Sulphur metabolism in sheep. I. Preliminary investigations on the movement of sulphur in the sheep's body

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 725 ◽  
Author(s):  
AC Bray
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Salivary Secretion ◽  
Sulphur Metabolism ◽  
Total Sulphur ◽  
Inorganic Sulphate ◽  
Sulphate Sulphur ◽  
Series Of Experiments

In a series of experiments with sheep maintained on high sulphur rations, measurements were made on the levels of 35S in urine, faeces, and various body fluids following single intravenous infusions of sodium [3%]sulphate and single infusions of sodium [35S]sulphate or sodium [353]sulphide into the gastrointestinal tract. Sulphide was rapidly absorbed from the duodenum and post-duodenal intestinal tract, an estimated 40–90% of the dose being absorbed within 60 min. Absorption of sulphate from the same region was much slower, 25% or less being absorbed over a 60-min interval. An attempt to use antibiotics to eliminate the effects of the intestinal bacteria on the metabolism of [35S]sulphate before absorption was not conclusive. Following intravenous administration of sodium [35S]sulphate, 12–19% of the dose was recovered in the faeces within 6 days. This activity appeared to be due to secretion into the post-ruminal tract rather than to return of 35S by salivary secretion or by passage across the rumen wall. Sodium [35S]sulphate was reduced to sulphide in the rumen and appreciable amounts appeared to be absorbed from this organ. The variations in total sulphur and sulphide of rumen digesta, urinary total sulphur, and blood inorganic sulphate levels during the day appeared to be related. Whole blood inorganic sulphate sulphur levels varied between 2 and 6 mg%. Urinary excretion following intravenous administration of 35S was extremely rapid, at least 70% of the dose being collected within 24 hr.

Synthesis of microbial protein in the rumen. IV. The influence of the level and form of dietary sulphur

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 315 ◽  
Author(s):  
ID Hume ◽  
PR Bird
Keyword(s):  
Protein Production ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Total Sulphur ◽  
Inorganic Sulphate ◽  
Sulphate Sulphur

When sheep were fed on a diet supplying 0.61 g sulphur per day, 82 g microbial protein was produced daily in the rumen. Raising the sulphur intake to 1.95 g/day increased protein production to 94 g/day (P .: 0.05), but there was no further increase when the intake was raised to 3.42 g/day. Protein production was not influenced by the s form of the supplementary sulphur. Sulphur as cystine resulted in higher rumen fluid sulphide levels than sulphur as inorganic sulphate. Nevertheless, measurable amounts of free cystine flowed out of the rumen when cystine was given. This may explain the higher nitrogen balances supported by cystine than by sulphate. Sulphur balances were always positive, and there were no differences between treatments. At least 0.44 g sulphur was recycled daily when the basal die twas given. This accounted for 42% of the total sulphur flowing out of the rumen. The importance of sulphur recycling is discussed.

Sulphur metabolism and excretion studies in ruminants. IV. Cystine and sulphate effects upon the flow of sulphur from the rumen and upon sulphur excretion by sheep

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 443 ◽  
Author(s):  
PR Bird ◽  
ID Hume
Keyword(s):  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Design Experiment ◽  
Sulphur Metabolism ◽  
Organic Sulphur ◽  
Inorganic Sulphate ◽  
Sulphate Sulphur ◽  
Basal Ration

In a 4 x 4 Latin square design experiment, sheep were fed on a basal ration which supplied 0.61 g sulphur per day, or the basal ration supplemented with 1.4 g inorganic sulphate sulphur, or 1.4 g cystine sulphur, or 1.4 g sulphate sulphur plus 1.4 g cystine sulphur per day. All forms of sulphur supplements increased the daily flow of protein sulphur from the rumen to the omasum (P < 0.05) above basal. Only the cystine treatments increased the flow of sulphide (P < 0.005), ester sulphate (P < 0.005), soluble organic sulphur (P < 0.05), and cystine (P < 0.05), and increased the ruminal sulphide concentrations above basal (P < 0.005). From 7.0 to 12.6% of the added cystine was not degraded in the rumen. In three animals less than 3 % of the added sulphate, alone or in combination with cystine, passed unchanged to the omasum. The fourth animal (67) differed from the others (P < 0.05): the added sulphate was poorly reduced in the rumen, and 62% reached the omasum unchanged. The sulphur composition of the digesta collected from the omasum was: protein sulphur, 55-70%; soluble organic sulphur, 13-22%; inorganic sulphate sulphur (excluding sheep 67), 2.2-2.6 %; ester sulphate sulphur, 1.8-3.4 %; and sulphide, 0.4-28%. Excluding sheep 67, 36% of the dietary sulphur was absorbed from the rumen when the sulphur was added as sodium sulphate or as cystine, and 50 % when added in both forms together. There was a net addition of 0.45 g sulphur per day to the rumen on the basal diet. The influence of the amount and the form of the dietary sulphur on the excretion of faecal and urinary sulphur fractions is discussed.

Dr. Shannon Replies

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 619-619
Author(s):  
Daniel C. Shannon
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Ductus Arteriosus ◽  
Oral Feeding ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Severe Toxicity ◽  
Potential Toxicity ◽  
Nasojejunal Tube ◽  
Rectal Route

Dr. Morens raises questions of potential toxicity of theophylline in the gastrointestinal tract, kidney and ductus arteriosus. Except for vomiting, which has occurred in some infants when blood levels have been excessive (mainly 2Oµg/ml), we have not observed any of these side effects in treating 93 infants. In all infants, treatment was given through a nasogastric or nasojejunal tube until oral feeding was possible. Because acute severe toxicity in children and adults has been related to intravenous administration, we have used this route only when necessary. Because of erratic absorption, we have avoided the rectal route.

scholarly journals Cytokine expression in the duodenal mucosa of patients with visceral leishmaniasis

2010 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kleber Giovanni Luz ◽  
Felipe Francisco Tuon ◽  
Maria Irma Seixas Duarte ◽  
Guilherme Mariz Maia ◽  
Paulo Matos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Duodenal Mucosa ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Ifn Γ

INTRODUCTION: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease with a complex immune response in different organs. This pattern of organ-specific immune response has never been evaluated in the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to determine the in situ immune response in duodenal biopsies on patients with VL. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted on 13 patients with VL in comparison with nine controls. The immune response was evaluated using immunohistochemistry, for CD4, CD8, CD68, IL-4, IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-10. Histological findings from the villi, crypts and inflammatory process were analyzed. RESULTS: All the cases of VL presented Leishmania antigens. No antigen was detected in the control group. The villus size was greater in the VL patients (p < 0.05). CD68 (macrophages) and CD4 levels were higher in the VL patients (p < 0.05). No differences in the expression of CD8, TNF-α, IL-10 or IL-4 were demonstrated. The number of cells expressing IFN-γ was lower in the VL patients (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Low levels of cytokines were found in the gastrointestinal tract of patients with VL. This pattern was not found in other organs affected by the disease. Immunotolerance of this tissue against Leishmania could explain these findings, as occurs with intestinal bacteria.

scholarly journals Sulphur status in Finnish cultivated soils

1973 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-215
Author(s):  
Johan Korkman
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Induction Furnace ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Total Sulphur ◽  
Sulphate Sulphur ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Sulphur Uptake ◽  
Cultivated Soils

A method for determining total sulphur in plant material and soil samples using the induction furnace technique and subsequent turbidimetric determination of sulphate sulphur was discussed. A procedure for extracting sulphur from soil samples with ammonium acetate (pH 4.65), the interference of the organic matter being reduced by oxidation of the extract with H2O2, was proposed. Sulphur balance in Finnish cultivated soils was estimated by taking into account the average amounts of emitted (8 kg S/ha/yr.), precipitated (8 kg S/ha/yr.) and leached (8 kg S/ha/yr.) sulphur. The actual situation in the cultivated soils seems thus to be depending, on an average, on the uptake by plants and the sulphur applied (12 kg S/ha/yr. in the early 1970s). In 104 samples of cultivated soil, the content of total sulphur showed a slight correlation with the content of organic carbon. The amounts of sulphur extracted in various ways were not predictable by means of the soil characteristics used (pHCaCl2, org. C and texture). Extracted sulphur did not correlate sufficiently with the development and sulphur uptake of plants. Under field conditions in northern Finland, sulphur application produced a relatively distinct result in respect both to the ley yields on Carex peat, and their sulphur content. On mineral soils in southern Finland the yields were unaffected by supplementary fertilization with sulphur. In the pot experiments performed a fairly close relationship between sulphur and nitrogen was demonstrated.

ENTEROVIRUSES

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 873-874
Author(s):  
HEINZ F. EICHENWALD
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
New Family

A NUMBER of years ago, investigations utilizing monkeys resulted in the recovery of three types of poliomyelitis viruses from the human gastrointestinal tract. More recently, the use of infant mice led to the discovery of an entirely new family of enteric viruses, the Coxsackie agents, which, on the basis of histopathologic reactions in mice, are divisable into two subgroups: A, with 19 serologically distinct members; and B, with 5. A further advance in methodology, the use of simplified methods of tissue culture, resulted in the isolation of a third family of viruses from the intestinal tract, named, by general agreement, the enteric cytopathogenic human orphan (ECHO) group.

COMMENTS ON THE PANEL DISCUSSION OF COLIC

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 839-840
Author(s):  
Bret Ratner
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Panel Discussion ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Proper Solution ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Canned Foods ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Work Up

Dr. Glaser requested me to summarize the subject matter presented at this panel. In his opening remarks Dr. Glaser implied that the broad pediatric attitude rather than the purely allergic approach towards the subject of colic would be stressed. I do believe that this has been achieved. It should be obvious that it is not always wise to refer a colicky baby for an allergic work-up. I am certain that if the pediatric allergist did have such an infant referred to him, he would have to muster all his general pediatric knowledge to effect the proper solution. It appears to me that if the colicky baby has a basic allergic cause for his intestinal spasms the increased use of heat-denatured foods, such as certain of the proprietary modified cow's milk formulas, and other heat denatured milks, hard boiled eggs (in those few instances in which the infant is not sensitive to ovomucoid), either precooked cereals which are marketed today or cereals that are thoroughly cooked at home, and precooked canned foods, would have had a great influence in reducing the incidence of colic in infants. Some of this audience may not believe that the incidence of colic has been reduced. Dr. Fries has shown in a very fine study of the intestinal tract through a roentgenographic technic that true spasms may occur in any part of the gastrointestinal tract when food to which the child is sensitive is introduced orally. He studied only older children who were proved to be sensitive by skin test.

Radiology of the gastrointestinal tract

2010 ◽  
pp. 2219-2225
Author(s):  
A.H. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Large Bowel ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Radiological Examination ◽  
Available P ◽  
Endoscopic Techniques ◽  
The World

The widespread introduction of endoscopic techniques has lessened the need for radiological examination of the intestinal tract, and has almost completely replaced it in the examination of the stomach. There remains, however, a major radiological role in the investigation of the small and large bowel; and clinically useful information can be obtained from thoughtful use of radiology in the diagnosis of abdominal and gastrointestinal disease in those regions of the world where facilities for endoscopy are not available....

Interdigestive Activity in the Gastrointestinal Tract

Physiology ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 101-103
Author(s):  
DF Magee
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Spontaneous Activity ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Empty Stomach ◽  
Intrinsic Activity ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Gastrointestinal Physiology

The empty stomach and intestinal tract show a great deal of apparently spontaneous activity, with regard to both motility and secretion. This intrinsic activity is cyclic and has caused problems for investigators of gastrointestinal physiology because it is difficult to establish a true base line for many experiments.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document