 465 (±42)mg of N day−1kg−1 and growing satisfactorily (14.7 ± 2.6 g day−1 kg−1). 3. The measurement of the enrichment of urinary leucine was well within the capability of gas chromatography-spectrometry, and similar values for the enrichment of plasma and urinary leucine were observed (plasma/urinary ratio was 0.93 ± 0.04, mean ± 1 sem, n = 13). Isotopic equilibrium, as indicated by a plateau in the urinary leucine and expired CO2 enrichment, was obtained within 8 h and was maintained for at least 48 h. 4. Nitrogen retention, measured by nitrogen balance, was similar to that calculated from the leucine retention (determined as the leucine intake — oxidation), i.e. 310 ± 45 and 301 ± 38 mg of N day−1 kg−1 (means ± 1 sem). Because of this it is suggested that in this specific type of study the direct measurement of nitrogen retention dispenses with the need for measurement of leucine oxidation, thereby simplifying the measurements. 5. From the leucine flux, leucine intake and nitrogen retention, rates of whole body protein synthesis and degradation were shown to be 11.32 (±0.78) and 9.54 (±0.55) g day−1 kg−1.

scholarly journals Effects of the amount and quality of dietary protein on nitrogen metabolism and protein turnover of pigs

1987 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Fuller ◽  
P. J. Reeds ◽  
A. Cadenhead ◽  
B. Seve ◽  
T. Preston
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Urea Synthesis ◽  
Total N ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
N Retention

1. The interrelations between protein accretion and whole-body protein turnover were studied by varying the quantity and quality of protein given to growing pigs.2. Diets with 150 or 290g lysine-deficient protein/kg were given in hourly meals, with or without lysine supplementation, to female pigs (mean weight 47 kg).3. After the animals were adapted to the diets, a constant infusion of [14C]urea was given intra-arterially for 30 h, during the last 6 h of which an infusion of [4,5-3H] leucine was also infused at a constant rate. At the same time, yeast-protein labelled with15N was given in the diet for 50 h.4. The rate of urea synthesis was estimated from the specific radioactivity (SR) of plasma urea. The rate of leucine flux was estimated from the SR of plasma leucine. The irrevocable breakdown of leucine was estimated from the3H-labelling of body water. Total N flux was estimated from the16N-labelling of urinary urea.5. Addition of lysine to the low-protein diet significantly increased N retention, with a substantial reduction in leucine breakdown, but there was no significant change in the flux of leucine or of total N.6. Increasing the quantity of the unsupplemented protein also increased N retention significantly, with concomitant increases in leucine breakdown and in the fluxes of leucine and of total N.7. It is concluded that a doubling of protein accretion brought about by the improvement of dietary protein quality is not necessarily associated with an increased rate of whole-body protein turnover.

scholarly journals Protein utilization responses of growing pigs to supplemental lysine as liquid versus crystalline form in barley-barley protein diet

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-223
Author(s):  
Matti Näsi
Keyword(s):  
Linear Response ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Substantial Effect ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Crystalline Form ◽  
Protein Utilization ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Lysine Concentration ◽  
Barley Protein ◽  
Daily Gain

The study examined the influence of increasing dietary supplements of liquid compared to crystalline lysine on nitrogen (N) balance and protein utilization in growing pigs (30-100 kg LW) in a 8*8 Latin square. Eight isonitrogenous diets with 160 g CP/kg were formulated from barley and barley protein supplemented with the two lysine sources at levels of none, 1, 2 and 3 g/kg to provide 5.5, 6.5, 7.5 and 8.5 g/kg total dietary lysine. Barley-SBM served as a contol diet. The dietary lysine concentration had substantial effect on N retention and metabolism. The lysine supplements to the cereal-based diet with a low lysine content, 5.5 g/kg, significantly improved N-retention, decreased urinary-N excretion and enhanced protein utilization and daily gain. There was a linear response of N-retention, urinary-N and urea-N excretion and apparent biological value (P

scholarly journals Effect of ileo-rectal anastomosis and post-valve T-caecum cannulation on growing pigs

1992 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 293-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. KÖhler ◽  
R. Mosenthin ◽  
M. W. A. Verstegen ◽  
J. Huisman ◽  
L. A. Den Hartog ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Diaminopimelic Acid ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Rectal Anastomosis ◽  
N Retention

The effects of post-valve T-caecum (PVTC) cannulation and end-to-side ileo-rectal anastomosis (IRA) on growth performance, nitrogen retention and intestinal fermentation were measured in growing pigs by comparison with a control group of intact animals. There were no differences between PVTC-pigs and intact pigs in growth performance and N balance. In IRA-animals reduced growth (P < 0.01), less efficient feed conversion (P < 0.01) and decreased N retention (P < 0.001) were found. Indices of fermentation measured in deal digesta of PVTC- and IRA-pigs were considerably different. In IRA-animals the concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) was about 112–162 mmol/l, higher (P < 0.001) than in digesta of PVTC-pigs (20–31 mmol/l). The molar proportions of acetate and propionate depended (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001 respectively) on the digesta-collection technique. Concentrations and ratios of VFA measured in PVTC-pigs were similar to reported values. Diaminopimelic acid (DAPA) concentration and N:DAPA ratios measured in digesta were significantly (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001 respectively) different between treatments. All digesta variables measured showed increased microbial activity in digesta of IRA-pigs; thus, an influence on digestibility measurement can be assumed.

scholarly journals Induced lung inflammation and dietary protein supply affect nitrogen retention and amino acid metabolism in growing pigs

2015 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 414-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther Kampman-van de Hoek ◽  
Panagiotis Sakkas ◽  
Walter J. J. Gerrits ◽  
Joost J. G. C. van den Borne ◽  
Carola M. C. van der Peet-Schwering ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Post Challenge ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Immune System Activation ◽  
System Activation ◽  
Protein Supply

It is hypothesised that during immune system activation, there is a competition for amino acids (AA) between body protein deposition and immune system functioning. The aim of the present study was to quantify the effect of immune system activation on N retention and AA metabolism in growing pigs, depending on dietary protein supply. A total of sixteen barrows received an adequate (Ad) or restricted (Res) amount of dietary protein, and were challenged at day 0 with intravenous complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). At days − 5, 3 and 8, an irreversible loss rate (ILR) of eight AA was determined. CFA successfully activated the immune system, as indicated by a 2- to 4-fold increase in serum concentrations of acute-phase proteins (APP). Pre-challenge C-reactive protein concentrations were lower (P< 0·05) and pre- and post-challenge albumin tended to be lower in Res-pigs. These findings indicate that a restricted protein supply can limit the acute-phase response. CFA increased urinary N losses (P= 0·04) and tended to reduce N retention in Ad-pigs, but not in Res-pigs (P= 0·07). The ILR for Val was lower (P= 0·05) at day 8 than at day 3 in the post-challenge period. The ILR of most AA, except for Trp, were strongly affected by dietary protein supply and positively correlated with N retention. The correlations between the ILR and APP indices were absent or negative, indicating that changes in AA utilisation for APP synthesis were either not substantial or more likely outweighed by a decrease in muscle protein synthesis during immune system activation in growing pigs.

Feed intake, nitrogen retention and liveweight of Hereford and crossbred Hereford steers offered forage diets differing in digestibility and nitrogen content

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 421
Author(s):  
DW Hennessy ◽  
R Barlow ◽  
PJ Williamson ◽  
RD Murison ◽  
JW Herilhy
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
N Retention ◽  
The Third ◽  
Feed Digestibility ◽  
Forage Diets

Forty-eight steers, comprising purebred British cattle (Hereford) and their crosses with Bos indicus (Brahman cross Hereford), dairy (Friesian cross Hereford) and large European (Simmental cross Hereford) sires were used to record feed intake and estimate nitrogen retention of each genotype. In the first experiment, the feed intake of steers fed on 3 forage diets (H, M and L, metabolizable energy 9.3, 8.4 and 7.0 MJ/kg DM and nitrogen 22.4, 14.9 and 5.6 g/kg DM, respectively) was recorded over 80 days, with feed digestibility and N retention estimated over two, 10-day periods, at the beginning and end of the experiment. The second experiment followed immediately on from the first with the feed intake of steers of each genotype being recorded over 14 days, when each steer was given the H-diet. Steers were then taken off pasture for 70 days and the third experiment completed in pens by recording the feed intake of all steers over 14 days when given the H-diet. Steers fed on the H-diet in experiment 1 had higher (Pless than0.01) feed intakes and N retentions than steers fed on the M- and L-diets; M-diet steers had significantly higher values than L-diets steers for both these measures. Consequently, H-diet steers were heavier (331+-3.6 kg liveweight) than M- (295+-5.1 kg) or L-diet (225+-3.6 kg, standard error) steers after adjusting for initial differences in liveweight by covariance. During experiment 1, Brahman cross steers ate 22% less (Pless than0.01) hay on the L-diet (as g organic matter (OM)/kgsup(0).sup(75) liveweight) than Friesian cross steers, and 17% less (Pless than0.05) than steers of the other genotypes. Brahman cross steers had a 12% lower intake of digestible OM than Friesian cross steers only on the M-diet in the early part of experiment 1, but not the later part. When all steers were given the same diet (H-diet) in experiments 2 and 3, feed intake did not differ between genotypes. There were differences between diets in the excretion and net retention of N by steers, and in the apparent digestibility of N, but differences were not attributed to genotype. It appears that diet was only partially responsible for differences between genotypes in liveweight recorded at grazing.

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