Milk replacers for preruminant lambs: limiting amino acids in two soybean protein isolates determined with a change-over design

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Pelaez ◽  
DM Walker
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
The Other ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Protein Milk ◽  
Limiting Amino Acids ◽  
Milk Replacers

Preruminant male crossbred lambs, aged about 2 weeks at the start of the experiment, were used. Low protein milk replacers (0.10 of total energy as protein) containing isolated soybean protein (ISP-A or ISP-B) as the sole source of protein were supplemented with mixtures of amino acids. Experiment 1a. Six lambs were each given six isonitrogenous diets in a 6 x 6 change-over design with 4-day dietary periods. The diets contained ISP-B and were supplemented with (1) methionine alone, or methionine plus (2) lysine, (3) isoleucine, (4) threonine, (5) valine or (6) tryptophan. Experiment 1b. Groups of six lambs were given diets containing either ISP-A or ISP-B. Each lamb within a group was given six diets in a 6 x 6 change-over design with 4-day dietary periods. One diet was supplemented with six amino acids (Met, Lys, Isol, Thr, Val and Try) whilst the other five diets had one amino acid (not Met) omitted. Nitrogen balances were determined in experiments 1a and 1b on the last 2 days of each dietary period. Experiment 2. Two groups of four lambs were used in a conventional 12-day nitrogen balance experiment. One group was given the milk replacer containing ISP-B supplemented with the six amino acids used in experiment lb, and the other group the same basal diet supplemented only with Met, Lys and Thr. The addition of single amino acids in addition to methionine did not improve nitrogen balances. Lambs given diets supplemented with Met plus Thr, Val or Try had significantly lower nitrogen balances than those given a supplement of Met alone (experiment 1a). Lambs given diets in which Lys or Thr were omitted from the mixture of six amino acids had Lower nitrogen baIances than any other lambs (experiment 1b). It was concluded that Lys and Thr were equally second limiting in ISP-A and ISP-B at the 0.10 protein energy concentration. The retention of apparently digested nitrogen by lambs given ISP-B supplemented with Met, Lys and Thr (0.669) was significantly higher than that of lambs given ISP-B supplemented with six amino acids (0.590; experiment 2). The mean digestibility coefficient of nitrogen in ISP-B (0.842 ± 0.009) was significantly higher than that in ISP-A (0.764 ± 0.014) and the diets containing ISP-B were more readily accepted by the lambs.

Milk replacers for preruminant lambs: protein and fat interactions

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 703 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Gibney ◽  
DM Walker
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Groundnut Oil ◽  
Butter Oil ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Milk Replacers

Seventy male crossbred lambs, aged between 2 and 5 days at the start of the experiment, were given milk replacers in which the source of protein was either dried skimmed milk (DSM) or isolated soybean protein (ISP). The diets provided either 0.10 or 0.25 of the total energy as protein. Fat provided either 0.80 or 0.50 of the total gross energy and was added as butter oil, olive oil, safflower oil, groundnut oil or coconut oil. When ISP replaced DSM there was a significant reduction in the apparent digestibiIities of nitrogen and fat, and in the digestibilities of the component fatty acids (corrected for metabolic fat losses) for all diets, irrespective of the source of dietary fat. When the protein energy concentration was reduced from 0.25 to 0.10, there was a reduction in the above digestibilities for all diets, except those containing butter oil. The corrected digestibilities of the saturated fatty acids invariably decreased with an increase in chain length. The digestibility of an unsaturated fatty acid was usually, but not always, greater than that of its saturated counterpart. The digestibility of any given fatty acid was independent of the concentrations of other fatty acids in the same fat.

Milk replacers containing isolated groundnut protein for preruminant lambs: the effect of protein concentration and energy intake on the requirement for lysine

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 133 ◽  
Author(s):  
DD Phillips ◽  
DM Walker
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Energy Estimates ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Milk Replacers

Preruminant male crossbred lambs, aged 2-5 days at the start of the experiment, were fed on milk replacers that contained groundnut protein isolate as the sole source of protein, supplemented with graded levels of L-lysine hydrochloride. A series of 6x 6 change-over designs with 4-day dietary periods was used in experiments 1 and 2, and a conventional 14-day nitrogen balance in experiment 3. Estimates were made of the minimum intake of lysine coincident with the maximum animal response (MIMR)-measured as maximum nitrogen balance (NB) or minimum plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) concentration. In experiment 1 three diets with different protein concentrations (0.11, 0.18 and 0.25 of total energy as protein) were compared at a controlled intake of gross energy (0.88 MJ/day per kg0.73). At each protein concentration the response to six graded levels of L-lysine hydrochloride was measured. In experiment 2 a diet of constant protein energy concentration (0.25) was offered at three different intakes of energy (0.63, 0.88 and 1.13 MJ/day per kg0 73). At each level of energy intake the response to six graded levels of L-lysine hydrochloride was measured. In experiment 3 a milk replacer containing 0.25 protein energy was offered at a constant intake of 0.88 MJ gross energy/day per kg0 73 and, as in the previous experiments, the response to SIX graded levels of L-lysine hydrochloride was measured. The MIMR for lysine (expressed as a percentage of dietary protein) decreased curvilinearly with an increase in protein concentration, but was unaffected by an increase in the intake of energy. Estimates based on PUN were similar to those based on NB, but the errors associated with the estimates were greater at the lowest protein concentration in experiment 1 and at the lowest intake of energy in experiment 2. Estimates of MIMR in experiments 1 and 3 were in close agreement.

Sequence of limiting amino acids in groundnut protein isolate for the preruminant lamb

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 321 ◽  
Author(s):  
DD Phillips ◽  
DM Walker
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Protein Isolate ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Collection Period ◽  
Limiting Amino Acids

Preruminant male crossbred lambs, aged 2–5 days at the start of the experiment, were used in five experiments to determine the sequence of limiting amino acids in milk replacers containing groundnut protein isolate (GPI) as the sole source of protein. Experiment 1. Eight lambs were each given eight diets in an 8 x 8 change-over design. The diets contained GPI, unsupplemented with amino acids, to provide from 0.10 to 0.45 of the total energy as protein. Experiment 2. Eight lambs were used in two 4 x 4 change-over designs. The protein energy concentration of the diets after supplementation with amino acids was 0.22. In both experimental designs the GPI was supplemented with Met, Lys and Thr as a group in one diet. In experiment 2a each of these amino acids was added singly in successive diets, while in experiment 26 one of the amino acids was omitted in turn from the mixture. Experiment 3. Six lambs were each given six diets based on GPI, supplemented with Met and Lys, at six levels of protein energy (0,100-0.225) in a 6 x 6 change-over design. Experiment 4. Eight lambs were used in an 8 x 8 change-over design. The protein energy concentration of the eight diets was 0.12 after supplementation with a group of amino acids that included Met, Lys, Thr, Val, Leu, Isol, Try and Phe. In successive diets Thr, Val, Leu, Isol, Try and Phe were omitted singly and, in the final diet, these six amino acids were omitted as a group. In experiments 1-4 the dietary periods were of 3 or 4 days. Nitrogen balances were estimated and plasma urea nitrogen concentrations (PUN) measured on the last day of each dietary period. Experiment 5. Six lambs, in two equal groups, were used in a conventional balance experiment, with a 5-day preliminary and a 6 day collection period. One group was given an unsupplemented low protein diet based on GPI, the other group had a similar diet supplemented with Met, Lys and Thr. The protein energy concentration in both diets was 0.10. The sequence of limiting amino acids in GPI (based on a 1 day nitrogen balance) was Met, Lys (equally first limiting at a protein energy concentration of 0.22), Thr, Try (equally third limiting at a protein energy concentration of 0.12). A 1-day nitrogen balance (or urinary urea nitrogen excretion in experiment 4) was a more sensitive indicator of the protein quality of a diet than PUN concentrations. The 1 day collection period gave a similar estimate of nitrogen balance to that determined in the conventional 6 day balance experiment.

Milk replacers containing a soybean protein concentrate for preruminant lambs: interrelationships between methionine, cystine and choline

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
NM Malouf ◽  
DM Walker
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Sulfur Amino Acids ◽  
Soybean Protein Concentrate ◽  
Milk Replacers

Preruminant male crossbred lambs, aged 2-5 days at the start of the experiment, were fed on milk replacers containing a soybean protein concentrate (as the sole source of protein) to supply 25 % of the total dietary energy as protein. The minimum intake of methionine plus cystine (M+C) that was coincident with maximum nitrogen balance was estimated (mean�s.e.) at 38.5�1.8 mg/100 kJ diet (equivalent to 3.6�0.2 g sulfur amino acids/16 g nitrogen). When the concentration of M+C was raised to this level by supplementation with DL-methionine, the addition of choline chloride, in amounts to give final concentrations varying from approximately one-seventh up to twice the concentration in cows' milk, did not affect nitrogen balance. The maximum replacement value of cystine for methionine (as judged by the effect on nitrogen balance), in milk replacers adequately supplen~ented with choline chloride and sulfur amino acids, was 47% on a weight basis, or 52% when calculated on the basis of moles of sulfur.

Milk replacers containing isolated soybean protein for preruminant lambs: influence of experimental design on estimates of requirements for supplementary methionine

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
DD Phillips ◽  
DM Walker
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Final Design ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Protein Milk ◽  
Milk Replacers

Preruminant male crossbred lambs, aged 2–5 days at the start of the experiment, were used in two experiments with low protein milk replacers (0.10 of total energy as protein) containing isolated soybean protein as the sole source of protein. Experiment 1. Groups of three lambs were given the soybean diet supplemented with DL-methionine (seven levels) in increasing (experiment la) or decreasing amounts (experiment 1b). Dietary periods were each of 3 days. Estimates of minimum intakes of methionine plus cystine, coincident with maximum animal response, based on a 1 day nitrogen balance or on plasma urea nitrogen concentrations, indicated that there was a carry-over effect when methionine was given in decreasing amounts. Experiment 2. An 8 x 8 change-over design was used to minimize carry-over effects. Each lamb was given each diet (seven levels of methionine) for 4 days, in such an order that in the final design each diet was preceded once by every other diet. No carry-over effects were observed. It was concluded that the change-over design could be used to estimate amino acid requirements with fewer animals and with shorter dietary periods than in the conventional balance experiment.

scholarly journals 170 Energy values and digestibility of amino acids in dried yeast and soybean meal fed to pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 61-61
Author(s):  
Chan Sol Park ◽  
Ayodeji S Aderibigbe ◽  
Gary Hayen ◽  
Olayiwola Adeola
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Blocking Factors

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in dried yeast (DY) and soybean meal (SBM) fed to pigs. In Exp. 1, 30 barrows with an initial body weight (BW) of 20.7 ± 1.01 were assigned to 5 diets in a randomized complete block design with period and BW as blocking factors. A basal diet was prepared to contain corn, canola meal, and soybean oil as energy-contributing ingredients. Four additional diets were prepared by adding 5 or 10 g/kg DY or SBM at the expense of energy-contributing ingredients in the basal diet to estimate the DE and ME in test ingredients by regression analysis. On a dry matter basis, estimated DE and ME in DY were 4,022 and 3,352 kcal/kg, respectively, and those in SBM were 3,876 and 3,601kcal/kg, respectively. There was no difference in estimated DE or ME between DY and SBM. In Exp. 2, 21 barrows (initial BW = 20.0 ± 1.31 kg) surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum were assigned to 3 diets in a randomized complete block design with BW as a blocking factor. Two diets were prepared to contain DY or SBM as the sole source of nitrogen, and a nitrogen-free diet was prepared to determine the basal ileal endogenous losses of AA. The SID of AA, except for Gly and Pro, in SBM were greater (P < 0.05) than in DY. The SID of indispensable AA in DY ranged from 64.7% for Thr to 86.1% for Arg, whereas those in SBM ranged from 84.8% for Thr to 92.3% for Arg. In conclusion, energy values in DY was comparable with SBM, but the SID of most AA in DY were less than in SBM.

Corrigendum - The endogenous phosphorus excretion of preruminant lambs

1987 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1061
Author(s):  
DM Walker ◽  
SJ Al-Ali
Keyword(s):  
Daily Intake ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Bone Ash ◽  
Protein Group ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Protein Milk ◽  
Milk Replacers

Twenty-seven preruminant male crossbred lambs, aged 1-2 days at the start of the experiment, were used. Three lambs were sacrificed on day 1 and selected bones taken for analysis. Twenty-four lambs, in groups of three, were bottle-fed on low-phosphorus milk replacers in a 2 x 4 factorial experiment. The sole source of protein in the diets was whole beef blood, supplemented with L-isoleucine and DL-methionine, to supply either 10 or 25% of the total dietary energy as protein. At each protein level the diets were supplemented with CaCO3 to provide four ratios of Ca:P (0.5:1, 1:1, 2:1 and 10:1). The daily intake of gross energy was controlled at 880 kJ-0.73. Faeces and urine were collected separately each day and bulked during the last seven days of the experiment for the estimation of N, Ca and P. Serum Ca and P concentrations were determined at weekly intervals. The lambs were sacrificed at the end of the experimental period of 21 days and selected bones were taken for analysis. The concentrations of bone ash, Ca and P all decreased significantly when compared with values determined at the start of the experiment. The lambs given the high-protein diets showed significantly greater losses of bone ash, Ca and P, and had lower serum P, but higher serum Ca concentrations, than lambs fed on the low-protein milk replacers, irrespective of the dietary Ca:P ratios. Phosphorus excretions during the last seven days of the experiment were as follows: faecal P (day-1); low-protein group (n = 12), 3.1 � 0.5 mg kg-1; high-protein group (n = 11) , 4.1 � 0.5 mg kg-1; all lambs (n = 23), 3.6 � 0.3 mg kg-1. Urinary P (day-1): low-protein group (n = 12), 0.92 � 0.22 mg kg-1; high-protein group (n = 11) , 0.61 � 0.03 mg kg-1; all lambs (n = 23), 0.77 � 0.12 mg kg-1. Faecal and urinary P excretion was unaffected by variation in the dietary Ca:P ratio.

Nutritive values of double-low rapeseed expellers and rapeseed meal with or without supplementation of multi-enzyme in pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 729-738
Author(s):  
Peili Li ◽  
Zhiqian Lyu ◽  
Lu Wang ◽  
Bingbing Huang ◽  
Changhua Lai
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Enzyme Supplementation

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of adding multi-enzyme on the available energy concentration and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids of double-low rapeseed expellers (RSE) and rapeseed meal (RSM) fed to growing pigs. In Experiment 1, a total of 36 growing barrows were fed six diets in a replicated 3 × 2 factorial design. Diets included a corn–soybean meal basal diet, RSE diet, and RSM diet with or without multi-enzyme (1000 U g−1 of cellulase, 10 000 U g−1 of xylanase, 2000 U g−1 of glucanase, and 10 000 U g−1 of protease). In Experiment 2, a total of 30 crossbred pigs were randomly allotted to five diets consisting of a nitrogen-free diet and four cornstarch-based diets containing RSE or RSM with or without multi-enzyme. Multi-enzyme supplementation significantly improved (P < 0.05) the metabolizable energy (ME) value and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber, and it tended to increase (P < 0.10) the ATTD of gross energy and digestible energy in ingredients. With the exception of phenylalanine, multi-enzyme supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the SID of crude protein (CP) and all amino acids (AA) in ingredients. Multi-enzyme supplementation enhanced fiber degradation and increased the ME value and SID of CP as well as most AA in double-low rapeseed co-products fed to pigs.

scholarly journals Excessive heating of 00-rapeseed meal reduces not only amino acid digestibility but also metabolizable energy when fed to growing pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryane S F Oliveira ◽  
Markus K Wiltafsky-Martin ◽  
Hans H Stein
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Heating Time ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Ileal Digestibility

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that both the degree of heating and the time that heat is applied will affect the concentration of DE and ME, and the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in 00-rapeseed meal (00-RSM) fed to growing pigs. The nine treatments were prepared using a conventional 00-RSM that was either not autoclaved or autoclaved at 110 °C for 15 or 30 min or at 150 °C for 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, or 18 min. In experiment 1, 20 growing barrows with an average initial BW of 21.2 ± 1.2 kg were randomly allotted to the 10 diets in a replicated 10 × 4 Youden square with 10 diets and four periods in each square. A corn-based basal diet and nine diets containing corn and each source of 00-RSM were formulated. Urine and fecal samples were collected for 5 d after 7 d of adaptation. In experiment 2, nine diets contained one of the nine sources of 00-RSM as the sole source of AA, and an N-free diet that was used to measure basal endogenous losses of AA and CP was formulated. Twenty growing barrows with an initial BW of 69.8 ± 5.7 kg had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum and were allotted to a 10 × 7 Youden square design with 10 diets and 7 periods. Ileal digesta were collected on days 6 and 7 of each 7-d period. Results from the experiments indicated that there were no effects of autoclaving at 110 °C on DE and ME or on AID and SID of AA in 00-RSM, but DE and ME, and AID and SID of AA were less (P &lt; 0.01) if 00-RSM was autoclaved at 150 °C compared with 110 °C. At 150 °C, there were decreases (quadratic, P &lt; 0.05) in DE and ME, and in AID and SID of AA as heating time increased. In conclusion, autoclaving at 110 °C did not affect ME or SID of AA in 00-RSM, but autoclaving at 150 °C had negative effects on ME and SID of AA and the negative effects increased as heating time increased.

EFFECTS OF MILK, FISH, AND SOYBEAN PROTEINS IN MILK REPLACEES, AND FEEDING FREQUENCY ON PERFORMANCE OF DAIRY CALVES

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. L. GORRILL ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON ◽  
H. E. POWER
Keyword(s):  
Milk Protein ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Soybean Proteins ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Protein Milk ◽  
Soybean Protein Concentrate ◽  
Milk Replacers

Two experiments were carried out with Holstein heifer calves to determine the effect of supplying a major portion of the protein in milk replacers by isopropanol-extracted protein concentrate from whole herring (FPC) or a mixture of FPC and soybean protein concentrate (SPC). Milk replacers were compared with whole milk in experiment 1. All calves were abruptly weaned when consuming 0.5 kg starter/day, or by 5 weeks of age. Calf performance was similar when the pre-weaning liquid diet was whole milk, or milk replacers containing either milk protein or 50% of the protein from FPC. Average daily gains to weaning and to 26 weeks of age for all calves were 377 and 692 g/day, respectively. Calves in experiment 2 were fed either an all-milk protein milk replacer or one containing 98% of the protein equally from FPC and SPC. Both milk replacers were fed once daily either six or seven times per week. Calf growth to weaning was lower on the FPC–SPC formula (283 vs. 364 g/day, P < 0.01), but was not significantly different (P < 0.05) to 15 weeks of age (618 vs. 643 g/day). Feeding milk replacer six vs. seven times per week had no significant effect on calf growth. Digestibility coefficients of dry matter, nitrogen, and energy were similar in bull calves fed the all-milk or FPC–SPC protein milk replacers, but retention of absorbed nitrogen was less on the latter diet (54 vs. 45%, P < 0.10).

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