Sulphur metabolism and excretion studies in ruminants. IV. Cystine and sulphate effects upon the flow of sulphur from the rumen and upon sulphur excretion by sheep

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 443 ◽  
Author(s):  
PR Bird ◽  
ID Hume
Keyword(s):  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Design Experiment ◽  
Sulphur Metabolism ◽  
Organic Sulphur ◽  
Inorganic Sulphate ◽  
Sulphate Sulphur ◽  
Basal Ration

In a 4 x 4 Latin square design experiment, sheep were fed on a basal ration which supplied 0.61 g sulphur per day, or the basal ration supplemented with 1.4 g inorganic sulphate sulphur, or 1.4 g cystine sulphur, or 1.4 g sulphate sulphur plus 1.4 g cystine sulphur per day. All forms of sulphur supplements increased the daily flow of protein sulphur from the rumen to the omasum (P < 0.05) above basal. Only the cystine treatments increased the flow of sulphide (P < 0.005), ester sulphate (P < 0.005), soluble organic sulphur (P < 0.05), and cystine (P < 0.05), and increased the ruminal sulphide concentrations above basal (P < 0.005). From 7.0 to 12.6% of the added cystine was not degraded in the rumen. In three animals less than 3 % of the added sulphate, alone or in combination with cystine, passed unchanged to the omasum. The fourth animal (67) differed from the others (P < 0.05): the added sulphate was poorly reduced in the rumen, and 62% reached the omasum unchanged. The sulphur composition of the digesta collected from the omasum was: protein sulphur, 55-70%; soluble organic sulphur, 13-22%; inorganic sulphate sulphur (excluding sheep 67), 2.2-2.6 %; ester sulphate sulphur, 1.8-3.4 %; and sulphide, 0.4-28%. Excluding sheep 67, 36% of the dietary sulphur was absorbed from the rumen when the sulphur was added as sodium sulphate or as cystine, and 50 % when added in both forms together. There was a net addition of 0.45 g sulphur per day to the rumen on the basal diet. The influence of the amount and the form of the dietary sulphur on the excretion of faecal and urinary sulphur fractions is discussed.

The digestion by cattle of silage and barley diets containing increasing quantities of fishmeal

1987 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Rooke ◽  
D. G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Synthetic Fibre ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Design Experiment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Feeding Diets ◽  
Microbial N

SummaryA 4 × 4 latin-square design experiment was carried out to determine the effects of increasing nitrogen (N) intake by feeding diets containing increasing amounts of fishmeal upon the digestion of organic matter (OM) and N by cattle equipped with rumen and duodenal cannulae. A basal diet (B) containing 600 g silage and 400 g ground barley/kg diet and three diets (BF1, BF2 and BF3) in which increasing amounts of the silage and barley basal diet were proportionately replaced by fishmeal were fed. The mean daily intakes of OM and N when each diet was fed were 4·29, 4·28, 4·22 and 4·20 kg OM and 90, 108, 125 and 143 g N for diets B, BF1, BF2 and BF3 respectively.Neither the amounts of OM entering the small intestine nor those voided in the faeces were altered by the diets fed. Thus mean apparent OM digestibility for all the diets fed was 0·74 ± 0·007 and the proportion of digestible OM intake apparently digested in the rumen was 0·83±0·011.Mean daily concentrations of ammonia N in the rumen were significantly(P <0·01) increased from 85 mg N/l (diet B) to 129 mg N/1 (diet BF3) as fishmeal intake increased.The quantities of non-ammonia N (P<0·05) and of amino acid N (P<0·001) entering the small intestine were significantly increased as more fishmeal was added to the diets fed. As fishmeal intake increased apparent N digestibility was significantly (P<0·001) increased.Neither the quantities of microbial N entering the small intestine daily nor the apparent efficiency of microbial N synthesis within the rumen were increased by the diets fed. The quantities of feed N entering the small intestine daily were significantly (P<0·01) increased as fishmeal intake increased; thus apparent feed N degradability in the rumen was significantly (P<0·05) decreased from 0·84 (diet B) to 0·73 (diet BF3) as fishmeal intake increased. Similarly, the rates of disappearance of N from each of the four barley or barley and fishmeal concentrates when incubated in the rumens of the cattle in porous synthetic fibre bags were decreased as the proportion of fishmeal in the concentrates increased. Thus, the rumen N degradability of the diets fed, when calculated from the rates of disappearance of N from porous synthetic fibre bags placed in the rumen, decreased as fishmeal intake increased.As fishmeal intake increased the amino acid composition of duodenal digesta (expressed as g/kg determined amino acids) changed such that the content of arginine increased (P<0·01) and the content of isoleucine decreased (P<0·01). The concentrations of arginine (P<0·01), leucine and lysine (P<0·05) in blood plasma increased as fishmeal intake increased.

scholarly journals Sulphur Metabolism and Excretion Studies in Ruminants I. the Absorption of Sulphate in Sheep after Intratuminal or Intraduodenal Infusions of Sodium Sulphate

1971 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 1319 ◽  
Author(s):  
PR Bird ◽  
RJ Moir
Keyword(s):  
Absorptive Capacity ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Sulphur Metabolism ◽  
Apparent Absorption ◽  
Sulphate Sulphur ◽  
The Mean

The mean apparent absorption of sulphur when sodium sulphate was continuously infused into the rumen or the duodenum of four sheep in amounts of 1� 5, 3�0, and 6�0 g/day was 93 �1, 95�3, 95�9% and 93 �1, 92,8, 81� 5% respectively. The net absorptive capacity of the entire intestine under these conditions was calculated to be up to 5 g of sulphate sulphur daily.

Sulphur metabolism in sheep. I. Preliminary investigations on the movement of sulphur in the sheep's body

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 725 ◽  
Author(s):  
AC Bray
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Salivary Secretion ◽  
Sulphur Metabolism ◽  
Total Sulphur ◽  
Inorganic Sulphate ◽  
Sulphate Sulphur ◽  
Series Of Experiments

In a series of experiments with sheep maintained on high sulphur rations, measurements were made on the levels of 35S in urine, faeces, and various body fluids following single intravenous infusions of sodium [3%]sulphate and single infusions of sodium [35S]sulphate or sodium [353]sulphide into the gastrointestinal tract. Sulphide was rapidly absorbed from the duodenum and post-duodenal intestinal tract, an estimated 40–90% of the dose being absorbed within 60 min. Absorption of sulphate from the same region was much slower, 25% or less being absorbed over a 60-min interval. An attempt to use antibiotics to eliminate the effects of the intestinal bacteria on the metabolism of [35S]sulphate before absorption was not conclusive. Following intravenous administration of sodium [35S]sulphate, 12–19% of the dose was recovered in the faeces within 6 days. This activity appeared to be due to secretion into the post-ruminal tract rather than to return of 35S by salivary secretion or by passage across the rumen wall. Sodium [35S]sulphate was reduced to sulphide in the rumen and appreciable amounts appeared to be absorbed from this organ. The variations in total sulphur and sulphide of rumen digesta, urinary total sulphur, and blood inorganic sulphate levels during the day appeared to be related. Whole blood inorganic sulphate sulphur levels varied between 2 and 6 mg%. Urinary excretion following intravenous administration of 35S was extremely rapid, at least 70% of the dose being collected within 24 hr.

Copper-molybdenum-sulphate interaction in induction of Ovine hypocupraemia and hypocuprosis

1956 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
KN Wynne ◽  
GL McClymont
Keyword(s):  
Basal Diet ◽  
Ammonium Molybdate ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Copper Level ◽  
Sulphate Content ◽  
Liver Copper ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Inorganic Sulphate ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Restricted Feed Intake

A basal diet containing 6.2 p.p.m. copper, 0.8 p.p.m. molybdenum, and 0.04 per cent. inorganic sulphate was fed unsupplenlented to one group of sheep. Four other groups were fed on the same diet supplemented with ammonium molybdate to give a molybdenum content of 5.1 p.p.m. or with sodium sulphate to give an inorganic sulphate content of 0.40 per cent., or with both. Sheep on the unsupplemented basal diet showed no marked disturbance of their liver and blood copper concentrations. Sheep maintained for 50 weeks on the diet containing both molybdenum and sulphate supplements showed a progressive fall in liver and blood copper levels, and developed dystrophic wool and hypochromatrichia. On a restricted feed intake of the same diet, sheep displayed a similar fall in liver copper and similar wool changes, but maintained a normal blood copper level for a longer period before developing hypocupraemia. Hypochromatrichia appeared to develop in this group before hypocupraemia was evident. With only the sulphate supplement added to the basal diet, liver copper concentrations fell, but not to a level associated with hypocupraemia. With only the molybdenum supplement added to the basal diet, copper retention by the liver was depressed to a small, but significant extent compared with the controls. The diet of the groups showing evidence of hypocuprosis approximately reproduced the mean copper, molybdenum, and sulphate status of the feed in an area in New South Wales enzootically affected with hypocuprosis. It is concluded that hypocuprosis in this area at least is explicable in terms of copper-molybdenum-sulphate interaction.

scholarly journals Sulphur Metabolism and Excretion Studies In Ruminants II. Organic and Inorganic Sulphur Excretion by Sheep After Intraruminal or Intraduodenal Infusions of Sodium Sulphate

1971 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 1329 ◽  
Author(s):  
PR Bird
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Sulphur Metabolism ◽  
Intraduodenal Infusion ◽  
Inorganic Sulphur ◽  
Basal Ration

A basal ration containing 0�86 g sulphur was fed daily to sheep receiving a continuous intraruminal or intraduodenal infusion supplying 0-6 g sulphur, as sodium sulphate, per day.

In vivo apparent digestibility in ponies given rolled, micronised or extruded barley

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 133-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
B M L McLean ◽  
J J Hyslop ◽  
A C Longland ◽  
D Cuddeford ◽  
T Hollands
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Design Experiment ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
Physical Processing ◽  
Adaptation Phase

Processed cereals are used routinely in diets for equines but little information is available on how physical processing affects the digestibility of cereals in equines. This study examines the effects of three physical processing methods (rolling, micronisation and extrusion) on the in vivo apparent digestibility of barley fed to ponies.Three mature caecally-fistulated Welsh-cross pony geldings, (LW 284kg ± 3.8kg) were used in a 3 x 4 incomplete latin square changeover design experiment consisting of four 21 day periods. Each period comprised a sixteen day adaptation phase and a five day recording phase when apparent digestibility in vivo was determined. Ponies were offered 4kg dry matter (DM) per day of either 100% hay cubes (HC) or one of three diets consisting of a 50:50 barley:hay cubes mix. The barley in the mixed diets was either rolled barley (RB), micronised barley (MB) or extruded barley (EB). Diets were offered in 2 equal meals per day fed at 09:00 and 17:00 hours respectively.

scholarly journals 172 Increasing inclusion of fermentable fiber decreases nutrient digestibility in grower pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 85-85
Author(s):  
Charlotte Heyer ◽  
L F Wang ◽  
R T Zijlstra
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Corn Starch ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Acacia Gum ◽  
Bovine Plasma ◽  
Total P

Abstract Fermentable fiber may increase endogenous losses of P and AA, thereby reducing apparent nutrient digestibility. Acacia gum fiber with medium-to-high fermentability and low viscosity was used to investigate its effect on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in grower pigs. A P-free basal diet (49% corn starch; 18% bovine plasma protein) was formulated to measure basal endogenous P losses (EPL). Three diets were formulated to include 2.5, 5.0, or 7.5% acacia gum fiber at the expense of corn starch in the P-free basal diet. Diets contained 16.1–17.4% CP and 0.31–0.33% total P (DM-basis). The 4 diets were fed to 8 ileal-cannulated barrows (initial BW, 54.6 kg) for four 9-d periods in a double 4 × 4 Latin square. Apparent hindgut fermentation (AHF) was ATTD minus AID. Increasing inclusion of acacia gum quadratically decreased (P &lt; 0.01) AID of DM (∆ 11.1%), linearly decreased (P &lt; 0.05) ATTD of DM (∆ 1.7%) CP (∆ 1.2%), and quadratically increased (P &lt; 0.05) AHF of DM (∆ 9.4%). Basal EPL were 391 and 377 mg/kg DM intake (DMI) for ileum and total tract, respectively. Increasing inclusion of fiber linearly increased (P &lt; 0.05) ileal EPL (∆ 184 mg/kg DMI), and tended to linearly increase (P &lt; 0.10) EPL for total tract (∆ 243 mg/kg DMI). Dietary inclusion of acacia gum tended to linearly decrease (P &lt; 0.10) AID of P, but did not affect (P &gt; 0.10) ATTD, or STTD of P. In conclusion, increasing inclusion of fermentable, low viscous acacia gum fiber decreased diet digestibility of DM and ATTD of CP, but did not affect total tract P digestibility, indicating that increasing fermentable fiber did not increase specific endogenous losses of P in the total tract.

scholarly journals Graded Dietary Resistant Starch Concentrations on Apparent Total Tract Macronutrient Digestibility and Fecal Fermentative End-Products and Microbial Populations of Healthy Adult Dogs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison N Beloshapka ◽  
Tzu-Wen L Cross ◽  
Kelly S Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Gastrointestinal Health ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Quadratic Effects ◽  
Fecal Ph ◽  
High Level

Abstract Resistant starch (RS) is fermentable by gut microbiota and effectively modulates fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations in pigs, mice, and humans. RS may have similar beneficial effects on the canine gut, but has not been well studied. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4% dietary RS (Hi-maize 260) on apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility, and fecal characteristics, fermentative end-product concentrations, and microbiota of healthy adult dogs. An incomplete 5 x 5 Latin square design with 7 dogs and 5 experimental periods was used, with each treatment period lasting 21 d (d 0-17 adaptation; d 18-21 fresh and total fecal collection) and each dog serving as its own control. Seven dogs (mean age = 5.3 yr; mean BW = 20 kg) were randomly allotted to one of five treatments formulated to be iso-energetic and consisting of graded amounts of 100% amylopectin cornstarch, RS, and cellulose, and fed as a top dressing on the food each day. All dogs were fed the same amount of a basal diet throughout the study and fresh water was offered ad libitum. The basal diet contained 6.25% RS (DM basis), contributing approximately 18.3 g of RS/d based on their daily food intake (292.5 g DM/d). Data were evaluated for linear and quadratic effects using SAS. The treatments included 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% of an additional RS source. Because Hi-maize 260 is approximately 40% digestible and 60% indigestible starch, the dogs received the following amounts of RS daily: 0% = 18.3 g (18.3 g + 0 g); 1% = 20.1 g (18.3 g + 1.8 g); 2% = 21.9 g (18.3 g + 3.6 g); 3% = 23.7 g (18.3 g + 5.4 g); and 4% = 25.5 g (18.3 g + 7.2 g). Apparent total tract dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, fat, and gross energy digestibilities and fecal pH were linearly decreased (P &lt; 0.05) with increased RS consumption. Fecal output was linearly increased (P &lt; 0.05) with increased RS consumption. Fecal scores and fecal fermentative end-product concentrations were not affected by RS consumption. Although most fecal microbial taxa were not altered, Faecalibacterium were increased (P &lt; 0.05) with increased RS consumption. The decrease in fecal pH and increase in fecal Faecalibacterium would be viewed as being beneficial to gastrointestinal health. Although our results seem to indicate that RS is poorly and/or slowly fermentable in dogs, the lack of observed change may have been due to the rather high level of RS contained in the basal diet.

Effects of feeding or abomasal infusion of canola oil in Holstein cows. 2. Gene expression and plasma concentrations of cholecystokinin and leptin

2004 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 288-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasanth K Chelikani ◽  
David R Glimm ◽  
Duane H Keisler ◽  
John J Kennelly
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Canola Oil ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Abomasal Infusion ◽  
Supplemental Fat

We determined the relative importance of cholecystokinin (CCK), leptin, and fatty acid concentrations in plasma in mediating the satiety effects of supplemental fat in lactating cows. Five ruminally and duodenally cannulated Holstein cows in late lactation were used in a 3×5 incomplete Latin square design with three treatments: 1) Control: basal diet (CON), 2) Control+supplementation of canola oil at 1 kg/d in the feed (FED) and 3) Control+abomasal infusion of canola oil at 1 kg/d (INF). Relative to CON, feed intake was reduced by INF but not by FED. We provide evidence that both FED and INF treatments stimulated CCK gene expression in the duodenum and elevated plasma CCK concentrations. However, our results did not support a role for CCK in mediating satiety through an endocrine mechanism of action. We speculate that CCK might be acting either through paracrine and/or neurocrine routes to influence feed intake in cattle. Both FED and INF had no effect on the mRNA abundance of leptin, lipoprotein lipase, or acetyl-CoA carboxylase in adipose tissue. Plasma concentrations of leptin, insulin and IGF-I were not altered by FED or INF, indicating that these signals may not be involved in mediating short-term hypophagic effects of dietary fat. Plasma concentrations of 18[ratio ]1n-9 and 18[ratio ]2n-6 were significantly greater for INF than for FED or CON. We conclude that the hypophagic effects of supplemental fat in cattle depend on the amount of unsaturated fatty acids reaching the intestine and that this satiety effect is mediated through CCK, oleic acid and (or) linoleic acid, but leptin is not involved.

PSIV-B-25 Digestible energy and metabolizable energy of high-fiber ingredients in growing pig diets

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 394-395
Author(s):  
Jongkeon Kim ◽  
Yun Yeong Jo ◽  
Beob Gyun G Kim
Keyword(s):  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
High Fiber ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Gluten Feed

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) concentrations in high-fiber ingredients fed to growing pigs. Twelve barrows with an initial body weight of 57.5 kg (SD = 5.7) were individually housed in metabolism crates. A replicated 6 × 3 incomplete Latin square design with 12 animals, 6 experimental diets and 3 periods was employed. A basal diet was composed of 75.0% corn and 22.7% soybean meal (SBM) as the sole energy sources. Four experimental diets were prepared by replacing 40% of corn and SBM with soybean hulls (SH), corn gluten feed (CGF), wheat bran (WB), or rice bran (RB). An additional diet was prepared by replacing 10% of corn and SBM with cashew nut hulls (CNH). Each period consisted of a 4-d adaptation period and a 4-d collection period, and the marker-to-marker procedure was used for total collection of feces and urine. The DE and ME values in RB (3,969 and 3,936 kcal/kg DM) were greater (P &lt; 0.05) than those in CGF (2,654 and 2,520 kcal/kg DM) and SH (2,492 and 2,541 kcal/kg DM) and the energy values in WB (3,162 and 3,118 kcal/kg DM) were not different from those in RB, CGF, or SH. The DE and ME values in CNH (350 and 572 kcal/kg DM) were less (P &lt; 0.05) than those in all other test ingredients. In conclusion, energy concentrations in RB were greatest among the high-fiber test ingredients, whereas CNH had the lowest values.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document