Milk replacers containing isolated groundnut protein for preruminant lambs: the effect of protein concentration and energy intake on the requirement for lysine

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 133 ◽  
Author(s):  
DD Phillips ◽  
DM Walker
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Energy Estimates ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Milk Replacers

Preruminant male crossbred lambs, aged 2-5 days at the start of the experiment, were fed on milk replacers that contained groundnut protein isolate as the sole source of protein, supplemented with graded levels of L-lysine hydrochloride. A series of 6x 6 change-over designs with 4-day dietary periods was used in experiments 1 and 2, and a conventional 14-day nitrogen balance in experiment 3. Estimates were made of the minimum intake of lysine coincident with the maximum animal response (MIMR)-measured as maximum nitrogen balance (NB) or minimum plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) concentration. In experiment 1 three diets with different protein concentrations (0.11, 0.18 and 0.25 of total energy as protein) were compared at a controlled intake of gross energy (0.88 MJ/day per kg0.73). At each protein concentration the response to six graded levels of L-lysine hydrochloride was measured. In experiment 2 a diet of constant protein energy concentration (0.25) was offered at three different intakes of energy (0.63, 0.88 and 1.13 MJ/day per kg0 73). At each level of energy intake the response to six graded levels of L-lysine hydrochloride was measured. In experiment 3 a milk replacer containing 0.25 protein energy was offered at a constant intake of 0.88 MJ gross energy/day per kg0 73 and, as in the previous experiments, the response to SIX graded levels of L-lysine hydrochloride was measured. The MIMR for lysine (expressed as a percentage of dietary protein) decreased curvilinearly with an increase in protein concentration, but was unaffected by an increase in the intake of energy. Estimates based on PUN were similar to those based on NB, but the errors associated with the estimates were greater at the lowest protein concentration in experiment 1 and at the lowest intake of energy in experiment 2. Estimates of MIMR in experiments 1 and 3 were in close agreement.

Methionine supplementation of milk proteins for preruminant lambs. I. Effect of protein concentration and source of carbohydrate on nitrogen balance

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 673 ◽  
Author(s):  
DM Walker ◽  
RD Kirk
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Methionine Supplementation ◽  
Protein Milk ◽  
Milk Replacers ◽  
Protein Diets

Forty-seven crossbred lambs, aged 2–5 days at the start of the experiment, were used in three experiments. In experiment 1 a supplement of DL-methionine significantly increased the nitrogen balances of lambs given low or medium protein milk replacers based on cows' milk proteins. In experiment 2 the optimum level of supplementation of a low protein diet with DL-methionine was determined. Although the nitrogen balances were significantly increased by the supplement, the actual nitrogen balances at equivalent intakes of gross energy and nitrogen were less than those in experiment 1. The low protein diets in the two experiments differed only in the source of carbohydrate: lactose in cxpcrimcnt 1; lactose + glucose in experiment 2. In the final experiment 24 lambs in a 2 x 2 factorial design were fed on low protein diets containing casein as the source of protein, and lactose or glucose as the sole source of carbohydrate, with or without a supplement of DL-methionine. There was no significant effect of the source of carbohydrate on nitrogen balance.

Sequence of limiting amino acids in groundnut protein isolate for the preruminant lamb

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 321 ◽  
Author(s):  
DD Phillips ◽  
DM Walker
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Protein Isolate ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Collection Period ◽  
Limiting Amino Acids

Preruminant male crossbred lambs, aged 2–5 days at the start of the experiment, were used in five experiments to determine the sequence of limiting amino acids in milk replacers containing groundnut protein isolate (GPI) as the sole source of protein. Experiment 1. Eight lambs were each given eight diets in an 8 x 8 change-over design. The diets contained GPI, unsupplemented with amino acids, to provide from 0.10 to 0.45 of the total energy as protein. Experiment 2. Eight lambs were used in two 4 x 4 change-over designs. The protein energy concentration of the diets after supplementation with amino acids was 0.22. In both experimental designs the GPI was supplemented with Met, Lys and Thr as a group in one diet. In experiment 2a each of these amino acids was added singly in successive diets, while in experiment 26 one of the amino acids was omitted in turn from the mixture. Experiment 3. Six lambs were each given six diets based on GPI, supplemented with Met and Lys, at six levels of protein energy (0,100-0.225) in a 6 x 6 change-over design. Experiment 4. Eight lambs were used in an 8 x 8 change-over design. The protein energy concentration of the eight diets was 0.12 after supplementation with a group of amino acids that included Met, Lys, Thr, Val, Leu, Isol, Try and Phe. In successive diets Thr, Val, Leu, Isol, Try and Phe were omitted singly and, in the final diet, these six amino acids were omitted as a group. In experiments 1-4 the dietary periods were of 3 or 4 days. Nitrogen balances were estimated and plasma urea nitrogen concentrations (PUN) measured on the last day of each dietary period. Experiment 5. Six lambs, in two equal groups, were used in a conventional balance experiment, with a 5-day preliminary and a 6 day collection period. One group was given an unsupplemented low protein diet based on GPI, the other group had a similar diet supplemented with Met, Lys and Thr. The protein energy concentration in both diets was 0.10. The sequence of limiting amino acids in GPI (based on a 1 day nitrogen balance) was Met, Lys (equally first limiting at a protein energy concentration of 0.22), Thr, Try (equally third limiting at a protein energy concentration of 0.12). A 1-day nitrogen balance (or urinary urea nitrogen excretion in experiment 4) was a more sensitive indicator of the protein quality of a diet than PUN concentrations. The 1 day collection period gave a similar estimate of nitrogen balance to that determined in the conventional 6 day balance experiment.

Milk replacers for preruminant lambs: limiting amino acids in two soybean protein isolates determined with a change-over design

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Pelaez ◽  
DM Walker
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
The Other ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Protein Milk ◽  
Limiting Amino Acids ◽  
Milk Replacers

Preruminant male crossbred lambs, aged about 2 weeks at the start of the experiment, were used. Low protein milk replacers (0.10 of total energy as protein) containing isolated soybean protein (ISP-A or ISP-B) as the sole source of protein were supplemented with mixtures of amino acids. Experiment 1a. Six lambs were each given six isonitrogenous diets in a 6 x 6 change-over design with 4-day dietary periods. The diets contained ISP-B and were supplemented with (1) methionine alone, or methionine plus (2) lysine, (3) isoleucine, (4) threonine, (5) valine or (6) tryptophan. Experiment 1b. Groups of six lambs were given diets containing either ISP-A or ISP-B. Each lamb within a group was given six diets in a 6 x 6 change-over design with 4-day dietary periods. One diet was supplemented with six amino acids (Met, Lys, Isol, Thr, Val and Try) whilst the other five diets had one amino acid (not Met) omitted. Nitrogen balances were determined in experiments 1a and 1b on the last 2 days of each dietary period. Experiment 2. Two groups of four lambs were used in a conventional 12-day nitrogen balance experiment. One group was given the milk replacer containing ISP-B supplemented with the six amino acids used in experiment lb, and the other group the same basal diet supplemented only with Met, Lys and Thr. The addition of single amino acids in addition to methionine did not improve nitrogen balances. Lambs given diets supplemented with Met plus Thr, Val or Try had significantly lower nitrogen balances than those given a supplement of Met alone (experiment 1a). Lambs given diets in which Lys or Thr were omitted from the mixture of six amino acids had Lower nitrogen baIances than any other lambs (experiment 1b). It was concluded that Lys and Thr were equally second limiting in ISP-A and ISP-B at the 0.10 protein energy concentration. The retention of apparently digested nitrogen by lambs given ISP-B supplemented with Met, Lys and Thr (0.669) was significantly higher than that of lambs given ISP-B supplemented with six amino acids (0.590; experiment 2). The mean digestibility coefficient of nitrogen in ISP-B (0.842 ± 0.009) was significantly higher than that in ISP-A (0.764 ± 0.014) and the diets containing ISP-B were more readily accepted by the lambs.

Choline requirement of the preruminant lamb during the first two or three weeks of life

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 829 ◽  
Author(s):  
SJ Al-Ali ◽  
NM Malouf ◽  
DM Walker
Keyword(s):  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Ammonia Excretion ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Liver Fat ◽  
Liver Fat Content ◽  
Butter Oil ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Milk Replacers

Preruminant male crossbred lambs, aged 1-2 days at the start of the experiment, were bottle-fed on milk replacers containing casein as the sole source of protein for an experimental period of 15-21 days. Choline-deficient diets were used in experiment 1 to determine the effect on the performance of the lambs of thc dictary protein concentration (10, 15 and 25% protein energy), and in experiment 2 of different sources of fat (butter oil, maize oil or lard), unsupplemented, or with supplements of choline chloride or L-cystine. Supplements of choline chloride decreased liver fat content and decreased urinary creatine excretion, irrespective of dietary protein concentration or source of dietary fat. Ira general, urinary ammonia excretion increased as the sulfur amino acid content of the diets increased, but there were interactions with the source of fat, so that although sulfur intake remained constant ammonia excretion was higher with diets containing lard than with those containing maize oil or butter oil. The effect of the supplements of 1,-cystine on liver fat content and urinary creatine excretion was not significantly different from that of the unsupplemented choline-deficient diets. In experiments 3 and 4 a choline-deficient diet with 25% protein energy and butter oil as the source of fat was supplemented with graded amounts of choline chloride. Energy intake was ad libitum, or restricted to 80% of ad libitum. When the lambs were fed ad libitum there was a significant decrease in liver fat content even with the smallest supplement of choline chloride (c. 9 mg MJ-1 gross energy), but no significant effect when energy intake was restricted. Since liveweight gains and nitrogen balances were unaffected by the presence or absence of the choline supplements it was concluded that in milk replacers containing 25% protein energy from casein, with butter oil as the source of fat, supplementation with choline chloride to provide 9 mg MJ-1 gross energy (233 mg kg-1 dry matter) would be sufficient to prevent the increased deposition of fat in the liver during the 6rst three weeks of life.

Corrigendum - The endogenous phosphorus excretion of preruminant lambs

1987 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1061
Author(s):  
DM Walker ◽  
SJ Al-Ali
Keyword(s):  
Daily Intake ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Bone Ash ◽  
Protein Group ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Protein Milk ◽  
Milk Replacers

Twenty-seven preruminant male crossbred lambs, aged 1-2 days at the start of the experiment, were used. Three lambs were sacrificed on day 1 and selected bones taken for analysis. Twenty-four lambs, in groups of three, were bottle-fed on low-phosphorus milk replacers in a 2 x 4 factorial experiment. The sole source of protein in the diets was whole beef blood, supplemented with L-isoleucine and DL-methionine, to supply either 10 or 25% of the total dietary energy as protein. At each protein level the diets were supplemented with CaCO3 to provide four ratios of Ca:P (0.5:1, 1:1, 2:1 and 10:1). The daily intake of gross energy was controlled at 880 kJ-0.73. Faeces and urine were collected separately each day and bulked during the last seven days of the experiment for the estimation of N, Ca and P. Serum Ca and P concentrations were determined at weekly intervals. The lambs were sacrificed at the end of the experimental period of 21 days and selected bones were taken for analysis. The concentrations of bone ash, Ca and P all decreased significantly when compared with values determined at the start of the experiment. The lambs given the high-protein diets showed significantly greater losses of bone ash, Ca and P, and had lower serum P, but higher serum Ca concentrations, than lambs fed on the low-protein milk replacers, irrespective of the dietary Ca:P ratios. Phosphorus excretions during the last seven days of the experiment were as follows: faecal P (day-1); low-protein group (n = 12), 3.1 � 0.5 mg kg-1; high-protein group (n = 11) , 4.1 � 0.5 mg kg-1; all lambs (n = 23), 3.6 � 0.3 mg kg-1. Urinary P (day-1): low-protein group (n = 12), 0.92 � 0.22 mg kg-1; high-protein group (n = 11) , 0.61 � 0.03 mg kg-1; all lambs (n = 23), 0.77 � 0.12 mg kg-1. Faecal and urinary P excretion was unaffected by variation in the dietary Ca:P ratio.

scholarly journals Nitrogen and purine metabolism at varying energy and protein supplies in sheep sustained on intragastric infusion

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Lindberg ◽  
K.-G. Jacobsson
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Purine Derivatives ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
N Requirement

Wether sheep were fitted with rumen fistulas and polyethylene tubes to the abomasum and were given all nutrients by intragastric infusion. In Expt 1 volatile fatty acids (VFA) were given at 340, 450 and 630 kJ gross energy (GE)/kg metabolic weight (W0.75) and protein at 0, 150, 300, 600, 900 and 1500 mg nitrogen/kg W0.75. In Expt 2 VFA were infused at 450 kJ GE/kg W0.75 and protein at 0 and 300 mg N/kg W0.75. At all levels of energy intake in Expt 1 the N retention was significantly (P < 0.01) related to N intake. The basal N requirement was estimated to be 281 mg (SE 21.8) N/kg W0.75 at 340 kJ VFA/kg W0.75, 226 (SE 21.8) mg N/kg W0.75 at 450 kJ VFA/kg W0.75 and 207 (SE 19.4) mg N/kg W0.75 at 630 kJ VFA/kg W0.75. Plasma urea concentrations varied markedly in relation to protein intake and to energy supply. On the other hand plasma ammonia, glucose, insulin and creatinine concentrations, and also urinary excretion of purine derivatives and creatinine were not significantly affected by the treatments imposed. It was concluded that the urinary excretion of purine derivatives in ruminants was largely unaffected by moderate changes in energy intake and by large changes in protein intake.

Protein intake and its relationship to urinary calcium excretion in the preruminant lamb

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
DM Walker ◽  
SJ Al-Ali
Keyword(s):  
Protein Intake ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Urinary Calcium ◽  
Calcium Excretion ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Milk Replacers ◽  
Ca:P Ratio

Preruminant male crossbred lambs, aged 1-2 days at the start of the experiment, were used. Twenty-four lambs were bottle-fed for an experimental period of 21 days in a 4 x 3 factorial experiment (with unequal replications). The sole source of protein in the milk replacers was casein, supplemented with DL-methionine, to supply either 10, 20, 30 or 40% of the total dietary energy as protein. At each protein level there were three levels of Ca to represent 50% (low), 100% (medium) and 200% (high) of the Ca concentration of ewes' milk (taken to be 360 mg MJ-1 gross energy). The Ca:P ratio in all diets was 1.1:l. The daily intake of gross energy was controlled at 1046 kJ kg-0.73. Nitrogen, Ca and P balances were determined during the last seven days of the experiment. There was no significant effect of protein intake, or of Ca intake, on the daily urinary Ca excretion, which was uniformly low (n = 24; mean, 1.67 � 0.25 mg kg-1).

Plasma urea nitrogen as an indicator of protein quality. I. Factors affecting the concentration of urea in the blood of the preruminant lamb

1976 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
RD Kirk ◽  
DM Walker
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Gross Energy

Preruminant male crossbred lambs, aged between 2 days and 5 weeks, were given milk replacers of low (0.10 of total energy as protein) or medium (0.28) protein content. Plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) values were unaffected by: the time of blood sampling within 9 hr after feeding; the age of the lamb, between 3 and 33 days; the lamb's intake of the medium protein diet (range, 500–1180 kJ gross energy/day per kg0.73 storage of plasma samples at –15°C for 5 months before analysis; fasting of lambs for 4 days; feeding of lambs on a nitrogen-free diet for 7 days. PUN values were significantly increased by: an increase in the dietary protein concentration; a reduction in the lamb's intake of the low protein diet below 840 kJ gross energy/day per kg0.73 (negative nitrogen balance); an increase in the dry matter content of the medium protein diet from 0.10 to 0.25; the addition of urea to the low protein diet (peak values 4–6 hr after feeding). PUN values estimated on successive days reflected a change in the protein content of the diet within 3–4 days, regardless of whether the change in protein concentration was from low to medium, or medium to low. It is concluded that PUN values can be used to evaluate protein quality only when experimental conditions are strictly controlled. Blood samples taken without regard to the above factors may give misleading results.

scholarly journals Effect of protein and energy concentration in milk replacers on rearing performance of heifer calves

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 525-537
Author(s):  
Barbara Niwińska ◽  
Krzysztof Bilik
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Concentrate Mixture ◽  
Milk Replacers

AbstractThe objective of the study was to analyse the effect of enriching milk replacers with crude protein (CP) and/or gross energy (GE) on rearing performance of Polish Holstein-Friesian heifer calves. The study was a 2 × 2 factorial design, with the two factors being CP content (220 and 290 g) and GE content (21 and 23 MJ) of milk replacer dry matter (DM). Thirty-two heifer calves aged 7 days were assigned to 1 of 4 experimental groups (n=8), in which they received limited milk replacer (800 ±10 g DM × day-1) to 56 days of age and the same concentrate mixture ad libitum to 120 days of age. Feeding programme and nutritive value of concentrate mixture were applied as recommended by IZ PIB-INRA feeding standards (2009). Rearing performance was determined from body weight and body size measures at 7, 56 and 120 days of age, and feed and nutrient utilization for weight gain and body size gain during the periods from 7 to 56, 57 to 120 and 7 to 120 days of age. During the liquid feeding period from 7 to 56 days of age, the increase in CP concentration in milk replacers had a statistically significant effect on weight gains, body size (P≤0.05), and utilization of feed DM, CP and GE for weight gain (P≤0.05), while the increase in GE concentration improved daily weight gains and utilization of CP for weight gain (P≤0.05). The increase in CP concentration and the simultaneous decrease in GE concentration had a beneficial effect on the intake of concentrate mixture (statistical tendency, P≤0.1), but its utilization for weight gain was similar in all the experimental groups. Heifer calves that had received protein-rich milk replacers previously, during the period from 57 to 120 days of age ingested more concentrate mixture per day but were less efficient in nutrient utilization for weight gain (statistical tendency, P≤0.1).

Milk replacers for preruminant lambs: protein and fat interactions

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 703 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Gibney ◽  
DM Walker
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Groundnut Oil ◽  
Butter Oil ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Milk Replacers

Seventy male crossbred lambs, aged between 2 and 5 days at the start of the experiment, were given milk replacers in which the source of protein was either dried skimmed milk (DSM) or isolated soybean protein (ISP). The diets provided either 0.10 or 0.25 of the total energy as protein. Fat provided either 0.80 or 0.50 of the total gross energy and was added as butter oil, olive oil, safflower oil, groundnut oil or coconut oil. When ISP replaced DSM there was a significant reduction in the apparent digestibiIities of nitrogen and fat, and in the digestibilities of the component fatty acids (corrected for metabolic fat losses) for all diets, irrespective of the source of dietary fat. When the protein energy concentration was reduced from 0.25 to 0.10, there was a reduction in the above digestibilities for all diets, except those containing butter oil. The corrected digestibilities of the saturated fatty acids invariably decreased with an increase in chain length. The digestibility of an unsaturated fatty acid was usually, but not always, greater than that of its saturated counterpart. The digestibility of any given fatty acid was independent of the concentrations of other fatty acids in the same fat.

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