Nitrogen metabolism in sheep. I. The effect of protein and energy intake on the flow of digesta into the duodenum and on the digestion and absorption of nutrients

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Leibholz ◽  
PE Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Wheat Gluten ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sulphate Sulphur

The digestion of organic matter, nitrogen, and sulphur was measured in sheep fitted with re-entrant duodenal cannulae. The sheep were given 1.4, about 16, or 30 g of nitrogen per 24 hr from barley roughage with or without a nitrogen supplement of lucerne, wheat gluten, or casein. A further diet supplied 16.1 g of nitrogen per day but consisted of 83 % low-quality roughage compared with 50% in the other diets. The flow of digesta to the duodenum varied from 4.4 to 6.8 1. per 24 hr with dry matter intakes of 480–800 g per 24 hr. The sheep were fed hourly and watered continuously, and there was a more than 10-fold variation in the flow of digesta to the duodenum over 2-hr collection periods. The digestibility of organic matter was lower for the diet supplying 1.4 g of nitrogen per day than for the other diets. Between 77 and 96 % of the apparent digestion of organic matter occurred before the duodenum. In the sheep given 1.4 g of nitrogen per 24 hr, the flow of nitrogen to the duodenum was 4.8 g per 24 hr, while in the sheep given about 16 g of nitrogen daily the flow of nitrogen to the duodenum was 8.4–11.8 g per 24 hr. Only 35 % of the dietary intake of nitrogen reached the duodenum in the sheep given 30 g of nitrogen daily. The sheep given the diet containing 83 % low-quality roughage showed a lower retention of nitrogen than those given the other diets of similar nitrogen content. Between I and 9 % of the flow of nitrogen to the duodenum was in the form of ammonia. The flow of sulphur to the duodenum was between 33 and 55% of the dietary intake, while 72-99% of the apparent digestion of sulphur occurred before the duodenum. The digestibility of dietary sulphate sulphur was greater than that of the sulphur found in lucerne.

scholarly journals 254 Digestibility of sheep offered tall fescue, meadow fescue and orchardgrass grasses ensiled with slurry or commercial urea fertilization

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 92-92
Author(s):  
Jose M Diaz ◽  
K P Coffey ◽  
W K Coblentz ◽  
D Philipp ◽  
Valens Niyigena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
The Other ◽  
Urine Collection ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Collection Data ◽  
Forage Type ◽  
Urea Fertilization

Abstract Silage intake by ruminants can be affected by both fertilization and forage type. The objective of this study was to evaluate digestion by sheep offered three different grasses fertilized with either urea (C) or dairy slurry (S). Plots of meadow fescue (MF), tall fescue (TF) or orchardgrass (OG) were planted on 25 July 2017, and first harvested on 29 June 2018. Plots were then fertilized with urea (52 kg N/ha) or slurry (71,150 L/ha). A second harvest was baled 6 August at approximately 57% moisture and wrapped in plastic. Eighteen lambs (59 ± 1.5 kg) were allocated randomly to one of the 6 treatment combinations to provide 3 lambs per treatment within each of 3 periods consisting of a 10-d adaptation and 7-d total fecal and urine collection. Data were analyzed as a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement using PROC MIXED of SAS. Dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) intakes (g/kg BW) were greater (P < 0.05) from MF fertilized with C than from the other forage-fertility combinations. Digestibility of DM and OM were greater (P < 0.05) from MF vs. OG, and OG vs. TF. Digestibility of OM also was greater (P < 0.05) from C vs. S. Digestible DM and OM intakes (g/kg BW) were greatest (P < 0.05) from MF fertilized with C. In addition, digestible DM intake (g/kg BW) was greater (P < 0.05) for MF fertilized with S compared to TF fertilized with C, and digestible OM intake was greater (P < 0.05) for MF fertilized with S compared to OG fertilized with S. Therefore, urea-fertilized meadow fescue may improve energy intake compared with that from orchardgrass or tall fescue, but fertilization of meadow fescue with slurry may reduce this advantage. The study was supported in part by USDA-ARS specific cooperative agreement 58-3655-4-052.

EFFECT OF DATES OF CUTTING ON DRY MATTER PRODUCTION AND CHEMICAL CONTENT OF ALFALFA AND BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Gasser ◽  
L. Lachance ◽  
P. Gervais
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Chemical Content

In two experiments, one with alfalfa and the other with birdsfoot trefoil, we have been able to show that a late cut in October does not adversely affect dry matter yield (DAI) of the legumes. Three cuts during a harvesting season ending on September 5 were detrimental to alfalfa, since lower yields were obtained the following year of harvest. Birdsfoot trefoil varieties were affected differentially. Three cuts did not affect the yield of Viking the following year, but did so of Empire. Significant differences in dry matter yields were obtained between DuPuits and Vernal and between Viking and Empire. Protein in the forage followed inversely the same pattern as that of DM yields, that is, where the intervals were shortest, the protein content was highest, and conversely. The total available carbohydrate and the nitrogen content of the roots were lowest following the treatments which had the shortest intervals between them.

The effects of grazing intensity on herbage consumption and animal production: IV. An evaluation of two methods for avoiding the rejection of fouled herbage by dairy cows

1972 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Reid ◽  
J. F. D. Greenhalgh ◽  
J. N. Aitken
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Grazing Intensity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Adjacent Area ◽  
Pasture Area

SUMMARYFor phase I of a rotational grazing experiment (three grazing cycles; May–July) a group of nine cows (group S) were ‘conditioned’ to eat fouled herbage by being allowed to graze only on slurry-treated pasture (area 1), and two further groups of nine (groups H and C) grazed on an adjacent area (2) of untreated pasture. One-third of area 2 was harrowed after each grazing. During phase II (the fourth grazing cycle; August) group H grazed on the harrowed part and groups S and C grazed on the remainder of area 2. The herbage allowance was 15 kg dry matter per cow per day in phase I and 12 kg in phase II.In phase I, group S cows ate significantly less than groups C and H combined (9·2 v. 10·5 kg organic matter per day), and lost weight (– 0·37 v. + 0–03 kg/day), but their milk yields were not significantly lower (16·1 v.16–6 kg/day). In phase II neither intake nor milk yield differed significantly between the three groups, but group S cows gained weight while the other two groups lost weight.It was concluded that neither conditioning the cows nor harrowing the pasture was an effective means of avoiding rejection of fouled pasture.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE USE OF FOUR PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS BY WEST AFRICAN DWARF (WAD) SHEEP.

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-75
Author(s):  
A. A. TAIWO ◽  
E. A. ADEBOWALE ◽  
A. O. AKINSOYINU ◽  
J. F. D. GREENHALGH
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre

Feedblocks, poultry manure diet, gliricidia: leucaena mixture (1:1 W/W) and maize offal diet were compared as sources of protein supplements for WAD sheep fed a basal diet of elephant grass hay (Pennisetum purpureum), through a 12-week performance and digestibility study. Dry matter and organic matter intakes (DMI, OMI) of the sheep were higher (P0.05) on the gliricidia: leucaena supplement than on the other diets. DMI on poultry manure and maize offal diets were not significant (P0.05). Organic matter intake (OMI) of the animals followed the same trend as DMI. Sheep fed legume supplements excelled in intakes of crude protein (CP), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and digestibilities of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) (P>0.05). Intakes of CP and ADF by sheep on the other supplements were not significantly different (P>0.05). Sheep fed on feedblock supplement consumed the least amount. (P0.05) of NDF. Variations were observed in DM,OM, and NDF digestibilities by sheep on maize offal, poultry manure and legumes supplements. Crude protein digestibility in the legumes and feedblocks supplements was higher (P0.05) than with the other two supplements. All the sheep used gained weights but those on maize offa' diet recorded higher (P0.05). weight gain (86.57g) than those on browse leaves (59.40g), feedblocks (47.80g) and poultry manure (40.44g). Rumen pH was lower (P<0.05) on the gliricidia: leucaena supplement than on other diets. Total VFA recorded for sheep on maize offal diet and legumes supplements was higher (P<0.05) than for the other two supplements. Blood urea nitrogen of the supplements were not significantly different (P>0.05) 

Studies on cattle with oesophageal fistulae. The relation of the chemical composition of feed to that of the extruded bolus

1972 ◽  
Vol 12 (55) ◽  
pp. 126 ◽  
Author(s):  
DA Little
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Contents ◽  
Soluble Material ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus ◽  
Matter Basis

Twelve feeds were given to oesophageally-fistulated cattle, and the chemical composition of each was compared with that of bolus material extruded while eating them. The nitrogen contents of the feeds ranged from 0.55 to 3.19 per cent on a dry matter basis. Feeds and complete boluses were dried and analysed for nitrogen, phosphorus, ash and neutral-detergent-soluble material (NDSM). Both nitrogen and NDSM in ingested feed could be reliably estimated by analysis of extruded bolus material ; the relation between feed and bolus nitrogen was slightly more precise when expressed on an organic matter basis, whereas that for material soluble in neutral detergent was closer on a dry matter basis. The phosphorus and ash contents of feeds were substantially and variably elevated by saliva and could not be estimated from analysis of the bolus. The nitrogen content of saliva secreted during rest was found to be significantly affected by dietary nitrogen concentration, but that of saliva secreted during chewing was not ; it is suggested that this explains the relative absence of an effect of salivary contamination on bolus nitrogen.

Changes in characteristics of pastures in the coastal subtropics when grazed by cattle during years of low rainfall

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 813 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Hennessy ◽  
D. J. McLennan ◽  
P. J. Williamson ◽  
S. G. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Grazing Pressure ◽  
Imperata Cylindrica ◽  
Major Species ◽  
Native Pasture ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility ◽  
Improved Pasture

Summary. The effect of continuous grazing on pasture composition and quality was assessed on 2 pasture types in a subtropical environment. The pastures were native stocked at 1 cow/2.5 ha, and previously improved stocked at 1 cow/1.6 ha. In August 1990, carpet grass (Axonopus affinus) was the major species in both the native (49.8%) and improved (61.3%) pastures. However, the proportion of carpet grass decreased during the study to 33% in the native pasture and 30% in the improved pasture in February 1994. In the native pasture, blady grass (Imperata cylindrica) increased at the expense of carpet grass, whereas in the improved pasture higher quality grasses, and to a lesser extent Giant Parramatta grass (Sporobolus indicus), increased at the expense of carpet grass. Overall, dry matter on offer and green dry matter depended on rainfall and these peaked in late summer. Dry matter on offer differed between non-drought and drought periods in both pastures and was ≤3500 kg/ha in drought months in the native pasture and ≥3500 kg/ha in comparable months in the improved pasture. Green dry matter was higher in pastures towards the end of the summer growing season (83%, March 1992) and lower during many of the drought months (12%, May 1991). Grazing pressure (liveweight 0.75/t green dry matter) was highest in August, the crucial period for weed incursion. Organic matter digestibility was highest following rain in late spring (November 1990; 69%, improved pasture) but lowest in the absence of rain (November 1993; 38%, native pasture). The proportion of green dry matter in the native pasture was not related to organic matter digestibility nor to the nitrogen content of plucked pasture samples. However, in the improved pasture the proportion of green dry matter was related to organic matter digestibility on 3 occasions but not to nitrogen content.

A note on the value of molasses and tapioca as energy supplements to forage for growing steers

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Ahmed ◽  
M. Kay
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
The Other ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Collection Period ◽  
Energy Supplements

SUMMARYThe intake and digestibility of diets containing dried grass supplemented with either molasses or tapioca was studied with 12 Friesian steers in two experiments, using a Latin square design. Three periods were used, each containing 3 weeks preliminary followed by a 10-day collection period. In both experiments long, artificially dried grass was given to appetite (treatment A). The other treatments in Experiment 1 were 25% molasses plus 75% dried grass (B) and 50% molasses plus 50% dried grass (C). In Experiment 2 the treatments were 21% tapioca plus 79% dried grass (D) and 42% tapioca plus 58% dried grass (E). There was no significant difference in dry matter or organic matter intake between the diets, though the intakes in both experiments tended to be lower when the dried grass was supplemented with either molasses or tapioca than when it was given alone. Nor were there any significant differences in the digestibility of dry matter or organic matter between the diets in either experiment. In both experiments the digestibility of crude fibre was significantly lower (P<0·05) when either molasses or tapioca was given with the dried grass than when the grass was offered alone.

The effect of diet and heat stress on feed intake, growth, and nitrogen metabolism in Friesian, F1 Brahman × Friesian, and Brahman heifers

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 717 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Colditz ◽  
RC Kellaway
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Creatinine Excretion ◽  
Superior Genotype ◽  
Quality Diet

Four Friesian, four F1 Brahman x Friesian, and four Brahman heifers were fed on high and low quality diets in controlled environment rooms. Feed intake, growth, and nitrogen metabolism were assessed during four periods of 28 days when the animals were either subjected to heat stress (38°C) or maintained under cool ambient conditions (17°).Brahman x Friesian animals were the superior genotype only under heat stress. At 17°C the feed intake and growth rate of Friesians and Brahman x Friesians were similar. At 38° the Brahman x Friesians ate more and grew faster than the Friesians. Brahmans ate less than the Brahman x Friesians at both temperatures and grew more slowly than them at 38°. Water intake per kilogram dry matter intake was greater for the Friesians than for the other two genotypes at 17 and 38°C. Rectal temperatures and respiration rates increased between 17 and 38°C; the change was greatest for the Friesians and least for the Brahmans. These responses were not significantly correlated with feed intake or growth rate. On the high quality diet the digestibilities of dry matter and nitrogen were similar between genotypes. On the low quality diet they were higher for Friesians than for the other two genotypes, although this was confounded with differences in intake. The utilization of digested nitrogen differed between diets but was similar for the three genotypes within diets. The concentration of plasma creatinine was higher in Brahmans than in the other two genotypes. Creatinine excretion per unit of liveweight was greater at 38° than at 17°C for Friesians and Brahman x Friesians.

The effects of grazing intensity on herbage consumption and animal production: III. Dairy cows grazed at two intensities on clean or contaminated pasture

1969 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. D. Greenhalgh ◽  
G. W. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Grazing Intensity ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Carbohydrate Contents

SUMMARYOn three occasions in May—July one half of a ryegrass pasture was grazed intensively by cattle and the other was mown. In August and September these areas, designated fouled (F) and clean (C) respectively, were each strip-grazed by two groups of five cows. One group on each area had a herbage allowance of 11·4 kg dry matter per cow per day (C11 and F11) and the other 20·4 kg (C20 and F20).Before the August-September grazing the fouled area had 2·8% of its surface covered by faeces. After this grazing 23 % of the F n area and 34 % of the F20 area were classified as having been rejected by the cows. However, the upper parts of the sward on these rejected areas were in fact grazed. There were only small differences in N and soluble-carbohydrate contents between the herbages offered and rejected.Organic-matter digestibility (%) and intake (kg/cow per day) for the four groups were: C11, 73·0 and 10·5; C20, 74·9 and 11·7; F11 , 74·4 and 9·6; F20, 77·0 and 10·6. The C11 cows consumed all the herbage allowed to them, but the F11 rejected 13%. Digestible organic matter intake was affected more by grazing intensity than by fouling; this was the case also for milk yield, milk composition and the live-weight change of the cows.

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