The effect of tree sprays of calcium, boron, zinc and naphthaleneacetic acid, alone and in all combinations, on the incidence of storage disorders in Merton apples

1976 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 391 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Martin ◽  
TL Lewis ◽  
J Cerny ◽  
DA Ratkowsky
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Zinc Nitrate ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Mineral Element ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Bitter Pit ◽  
One Year ◽  
Storage Disorders

The effect of four whole-tree sprays at monthly intervals on the fruit mineral element content and on the incidence of storage disorders in Merton apples was investigated for three years. Calcium nitrate, boric acid, zinc nitrate and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) were applied singly and in all possible combinations. There were no significant treatment interactions, which implied an absence of synergistic or antagonistic effects between spray components. Calcium nitrate was the only compound whose application consistently reduced the incidence of bitter pit and breakdown following cool storage for 4 months. In one year NAA reduced the incidence of these disorders, but it also reduced mean fruit size and increased the concentration of most of the mineral elements, including calcium, in the fruit at harvest. Zinc nitrate sprays had no effect. Boron application promoted the development of core flush in one year and of breakdown in two years, but did not affect the incidence of bitter pit. No relationship was observed between the levels of calcium and boron in the fruit.

scholarly journals Effects of Repeated Yearly Application of Chemical Thinners on `McIntosh' Apples

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 401-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duane W. Greene
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Load Effects ◽  
Return Bloom ◽  
Repeated Use ◽  
One Year ◽  
And Control ◽  
Storage Disorders

An experiment was initiated on mature `Morespur McIntosh'on M.7 rootstock to document the effects of repeated yearly applications of benzyladenine (BA) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) on fruit quality at harvest, the development of storage disorders following regular air storage, and on return bloom. When analyzed over the 4-year period, thinning did not significantly reduce crop load. This result was due in large part to no thinning response one year and very poor set on all trees in another year. Thinners were effective at increasing return bloom over the course of the experiment. BA increased fruit weight but reduced red color compared with NAA treated and control trees. Fruit quality differences at harvests were attributed primarily to crop load effects. There were no fruit quality, return bloom, or storage disorders that could not be explained by treatment effects on crop load or due to previously known effects of individual thinners. The results of this experiment clearly suggest that there are no direct adverse effects following repeated use of either NAA or BA.

scholarly journals Crop Load Affects Mineral Concentrations and Incidence of Bitter Pit in `Cox's Orange Pippin' Apple Fruit

1992 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.B. Ferguson ◽  
C.B. Watkins
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Postharvest Storage ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Fruit Maturity ◽  
Bitter Pit ◽  
Mineral Concentrations ◽  
Storage Disorders

Apple fruit (Malus domestics Borkh. cv. Cox's Orange Pippin) were harvested in four orchards from trees growing under the same conditions but differing in crop load. Regardless of fruit size, apples from light-cropping trees had lower Ca and higher K concentrations and more bitter pit than did fruit from trees with heavy crop loads. The inverse relationship between Ca concentration in the fruit and the incidence of bitter pit also varied according to crop load and could affect the ability to predict incidence of bitter pit from Ca measurements. Differences in fruit maturity that would influence bitter pit incidence were not associated with crop load. The enhanced susceptibility to storage disorders, such as bitter pit, in fruit of all sizes from light-cropping trees suggests the need to handle fruit from such trees differently for postharvest storage.

scholarly journals The time of Calcium Feeding Affects the Productive Performance of Sows

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lumin Gao ◽  
Xue Lin ◽  
Chunyan Xie ◽  
Tianyong Zhang ◽  
Xin Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Mineral Element ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
Element Transport ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation

This study aims to investigate the effect of Calcium (Ca) feeding time on a sow’s productive performance and the profiles of serum mineral elements during late pregnancy and lactation. A total of 75 pregnant sows were assigned to three groups: The control (C), earlier-later (E-L), and later-earlier (L-E) groups. During late pregnancy, the C group was fed an extra 4.5 g Ca (in the form of CaCO3) at both 06:00 and 15:00, the E-L group was fed an extra 9 g Ca at 06:00, and the L-E group was fed an extra 9 g Ca at 15:00. Similar treatments with double the amount of Ca were applied during lactation. The results show that, compared with the C group, L-E feeding decreased the number of stillbirths and the duration of farrowing and placenta expulsion (FARPLA) and increased the average daily weight gain (ADG) of piglets. Similarly, E-L feeding increased the ADG of piglets (p < 0.05). Furthermore, both E-L and L-E feeding increased the Ca levels in sow serum and umbilical serum, and the Fe levels in umbilical serum, but decreased the Ca levels in the placenta and colostrum (p < 0.05). Experiments on the genes involved in mineral element transport showed that E-L feeding activated the mRNA expression of TRPV5, S100G, SLC30A7, SLC39A4, and Ferroportin1, while it inhibited the mRNA expression of ATP7A in the placenta (p < 0.05). Moreover, L-E feeding up-regulated the mRNA expression of ATP2B and IREB2, while it down-regulated the mRNA expression of ATP7B in the placenta (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that maternal Ca feeding at 15:00 h during late pregnancy and lactation decreased FARPLA and stillbirths and improved the growth performance of suckling piglets by altering the mineral element of the metabolism in the umbilical serum and milk, compared to conventional feeding regimes.

Bitter pit in the apple variety Cleopatra in Tasmania in relation to calcium and magnesium

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 742 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Martin ◽  
TL Lewis ◽  
J Cerny
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Magnesium Nitrate ◽  
Critical Element ◽  
Apple Variety ◽  
Nitrate Treatment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Bitter Pit ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Potassium Magnesium

When spray treatments were applied to half-trees of Cleopatra apples, it was shown that magnesium nitrate increased the incidence of pit and calcium nitrate decreased it. There was a suggestion that borax decreased the effectiveness of the calcium nitrate treatment. Magnesium or calcium nitrate, with or without borax, did not affect the potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, or nitrogen content of the fruit cortex. Calcium nitrate in 1959 increased the calcium content but magnesium nitrate had no effect. There was no significant difference in the content of potassium, magnesium, or phosphorus between 1958 and 1959, but the calcium content was 3.3 times as high in 1958. Pit incidence was low in 1958 and high in 1959. No significant difference in content of these four elements could be demonstrated between sound and pitted fruits. The results support the view that calcium is the critical element in pit incidence and that magnesium may play an important part.

scholarly journals Plant Tissue Cultures of Juniperus virginiana

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1601100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Kašparová ◽  
Jiřina Spilková ◽  
Ladislav Cvak ◽  
Tomáš Siatka ◽  
Jan Martin
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Callus Cultures ◽  
Suspension Cultures ◽  
Juniperus Virginiana ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Maximum Biomass ◽  
Cultivation Period ◽  
Plant Tissue Cultures ◽  
One Year

Callus cultures of Juniperus virginiana L. (varieties ‘Hetzii’, ‘Glauca’, ‘Grey Owl’) were derived from fresh leaves of garden-grown trees on Schenk and Hildebrandt medium supplemented with 3.0 mg/L of α-naphthaleneacetic acid, 0.2 mg/L of kinetin and 15 mg/L of ascorbic acid. The growth characteristics of one-year-old and two-years-old cultures were determined. The maximum biomass in all varieties was achieved on the 35th day of the cultivation period. The increase in fresh weights of two-years-old callus cultures, when compared with one-year-old callus cultures, was as follows: variety ‘Hetzii’ by 25%, variety ‘Glauca’ by 29% and variety ‘Grey Owl’ by 49%. J. virginiana suspension cultures (varieties ‘Hetzii’, ‘Glauca’, ‘Grey Owl’) were derived from two-years-old callus cultures on Schenk and Hildebrandt medium supplemented with 3.0 mg/L of α-naphthaleneacetic acid, 0.2 mg/L of kinetin and 15 mg/L of ascorbic acid. The maximum biomass of all varieties was found on the 21st day of the cultivation period. These results indicate that a sub-cultivation interval of 35 days for callus cultures and of 21 days for suspension cultures can be recommended. The callus and suspension cultures of J. virginiana of the variety ‘Glauca’ have the best survivability and thus provide the most biomass.

scholarly journals Optimizing Fruit-Thinning Strategies in Peach (Prunus persica) Production

Horticulturae ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Sutton ◽  
John Doyle ◽  
Dario Chavez ◽  
Anish Malladi
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Load Management ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Fruit Number ◽  
Fruit Thinning ◽  
Adverse Weather ◽  
One Year

Fruit size is a highly valued commercial trait in peach. Competition among fruit and among other sinks on a tree reduces potential growth rate of the fruit. Hence, crop-load management strategies such as thinning (removal of flowers or fruit) are often practiced by growers to optimize fruit size. Thinning can be performed at bloom or during early fruit development and at different intensities to optimize fruit growth responses. Responses to thinning may be cultivar and location specific. The objective of the current study was to fine-tune thinning strategies in the southeastern United States, a major peach producing region. Timing and intensity of thinning were evaluated across multiple cultivars over three years. Thinning at bloom or at 21 d after full bloom (DAFB) improved fruit size in comparison to unthinned trees in ‘Cary Mac’ and ‘July Prince’, respectively, in one year. Bloom-thinning reduced fruit yield (kg per tree) in the above cultivars in one year, suggesting that flower thinning alone may not be a viable option in this region. Intensity of thinning, evaluated as spacings of 15 cm and 20 cm between fruit, did not differentially affect fruit weight or yield. However, fruit diameter decreased quadratically with increasing fruit number per tree in ‘Cary Mac’, ‘July Prince’ and ‘Summer Flame’. Similarly, fruit weight decreased quadratically in response to increase in fruit number per tree in ‘Cary Mac’ and ‘July Prince’. Further, yield-per-tree decreased with increasing fruit size in ‘Cary Mac’ and ‘July Prince’. Importantly, these relationships were cultivar specific. Together, the data suggest that achieving a target fruit number per tree is an effective strategy for crop-load management to optimize fruit size in southeastern peach production. The target fruit number per tree may potentially be achieved through a combination of flower and fruit-thinning during early fruit development. Such an approach may provide flexibility in crop-load management in relation to adverse weather events.

Altered Root Structure Affects Both Expression and Cellular Localization of Transporters for Mineral Element Uptake in Rice

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
En Yu ◽  
Naoki Yamaji ◽  
Jian Feng Ma
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Localization ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Outer Cell ◽  
Mineral Element ◽  
Root Structure ◽  
Short Root ◽  
Element Uptake ◽  
Rice Mutant ◽  
Cell Layers

Abstract One of the most important roles of plant roots is to take up mineral elements for their growth. Although several genes involved in root growth have been identified, the association between root structure and mineral element uptake is less investigated. In this study, we isolated a rice mutant (dice1, defective in cell elongation 1) with short-root phenotype. This mutant was characterized by partial defect in the formation of root outer cell layers. Mapping of the responsible gene revealed that the short-root phenotype in the mutant was caused by a single-nucleotide substitution of a gene encoding a membrane-anchored endo-1,4-beta-glucanase (OsGlu3). The growth of both the roots and shoots was partially recovered with increasing strength of nutrient solution and glucose in the mutant. The mutant showed a decreased uptake (normalized by root dry weight) for Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, As and Ge but increased uptake for K and Ca. The expression level of some transporter genes including OsLsi1 and OsLsi2 for Si uptake and OsNramp5 for Mn uptake was significantly decreased in the mutant compared with the wild-type (WT) rice. Furthermore, the cellular localization of OsLsi1 was altered; OsLsi1 localized at the root exodermis of the WT rice was changed to be localized to other cell layers of the mutant roots. However, this localization became normal in the presence of exogenous glucose in the mutant. Our results indicate that a normal root structure is required for maintaining the expression and localization of transporters involved in the mineral element uptake.

Response of high density apple orchards on coarsetextured soil to form of potassium applied by fertigation

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 749-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
G H Neilsen ◽  
D. Neilsen
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
High Density ◽  
Potassium Sources ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Bitter Pit ◽  
Cation Status ◽  
Potassium Magnesium ◽  
Annual Application

This study tested the effects of fertigated potassium sources on orchard cation status. A randomized, complete block experimental design was maintained from 2000 to 2003, in a high density ‘Jonagold’/M.9 apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) orchard planted in 1993 on a loamy sand. Seven K-fertigation treatments included annual application of either no K (control), 15 g K/tree as either potassium chloride or potassium magnesium sulphate (KMag) or 30 g K/tree as potassium chloride, KMag, potassium sulphate or potassium thiosulphate, applied daily during 6 wk midsummer to six replicate, four-tree plots. Fertigated K-forms did not affect yield, but increased soil K after 3 yr to 30-cm depth beneath the drip emitters. This increased leaf and fruit K concentrations. Fruit K/Ca ratio was also increased by K-fertigation. A high incidence of bitter pit at harvest was unaffected by fertigating K, but rather was associated with low harvest fruit Ca concentration and large fruit size. KMag increased soil Mg availability, but leaf and fruit Mg concentrations were slightly affected, indicating the difficulties of improving apple Mg status when co-applying K. Leaf and fruit Ca concentrations were minimally affected by treatments. Soil Ca declined slightly after 3 yr of K fertigation. Key words: Bitter pit, calcium, chloride, magnesium, Malus × domestica, sulphate, thiosulphate

A Zinc Nitrate–Calcium Nitrate–Water System: The Solubility of Solids and the Density of Liquids in a Wide Range of Temperatures

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 1544-1549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina V. Belova ◽  
Nikita A. Brusinski ◽  
Mikhail N. Mamontov ◽  
Irina A. Uspenskaya
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Water System ◽  
Zinc Nitrate ◽  
Wide Range
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