scholarly journals Sulphur Metabolism and Excretion Studies in Ruminants I. the Absorption of Sulphate in Sheep after Intratuminal or Intraduodenal Infusions of Sodium Sulphate

1971 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 1319 ◽  
Author(s):  
PR Bird ◽  
RJ Moir
Keyword(s):  
Absorptive Capacity ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Sulphur Metabolism ◽  
Apparent Absorption ◽  
Sulphate Sulphur ◽  
The Mean

The mean apparent absorption of sulphur when sodium sulphate was continuously infused into the rumen or the duodenum of four sheep in amounts of 1� 5, 3�0, and 6�0 g/day was 93 �1, 95�3, 95�9% and 93 �1, 92,8, 81� 5% respectively. The net absorptive capacity of the entire intestine under these conditions was calculated to be up to 5 g of sulphate sulphur daily.

Sulphur metabolism and excretion studies in ruminants. IV. Cystine and sulphate effects upon the flow of sulphur from the rumen and upon sulphur excretion by sheep

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 443 ◽  
Author(s):  
PR Bird ◽  
ID Hume
Keyword(s):  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Design Experiment ◽  
Sulphur Metabolism ◽  
Organic Sulphur ◽  
Inorganic Sulphate ◽  
Sulphate Sulphur ◽  
Basal Ration

In a 4 x 4 Latin square design experiment, sheep were fed on a basal ration which supplied 0.61 g sulphur per day, or the basal ration supplemented with 1.4 g inorganic sulphate sulphur, or 1.4 g cystine sulphur, or 1.4 g sulphate sulphur plus 1.4 g cystine sulphur per day. All forms of sulphur supplements increased the daily flow of protein sulphur from the rumen to the omasum (P < 0.05) above basal. Only the cystine treatments increased the flow of sulphide (P < 0.005), ester sulphate (P < 0.005), soluble organic sulphur (P < 0.05), and cystine (P < 0.05), and increased the ruminal sulphide concentrations above basal (P < 0.005). From 7.0 to 12.6% of the added cystine was not degraded in the rumen. In three animals less than 3 % of the added sulphate, alone or in combination with cystine, passed unchanged to the omasum. The fourth animal (67) differed from the others (P < 0.05): the added sulphate was poorly reduced in the rumen, and 62% reached the omasum unchanged. The sulphur composition of the digesta collected from the omasum was: protein sulphur, 55-70%; soluble organic sulphur, 13-22%; inorganic sulphate sulphur (excluding sheep 67), 2.2-2.6 %; ester sulphate sulphur, 1.8-3.4 %; and sulphide, 0.4-28%. Excluding sheep 67, 36% of the dietary sulphur was absorbed from the rumen when the sulphur was added as sodium sulphate or as cystine, and 50 % when added in both forms together. There was a net addition of 0.45 g sulphur per day to the rumen on the basal diet. The influence of the amount and the form of the dietary sulphur on the excretion of faecal and urinary sulphur fractions is discussed.

Osmotic and activity coefficients of sodium sulphate in water from 50 to 150 °C

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Om. N. Bhatnagar ◽  
Alan N. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Activity Coefficients ◽  
Osmotic Coefficients ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Differential Manometer ◽  
Solvent Interactions ◽  
Pitzer’S Equation ◽  
Pitzer's Equation ◽  
Pressure Lowering ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
The Mean

The vapour pressure lowering, ΔP, of sodium sulphate solutions in water was measured in the concentration range 0.4 to 1.8 m and the temperature range 50 to 150 °C by the use of a differential manometer. ΔP values were used to calculate the osmotic coefficient of sodium sulphate solutions. Pitzer's equation for osmotic coefficients was used to evaluate βMX(0), βMX(1), and [Formula: see text] at each temperature. An attempt has been made to explain the changes in these constants in terms of the ion–ion and ion–solvent interactions. Using these constants, the mean activity coefficients, γ±, of sodium sulphate were calculated at different temperatures and concentrations using Pitzer's equation.

scholarly journals Studies in crop variation. I. An examination of the yield of dressed grain from Broadbalk

1921 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Great Accuracy ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Homogeneous Material ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
Smooth Curves ◽  
Wheat Field ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Very High ◽  
Meteorological Effects

In Part I is given a survey of the results of a statistical examination of the yield of the plots of Broadbalk “Wheat field during 67 years. The main features of the comparison of mean yields are well known; the comparative rates of decrement, shown in Section 5, supply a class of facts well worthy of further study. Particularly striking are the relatively slow rates of decrement of plots 2b and 8, compared with plot 7, which would seem to show a permanent advantage in very high nitrogenous dressings, and to emphasise the need for caution in the application of the principle of diminishing returns. The evidence of the influence of potassium sulphate and its substitutes, sodium sulphate and magnesium sulphate, shown in Table V, is also very striking. An unsuspected feature of the changes of mean yields, which precludes the possibility of obtaining from these data true curves of exhaustion has appeared in the slow changes which have taken place in all the plots in a similar manner. In Part II the mathematical methods by which the variation has been analysed has been discussed, partly as a justification of novel procedure, partly, to make clear that the three types of variations found have been genuinely distinguished. In Part III such evidence as is available has been presented, in order to throw light upon the possibility that the changes in mean yield have been caused by variations in the prevalence of weeds at different periods.One point of importance which should be emphasised is that average wheat yields, even over long periods, from different fields or for different seasons cannot approach in accuracy the comparison of plots of the same field in the same seasons. The advantage of the method adopted by Lawes in the permanent experiments which he instituted is very evident. The effects of weather clearly require that the seasons should be identical, unless the series be very long, but the slow changes in mean yield show that even comparatively long series of different years from the same field cannot be accurately compared. Within the same field, however, the slow changes have almost proportional effects, and comparison between the mean yields of neighbouring plots may be made with great accuracy. The only case in which changes in mean yield sensibly affect the comparison of averages is that of plots 17 and 18. In comparing these with plots 3 and 4, 5, 7, and 10, it would be more accurate to confine attention to high yielding periods, at which the disturbing causes are at their minimum.It is believed that the deviations from the smooth curves, which have been freed, for the most part, from the effects of exhaustion and weeds, form statistically homogeneous material for the study of meteorological effects.

scholarly journals Sodium sulphate-sulphur dioxide chemimechanical process (SOX). V. Bagasse SOX pulp.

1985 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 486-498
Author(s):  
Akio Mita ◽  
Takashi Saeki ◽  
Katsushi Sugiyarma ◽  
Yoshinori Yazawa ◽  
Takashi Kobayashi
Keyword(s):  
Sulphur Dioxide ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Sulphate Sulphur

scholarly journals Nitrite and nitrate levels in ileostomy effluent: effect of dietary change

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. Radcliffe ◽  
C. Hall ◽  
W. E. W. Roediger
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Test Meal ◽  
Barium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Formate ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Griess Reaction ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Nitrite Nitrate ◽  
Nitrate And Nitrite

1. Nitrite and nitrate levels were measured in samples from ileostomy bags or stomal samples of thirty-one ileostomists (twenty-two ulcerative colitis, nine Crohn's disease), 14-16 h after ingestion of a conventional meal or a meal containing a high content of nitrite and nitrate.2. Ileostomy samples were decolourized with barium chloride, sodium sulphate and charcoal. Nitrite was determined spectrophotometrically by the Griess reaction and nitrate determined as nitrite after reduction with nitrate reductase (ec 1.7.99.4) in the presence of sodium formate. The mean percentage recovery from twentysix spiked samples was 101.9 (se 3.5)% for nitrite and 82.9 (se 3.3)% for nitrate.3. Ileostomy bag samples were obtained in twenty-nine cases of which ten had measurable nitrite (median 0, range 0-20.7 nmol/g) on a conventional meal compared with twenty-three cases (median 7.2, range 0-31.1 nmol/g) on the test meal (P < 0.01). Nitrate levels were measurable in sixteen (median 6.7, range 0-48.2 nmol/g) after a conventional meal compared with twenty-one (median 20.5, range 0-53.2 nmol/g) after the test meal (P <0.01).4. Stomal fresh-catch samples were obtained in twenty-four cases: combined nitrate and nitrite was higher in eighteen, lower in four and unchanged in two subjects after the test meal (P < 0.05).5. The type of foodstuff ingested can significantly alter measurable levels of nitrite-nitrate in the distal ileum and is one factor determining nitrite-nitrate input into the proximal colon.

Sulphur metabolism in sheep. I. Preliminary investigations on the movement of sulphur in the sheep's body

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 725 ◽  
Author(s):  
AC Bray
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Salivary Secretion ◽  
Sulphur Metabolism ◽  
Total Sulphur ◽  
Inorganic Sulphate ◽  
Sulphate Sulphur ◽  
Series Of Experiments

In a series of experiments with sheep maintained on high sulphur rations, measurements were made on the levels of 35S in urine, faeces, and various body fluids following single intravenous infusions of sodium [3%]sulphate and single infusions of sodium [35S]sulphate or sodium [353]sulphide into the gastrointestinal tract. Sulphide was rapidly absorbed from the duodenum and post-duodenal intestinal tract, an estimated 40–90% of the dose being absorbed within 60 min. Absorption of sulphate from the same region was much slower, 25% or less being absorbed over a 60-min interval. An attempt to use antibiotics to eliminate the effects of the intestinal bacteria on the metabolism of [35S]sulphate before absorption was not conclusive. Following intravenous administration of sodium [35S]sulphate, 12–19% of the dose was recovered in the faeces within 6 days. This activity appeared to be due to secretion into the post-ruminal tract rather than to return of 35S by salivary secretion or by passage across the rumen wall. Sodium [35S]sulphate was reduced to sulphide in the rumen and appreciable amounts appeared to be absorbed from this organ. The variations in total sulphur and sulphide of rumen digesta, urinary total sulphur, and blood inorganic sulphate levels during the day appeared to be related. Whole blood inorganic sulphate sulphur levels varied between 2 and 6 mg%. Urinary excretion following intravenous administration of 35S was extremely rapid, at least 70% of the dose being collected within 24 hr.

scholarly journals Eco-Friendly Vat Dyeing of Cotton Using Alkaline Iron (II) Salt as Reducing Agent

Tekstilec ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 305-320
Author(s):  
Omender Kr ◽  
◽  
J. N. Chakraborty ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Reduction Potential ◽  
Potential Surface ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Reducing Agent ◽  
Vat Dyes ◽  
Box Behnken Design ◽  
Optimum Parameters ◽  
Colour Strength ◽  
Sulphate Sulphur

Sodium hydrosulphite is used commercially as the reducing agent for vat dyes in the dyeing of cotton. Large amounts of sodium sulphate, sulphur oxyanion and toxic sulphite are produced during the dyeing due to the dissociation of sodium hydrosulphite leading to severe air and water pollution. This research focuses on the use of alkaline iron (II) salt as the reducing agent for vat dyeing on cotton fabrics through a complete replace¬ment of hydrosulphite. The 34 Box-Behnken design was used to achieve optimum parameters and statistically analyse the performance of the new reducing system. The results showed that the alkaline iron (II) salt system was relatively effective in developing a comparable dyebath reduction potential, surface colour strength of cotton and colourfastness, if compared to the hydrosulphite-based reducing system. The dyebath stability in the presence and absence of the dye also showed superior results compared to that of the hydrosulphite system. Hence, it can be said that a complete substitution of sodium hydrosulphite with alkaline iron (II) salt is possible.

Sulphur metabolism and excretion studies in ruminants. XIII.* Intake and utilizaton of wheat straw by sheep and cattle

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 631 ◽  
Author(s):  
PR Bird
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Sulphur Metabolism ◽  
Maintenance Requirement ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

The capacity of cattle and sheep to utilize wheat straw was compared, six 15-month-old Hereford steers and six 20-month-old Merino wethers being used. The addition of urea (2.0% of dry matter) to wheat straw (c. 0.3% nitrogen, 0.09% sulphur) significantly increased the intake of energy, the efficiency of digestion and the liveweight gains of both the sheep and the cattle. The addition of sodium sulphate (0.4% of the dry matter) to the ration containing urea significantly increased these responses in the sheep but not in the cattle. Cattle and sheep had a similar capacity to digest the basal straw (22 v. 23 kcal/kg W0.92 per day), but cattle were more efficient than sheep when urea alone was included in the ration (68 v. 42 kcal/kg W0.92 per day day). The further addition of sulphate decreased this disparity (75 v. 64 kcal/kg W0.92 per day) so that the sheep were then also able to derive their maintenance requirement of energy (an estimated 49 kcal/kg W0.92 per day) from the straw. Addition of urea to wheat straw significantly increased the nitrogen balance in cattle but not in sheep. The further addition of sulphate significantly increased this balance in both the sheep and the cattle. Nitrogen balance on the basal straw, straw plus urea, or straw plus urea plus sulphate was –97, –62 and 17 mg nitrogen/kg W0.92 per day respectively for sheep compared with –79, –24 and 32 mg nitrogen/kg W0.92 per day for cattle. Supplemental sodium sulphate (0.4% of the dry matter) without urea slightly decreased the nitrogen balance and tended to depress intake and digestion of feed in both sheep and cattle. Cattle require less dietary sulphur and can cope with a wider nitrogen/sulphur ratio in the feed than sheep, apparently because sulphur is recycled more effectively in cattle. Responses to urea supplementation under grazing conditions may therefore be greater with cattle. ____________________ *Part XII, Aust. J. Biol. Sci., 26: 1429 (1973).p>

Copper-molybdenum-sulphate interaction in induction of Ovine hypocupraemia and hypocuprosis

1956 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
KN Wynne ◽  
GL McClymont
Keyword(s):  
Basal Diet ◽  
Ammonium Molybdate ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Copper Level ◽  
Sulphate Content ◽  
Liver Copper ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Inorganic Sulphate ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Restricted Feed Intake

A basal diet containing 6.2 p.p.m. copper, 0.8 p.p.m. molybdenum, and 0.04 per cent. inorganic sulphate was fed unsupplenlented to one group of sheep. Four other groups were fed on the same diet supplemented with ammonium molybdate to give a molybdenum content of 5.1 p.p.m. or with sodium sulphate to give an inorganic sulphate content of 0.40 per cent., or with both. Sheep on the unsupplemented basal diet showed no marked disturbance of their liver and blood copper concentrations. Sheep maintained for 50 weeks on the diet containing both molybdenum and sulphate supplements showed a progressive fall in liver and blood copper levels, and developed dystrophic wool and hypochromatrichia. On a restricted feed intake of the same diet, sheep displayed a similar fall in liver copper and similar wool changes, but maintained a normal blood copper level for a longer period before developing hypocupraemia. Hypochromatrichia appeared to develop in this group before hypocupraemia was evident. With only the sulphate supplement added to the basal diet, liver copper concentrations fell, but not to a level associated with hypocupraemia. With only the molybdenum supplement added to the basal diet, copper retention by the liver was depressed to a small, but significant extent compared with the controls. The diet of the groups showing evidence of hypocuprosis approximately reproduced the mean copper, molybdenum, and sulphate status of the feed in an area in New South Wales enzootically affected with hypocuprosis. It is concluded that hypocuprosis in this area at least is explicable in terms of copper-molybdenum-sulphate interaction.

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