Milk replacers for preruminant lambs: protein and carbohydrate interactions

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 133 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Gibney ◽  
DM Walker
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration ◽  
Milk Replacers

Twenty-one male crossbred lambs, aged 2–5 days at the start of the experiments, were used. Experiment I. Groups of three lambs were each given one of three low protein diets (0.10 of the total energy as protein) based on isolated soybean protein. Carbohydrate was omitted from one diet, but in the other two it was added at the expense of fat to provide 0.10 or 0.25 of the total dietary energy. In lambs given the carbohydrate-free diet there was a significant reduction in nitrogen balance, in the retention of the apparently digested nitrogen, in liveweight gain and in plasma glucose levels, but a significant increase in plasma urea nitrogen and in the urinary excretion of nitrogen, urea, ammonia, sodium and potassium. The dry matter content of the faeces of lambs given the diet containing 0.10 carbohydrate (0.450) was significantly higher than that of lambs given the 0.25 carbohydrate diet (0.294). There were no other significant differences in performance between these two groups. Experiment 2. Twelve lambs were given diets based on casein, supplemented with DL-methionine, in which protein supplied 0.100, 0–175 or 0.250 of the total gross energy and, at each protein level, carbohydrate supplied 0.025,0.050, 0.100 or 0.200. There was a significant linear increase in liveweight gain, nitrogen balance and apparently digested nitrogen retained as the carbohydrate concentration at each protein level was increased, and a highly significant effect of the level of dietary protein on all parameters measured. It was concluded that the beneficial effect of carbohydrate on nitrogen balance and liveweight gain is of sufficient consequence to warrant the highest inclusion of carbohydrate in milk replacers for lambs that is compatible with the absence of diarrhoea.

scholarly journals Nutrient balance in the soil and nutritive characteristics of maize silage cut at different heights

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 3779
Author(s):  
Julio Hülse ◽  
Mikael Neumann ◽  
Robson Kyoshi Ueno ◽  
Julio Cezar Heker Junior ◽  
Danúbia Nogueira Figueira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nutrients ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Nutrient Recycling ◽  
Nutrient Balance ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Production Plant ◽  
Dry Matter Content

Maize harvesting for silage promotes intense use of soil nutrients. The increase in forage harvesting time can ease nutrient use and benefit the nutritional quality of the silage. However, this practice may be economically unviable due to the reduction in the volume of harvested forage. The objective of our experiment was to evaluate several agronomic parameters, such as production, plant composition, nutritional value of silage and nutrient balance in the soil by harvesting the maize plant at different silage heights: 0.20; 0.40; 0.60; 0.80 and 1.00 m above the ground. The experimental design was completely randomized, with five treatments with five repetitions. Representative plants in each plot were cut and fragmented in a forage machine. This material was homogenized and ensiled in experimental polyvinyl chloride (PVC) silos. Each 0.10 m increase at harvest provided an increase of 0.65% in the dry matter content of the forage and reduced harvest to 339 kg ha-1 of dry matter. The presence of grains in the forage increased linearly 1.24% for every 0.10 m at the time of harvest. The levels of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and silage lignin had a linear decrease of 4.5, 2.8 and 9.6%, respectively, per each 0.10 m lift crop height. Regarding the total digestible nutrients, dry matter intake and the relative forage, these values had a linear increase of 0.5, 7.2 and 8.2%, respectively. For each 0.10 m increase in cutting height, there was a decrease in soil nutrients, namely 3.6 kg ha-1 N, 1.3 kg ha-1 P2O5, 9.5 kg ha-1 K2O, 0.9 kg ha-1 CaO and 1.2 kg ha-1 MgO. Even with the harvest at 1.00 m above the ground, nutrient recycling nutrients by necromass is not sufficient to balance the potassium balance in the soil, causing a decline of 37.69 kg ha-1 K2O. The maize harvest to 0.47 m height represented the best relationship between silage quantity and quality, being the height that presents the greatest potential for economic return, and can fund management practices and soil fertilization to prevent degradation in foraging systems, mainly to overcome the negative balance of potassium in the system.

Milk replacers containing isolated groundnut protein for preruminant lambs: the effect of protein concentration and energy intake on the requirement for lysine

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 133 ◽  
Author(s):  
DD Phillips ◽  
DM Walker
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Energy Estimates ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Milk Replacers

Preruminant male crossbred lambs, aged 2-5 days at the start of the experiment, were fed on milk replacers that contained groundnut protein isolate as the sole source of protein, supplemented with graded levels of L-lysine hydrochloride. A series of 6x 6 change-over designs with 4-day dietary periods was used in experiments 1 and 2, and a conventional 14-day nitrogen balance in experiment 3. Estimates were made of the minimum intake of lysine coincident with the maximum animal response (MIMR)-measured as maximum nitrogen balance (NB) or minimum plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) concentration. In experiment 1 three diets with different protein concentrations (0.11, 0.18 and 0.25 of total energy as protein) were compared at a controlled intake of gross energy (0.88 MJ/day per kg0.73). At each protein concentration the response to six graded levels of L-lysine hydrochloride was measured. In experiment 2 a diet of constant protein energy concentration (0.25) was offered at three different intakes of energy (0.63, 0.88 and 1.13 MJ/day per kg0 73). At each level of energy intake the response to six graded levels of L-lysine hydrochloride was measured. In experiment 3 a milk replacer containing 0.25 protein energy was offered at a constant intake of 0.88 MJ gross energy/day per kg0 73 and, as in the previous experiments, the response to SIX graded levels of L-lysine hydrochloride was measured. The MIMR for lysine (expressed as a percentage of dietary protein) decreased curvilinearly with an increase in protein concentration, but was unaffected by an increase in the intake of energy. Estimates based on PUN were similar to those based on NB, but the errors associated with the estimates were greater at the lowest protein concentration in experiment 1 and at the lowest intake of energy in experiment 2. Estimates of MIMR in experiments 1 and 3 were in close agreement.

Milk replacers containing a soybean protein concentrate for preruminant lambs: interrelationships between methionine, cystine and choline

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
NM Malouf ◽  
DM Walker
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Sulfur Amino Acids ◽  
Soybean Protein Concentrate ◽  
Milk Replacers

Preruminant male crossbred lambs, aged 2-5 days at the start of the experiment, were fed on milk replacers containing a soybean protein concentrate (as the sole source of protein) to supply 25 % of the total dietary energy as protein. The minimum intake of methionine plus cystine (M+C) that was coincident with maximum nitrogen balance was estimated (mean�s.e.) at 38.5�1.8 mg/100 kJ diet (equivalent to 3.6�0.2 g sulfur amino acids/16 g nitrogen). When the concentration of M+C was raised to this level by supplementation with DL-methionine, the addition of choline chloride, in amounts to give final concentrations varying from approximately one-seventh up to twice the concentration in cows' milk, did not affect nitrogen balance. The maximum replacement value of cystine for methionine (as judged by the effect on nitrogen balance), in milk replacers adequately supplen~ented with choline chloride and sulfur amino acids, was 47% on a weight basis, or 52% when calculated on the basis of moles of sulfur.

Milk replacers containing isolated soybean protein for preruminant lambs: influence of experimental design on estimates of requirements for supplementary methionine

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
DD Phillips ◽  
DM Walker
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Final Design ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Protein Milk ◽  
Milk Replacers

Preruminant male crossbred lambs, aged 2–5 days at the start of the experiment, were used in two experiments with low protein milk replacers (0.10 of total energy as protein) containing isolated soybean protein as the sole source of protein. Experiment 1. Groups of three lambs were given the soybean diet supplemented with DL-methionine (seven levels) in increasing (experiment la) or decreasing amounts (experiment 1b). Dietary periods were each of 3 days. Estimates of minimum intakes of methionine plus cystine, coincident with maximum animal response, based on a 1 day nitrogen balance or on plasma urea nitrogen concentrations, indicated that there was a carry-over effect when methionine was given in decreasing amounts. Experiment 2. An 8 x 8 change-over design was used to minimize carry-over effects. Each lamb was given each diet (seven levels of methionine) for 4 days, in such an order that in the final design each diet was preceded once by every other diet. No carry-over effects were observed. It was concluded that the change-over design could be used to estimate amino acid requirements with fewer animals and with shorter dietary periods than in the conventional balance experiment.

Optimum harvest date of maize for biogas and silage purposes

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-125
Author(s):  
G. Hadi
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Harvest Date ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Vegetative Organs

The dry matter and moisture contents of the aboveground vegetative organs and kernels of four maize hybrids were studied in Martonvásár at five harvest dates, with four replications per hybrid. The dry matter yield per hectare of the kernels and other plant organs were investigated in order to obtain data on the optimum date of harvest for the purposes of biogas and silage production.It was found that the dry mass of the aboveground vegetative organs, both individually and in total, did not increase after silking. During the last third of the ripening period, however, a significant reduction in the dry matter content was sometimes observed as a function of the length of the vegetation period. The data suggest that, with the exception of extreme weather conditions or an extremely long vegetation period, the maximum dry matter yield could be expected to range from 22–42%, depending on the vegetation period of the variety. The harvest date should be chosen to give a kernel moisture content of above 35% for biogas production and below 35% for silage production. In this phenophase most varieties mature when the stalks are still green, so it is unlikely that transport costs can be reduced by waiting for the vegetative mass to dry.

Persistence of modern varieties and hybrids of carrots and its dependence on the biochemical composition

2020 ◽  
pp. 16-19
Author(s):  
Е.В. Янченко
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Modern Varieties

Цель исследований – дать оценку сохраняемости и болезнеустойчивости современных сортов и гибридов моркови столовой и определить корреляционные зависимости влияния биохимических показателей качества на сохраняемость и степень поражения моркови столовой различными видами болезней в процессе хранения. Исследования проводились в 2011–2016 годах во ВНИИО – филиале ФГБНУ ФНЦО по общепринятым методикам. В биохимической лаборатории отдела земледелия и агрохимии содержание сухого вещества определяли высушиванием до абсолютно сухого веса, общего сахара – по Бертрану, аскорбиновой кислоты – по Мурри, нитраты – ионоселективным методом. При характеристике моркови столовой важнейший показатель, определяющий его качество – количество сухого вещества и сахаров. В процессе хранения были выявлены следующие болезни моркови: серая гниль (Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr.), белая гниль (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.)), белая парша (Rhizoctonia carotae Rad.), альтернариоз (Alternaria radicina M., Dr. et E.). В большей степени сортообразцы моркови столовой поражались серой гнилью. Лучшими по сохраняемости сортообразцами были Корсар (94,6%), F1Берлин (94,5%), Берликум Роял (94,1%) и F1 Звезда (94%). Сохраняемость у зарубежных сортов и гибридов моркови столовой была немного выше, чем у отечественных (на 0,4%) как за счет меньшей величины убыли массы (6,3% против 6,4%), так и потерь от болезней (1,6% против 1,9%). Сохраняемость корнеплодов моркови находится в прямой корреляционной зависимости от содержания сухого вещества (r=+0,41), каротиноидов (r=+0,39), моносахаров (r­=+0,30) и суммы сахаров (r=+0,27). Проявление серой гнили находится в обратной корреляционной связи с содержанием сухого вещества и каротиноидов (r=-0,37 и r=-0,35 соответственно), белой парши – в прямой корреляции с содержанием сухого вещества , моносахаров и дисахаров (r= +0,21; r= +0,39; r= -0,41 соответственно), белой гнили в обратной корреляционной связи с содержанием сухого вещества, моносахаров и дисахаров. The purpose of the research is to assess the persistence and disease resistance of modern varieties and hybrids of carrots and to determine the correlation between the influence of biochemical quality indicators on the persistence and degree of damage to carrots by various types of diseases during storage. The research was conducted in 2011–2016 at ARRIVG – branch of FSBSI FSVC, according to generally accepted methods. In the biochemical laboratory of the Department of Agriculture and Agrochemistry, the dry matter content was determined by drying to absolutely dry weight, total sugar – by Bertran, ascorbic acid – by Murri, nitrates – by the ion-selective method. When describing carrots, the most important indicator that determines its quality is the amount of dry matter and sugars. During storage, the following diseases of carrots were detected: gray rot (Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr.), white rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.), white scab (Rhizoctonia carotae Rad.), alternariasis (Alternaria radicina M., Dr. et E.). To a greater extent, varieties of table carrots were affected by gray rot. The best preserved varieties were Corsar (94.6%), F1 Berlin (94.5%), Berlicum Royal (94.1%) and F1 Zvezda (94%). The persistence of foreign varieties and hybrids of table carrots was slightly higher than that of domestic ones by 0.4%. both due to a smaller amount of weight loss (6.3% vs. 6.4%) and losses from diseases (1.6% vs. 1.9%). The persistence of carrot root crops is directly correlated with the content of dry matter (r=+0.41), carotenoids (r=+0.39), monosaccharides (r=+0.30) and the amount of sugars (r=+0.27). The manifestation of gray rot is in inverse correlation with the content of dry matter and carotenoids (r=-0.37 and r=-0.35, respectively), white scab is in direct correlation with the content of dry matter (r= +0.21; r= +0.39; r= –0.41, respectively), white rot is in inverse correlation with the content of dry matter, monosaccharides and disaccharides.

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