Breed and nutritional effects of the composition of faeces, urine, and plasma from Hereford and Brahman X Hereford steers fed on high and low quality diets

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
JE Vercoe
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Quality Diet ◽  
Nutritional Effects ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

A comparison is presented of the composition of the faeces, urine, and plasma when Hereford and Brahman x Hereford steers were fed two different quality diets at three levels of intake. On a high quality diet (lucerne hay), the Brahman x Hereford steers produced significantly less faecal dry matter, total nitrogen, and non-dialysable nitrogen than the Hereford steers, but there were no significant differences between the breeds or between animals within a breed in total urinary nitrogen or any of its major constituents. On a low quality diet (blue grass–spear grass hay) the two breeds were not significantly different in faecal dry matter, total nitrogen, or non-dialysable nitrogen. The Brahman x Hereford steers excreted more total nitrogen, urea, and creatinine in their urine, part of which could be attributed to a higher liveweight; and they had significantly lower nitrogen balances. In animals of the same breed, water intake and urine volume were negatively correlated with plasma urea and nitrogen balance and positively correlated with urinary total nitrogen, creatinine, and uric acid.

scholarly journals Urinary nitrogen compounds in dairy cows fed urea as the sole or partial source of nitrogen

1976 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-335
Author(s):  
Terttu Ettala ◽  
Matti Kreula
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

Urinary nitrogen compounds were determined in test cows with urea as the sole (0-cows) or partial (ULP-cows) source of nitrogen. An average of 0.49 % total nitrogen was found in 0-cows and 0.88 % in ULP-cows, the values for urea nitrogen being 2.24 and 2.63 mg/ml, for ammonium nitrogen 0.14 and 0.09 mg/ml, for creatinine 0.77 and 0.90 mg/ml and for creatine 0.28 and 0,42 mg/ml urine, respectively. Differences between the two groups were highly significant (P < 0.001) as regards total nitrogen and significant (P < 0.05) as regards urea nitrogen and creatine. In each group the between-cow differences were highly significant with regard to total and urea nitrogen and creatine, and in 0-cows also with regard to ammonium nitrogen and creatinine. Smaller amounts of urinary allantoin and larger amounts of uric acid were found in 0-cows than in ULP-cows. Corresponding determinations were made to some extent also on the urine of cows on normal indoor or pasture feeding.

THE METABOLIC FECAL NITROGEN EXCRETION OF THE PIG AS INFLUENCED BY THE TYPE OF FIBRE IN THE RATION AND BY BODY WEIGHT

1957 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Whiting ◽  
L. M. Bezeau
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Wood Cellulose ◽  
Oat Hulls ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

Nitrogen balance studies were carried out on growing pigs (15 to 60 kg. body weight) using protein-low rations (approximately 0.3 per cent) to study the influence of body weight and type of fibre in the ration upon metabolic fecal and endogenous urinary nitrogen (N). The types and amounts of fibre used were: pure wood cellulose (Solka-Floc), 7 and 14 per cent of the ration; methocel, 7 and 14 per cent of the ration; and oat hulls, 14 and 28 per cent of the ration.Type and amount of fibre significantly affected the metabolic fecal N excretion of the pig, whether expressed on the basis of dry matter (D.M.) intake or fecal D.M. output. Wood cellulose (Solka-Floc) caused the greatest, and methocel the least, fecal N excretion per unit of D.M. intake. Oat hulls were intermediate.Fecal N excretion varied inversely with the 0.3 power of body weight between the body weights of approximately 15 and 60 kg.Endogenous urinary N in one experiment varied with approximately the 1.0 power of body weight, and in a second experiment with the 0.2 power of body weight. It was not possible in these experiments to determine the factors that influenced endogenous urinary N excretion.

Nitrogen metabolism in water-restricted Marwari sheep of the Indian desert

1983 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 735-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C. Bohra ◽  
P. K. Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Indian Desert ◽  
Daily Water Intake ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Hind Gut ◽  
Plasma Urea Concentration

SUMMARYStudies were conducted to evaluate the effect of 50% restriction of normal daily water intake on nitrogen balance, plasma urea concentration and excretion of different urinary nitrogenous constituents (ammonia, creatine, creatinine, urea and undetermined nitrogen) in the Marwari breed of sheep of the Rajasthan desert, India. The results indicated that the reduction in feed intake in water-restricted sheep leads to a reduction in intake and excretion of nitrogen through faeces (P < 0·01) and urine (P < 0·01) of these animals. No sigficant differences in the excretion of most urinary nitrogenous constituents between ad libitum watered and water-restricted animals were observed, except for creatine which was excreted in significantly higher concentrations in the urine of the water-restricted animals. On offering water ad libitum for 3 days to the restricted animals, the plasma urea in these animals dropped from 33·0 to 20·7 mg/100 ml, i.e. almost to the level in the animals watered ad libitum (18·7 mg/ 100 ml). The daily dry-matter intakes of the ad libitum watered and restricted animals were 790 and 488 g, respectively. The digestibility coefficients for dry matter and crude protein of the feed were 47·1 and 27·2%, respectively in ad libitum watered and 56·6 and 39·5%, respectively, in restricted animals. This improvement in the efficiency of digestion in water-restricted sheep may not be due to any enhanced microbial activity in the rumen, but may possibly be due to an increased absorption of feed nutrients in the hind gut of these animals.

scholarly journals Digestibility and nitrogen balance of the feed of dairy cows with urea as the sole or partial source of nitrogen

1977 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 192-198
Author(s):  
M. Kreula ◽  
T. Ettala
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Low Protein

The digestibility and nitrogen balance tests were performed both with cows on purified protein-free feed (0-feed) with urea as the sole source of nitrogen, and with cows on a urea-rich, low-protein diet (ULP-feed). In addition to ordinary low-protein fodders, ULP-feed contained also as the source of energy so-called hemicellulose and 0-fibre, which are waste products of the cellulose industry. The determinations were made either with chromic oxide as an indicator, or by collecting the faeces and urine separately. The average digestibility percentage of the nitrogen (= urea-N) with 0-cows was 67.0±5.2, that of the dry matter 73.9±5.1 and that of the organic matter 76.6±5.1. With ULP-cows the average digestibility percentage of the total nitrogen was 71.2±4.9 and that of the urea nitrogen varied between 70 and 86. The average digestibility percentage of hemicellulose was 83 and that of the 0-fibre of the sulphite cellulose industry (0-fibre 2) 80. The nitrogen balance was positive in all experiments, + 20.4 ± 20.6 g with 0-cows and + 39,4 ± 16.4 g with ULP-cows per day.

scholarly journals Effects of mesquite (Prosopis laevigata) pods as a potential feed material for kids

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 289-296
Author(s):  
L Pena-Avelino ◽  
I Ceballos-Olvera ◽  
J Alva-Perez ◽  
J Vicente ◽  
J Pinos-Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Blood Metabolites ◽  
Feed Material ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Matter Basis

To evaluate the dietary inclusion of mesquite pods (Prosopis laevigata) on the growth performance, rumen fermentation, nitrogen balance, blood metabolites and carcass traits, 15 Creole goat kids (12.1 ± 2.8 kg body weight) were randomly assigned to one of three experimental diets with 0, 300 and 600 g of mesquite pods (dry matter basis). The study lasted 80 days. At the end of this period, the blood and ruminal fluid were sampled and the nitrogen (N) balance was calculated. The growth performance and feed intake were not affected by the mesquite pods. The nitrogen digestibility, N absorbed, and N retained increased linearly (P &lt; 0.05) with the increasing amounts of mesquite pods in the diet. The serum glucose and triglycerides were not affected by the mesquite pods, but the creatinine and uric acid decreased linearly (P &lt; 0.05) as the mesquite pods increased in the diet. The highest (P &lt; 0.05) rumen pH value, ammonia-N concentration, molar proportion of the acetate and the acetate : propionate ratio was found in the goat kids fed the diet with 600 g when compared to those fed diets with 0 and 300 g mesquite pods. Beneficial dietary effects of mesquite pods on the blood metabolites and N retention of the goat kids were found in this study; therefore, the dietary inclusion of mesquite pods at 600 g/kg can be used as a feed alternative for growing goat kids.

Damara sheep have higher digestible energy intake than Merino sheep when fed low-quality or high-quality feed

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Wilkes ◽  
P. I. Hynd ◽  
W. S. Pitchford
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Sheep Meat ◽  
Quality Diet

The use of animals that are resilient to challenging environments is becoming of increasing importance in animal production systems. Interest in breeds of sheep such as the Damara for sheep meat production is increasing in Australia. Anecdotally this breed outperforms the traditionally grazed Merino in the harsh rangeland environments encountered in the Pastoral Zone of Australia, but little evidence is available to support this claim. A trial was conducted to quantify differences in the efficiency of feed utilisation and growth performance of Damara and Merino sheep under two contrasting dietary regimes. Eighteen castrate males of each breed were offered a ‘low-quality’ diet (L) (7 MJ/kg ME; 8% crude protein, as per manufacturer’s analysis) followed by a ‘high-quality’ diet (H) (11 MJ/kg dry matter and 16% crude protein, as per manufacturer’s analysis). On the L diet, Damaras had similar ad libitum feed intake as Merinos, but the digestibility of feed dry matter and energy was ~10% higher in Damaras than Merinos. Damaras also gained weight (38 g/day) on the L diet, while Merinos lost weight (28 g/day) (P < 0.002). On the H diet the Damaras consumed 14% more feed (P < 0.053) and grew 30% faster than Merinos (P < 0.002), but there was no difference in the apparent dry matter or energy digestibility of the feed. At the conclusion of the trial the Damara carcasses were 22% heavier (28.1 versus 23.1 kg), and had higher dressing percentages (53.2 versus 41.5%) than Merinos, but the proportions of carcass components did not differ. The Damaras achieved higher total digestible energy intakes than the Merinos on both diets. On the low-quality feed this was achieved through higher feed digestibility and on the high-quality feed through greater voluntary feed intake. We speculate that this arises from variation between the breeds in rumen volume, particle flow and the site of digestion, but further studies are required to confirm this contention. The ability of Damara sheep to obtain more nutrients from widely differing feed bases makes them an attractive alternative sheep breed for sheep meat production. Furthermore, the presence of such variation between genotypes offers potential for selective breeding and development of commercial lines of sheep.

Plasma urea nitrogen as an indicator of protein quality. II.* Relationships between plasma urea nitrogen, various urinary nitrogen constituents, and protein quality

1976 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 117 ◽  
Author(s):  
RD Kirk ◽  
DM Walker
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

Preruminant male crossbred lambs aged 2–5 days at the start of the experiment were used. Plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) and nitrogen balance were significantly correlated (r = – 0.74) in lambs given a wide variety of plant and animal proteins in low protein diets (0.10 of total energy as protein). Nevertheless, lambs having identical intakes of nitrogen and energy from diets containing different proteins could have identical PUN values but significantly different nitrogen balances. It was shown with groups of lambs that PUN could be used to predict the minimum amount of DL-methionine that was required to give maximum nitrogen balance, when used as a supplement to isolated soya bean protein. It was also shown that there were significant daily variations in PUN and in the excretion of urinary nitrogen constituents (urea, ammonia, creatinine) between and within lambs given the same diet under strictly controlled conditions. It was concluded that no further increase in the precision of predicting protein quality from PUN (or urinary nitrogen constituents) was possible, unless an experimental design was used in which the values for individual lambs were compared before and after a change in dietary treatment. __________________ *Part I, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 27: 109 (1976).

scholarly journals Metabolic and Productive Response and Grazing Behavior of Lactating Dairy Cows Supplemented with High Moisture Maize or Cracked Wheat Grazing at Two Herbage Allowances in Spring

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 919
Author(s):  
Verónica M. Merino ◽  
Lorena Leichtle ◽  
Oscar A. Balocchi ◽  
Francisco Lanuza ◽  
Julián Parga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Grazing Behavior

The aim was to determine the effect of the herbage allowance (HA) and supplement type (ST) on dry matter intake (DMI), milk production and composition, grazing behavior, rumen function, and blood metabolites of grazing dairy cows in the spring season. Experiment I: 64 Holstein Friesian dairy cows were distributed in a factorial design that tested two levels of daily HA (20 and 30 kg of dry matter (DM) per cow) and two ST (high moisture maize (HMM) and cracked wheat (CW)) distributed in two daily rations (3.5 kg DM/cow/day). Experiment II: four mid-lactation rumen cannulated cows, supplemented with either HMM or CW and managed with the two HAs, were distributed in a Latin square design of 4 × 4, for four 14-d periods to assess ruminal fermentation parameters. HA had no effect on milk production (averaging 23.6 kg/day) or milk fat and protein production (823 g/day and 800 g/day, respectively). Cows supplemented with CW had greater protein concentration (+1.2 g/kg). Herbage DMI averaged 14.17 kg DM/cow.day and total DMI averaged 17.67 kg DM/cow.day and did not differ between treatments. Grazing behavior activities (grazing, rumination, and idling times) and body condition score (BCS) were not affected by HA or ST. Milk and plasma urea concentration increased under the high HA (+0.68 mmol/L and +0.90 mmol/L, respectively). Cows supplemented with HMM had lower milk and plasma urea concentrations (0.72 mmol/L and 0.76 mmol/L less, respectively) and tended (p = 0.054) to have higher plasma β-hydroxybutyrate. Ruminal parameters did not differ between treatments.

scholarly journals Diet Quality Is Associated with a High Newborn Size and Reduction in the Risk of Low Birth Weight and Small for Gestational Age in a Group of Mexican Pregnant Women: An Observational Study

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1853
Author(s):  
María A. Reyes-López. ◽  
Carla P. González-Leyva ◽  
Ameyalli M. Rodríguez-Cano ◽  
Carolina Rodríguez-Hernández ◽  
Eloisa Colin-Ramírez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Mexican Women ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Quality Diet ◽  
Newborn Size

A high-quality diet during pregnancy may have positive effects on fetal growth and nutritional status at birth, and it may modify the risk of developing chronic diseases later in life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between diet quality and newborn nutritional status in a group of pregnant Mexican women. As part of the ongoing Mexican prospective cohort study, OBESO, we studied 226 healthy pregnant women. We adapted the Alternated Healthy Eating Index-2010 for pregnancy (AHEI-10P). The association between maternal diet and newborn nutritional status was investigated by multiple linear regression and logistic regression models. We applied three 24-h recalls during the second half of gestation. As the AHEI-10P score improved by 5 units, the birth weight and length increased (β = 74.8 ± 35.0 g and β = 0.3 ± 0.4 cm, respectively, p < 0.05). Similarly, the risk of low birth weight (LBW) and small for gestational age (SGA) decreased (OR: 0.47, 95%CI: 0.27–0.82 and OR: 0.55, 95%CI: 0.36–0.85, respectively). In women without preeclampsia and/or GDM, the risk of stunting decreased as the diet quality score increased (+5 units) (OR: 0.62, 95%IC: 0.40–0.96). A high-quality diet during pregnancy was associated with a higher newborn size and a reduced risk of LBW and SGA in this group of pregnant Mexican women.

scholarly journals Feasibility of achieving different protein targets using a hypocaloric high-protein enteral formula in critically ill patients

Critical Care ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Singer ◽  
Itai Bendavid ◽  
Ilana BenArie ◽  
Liran Stadlander ◽  
Ilya Kagan
Keyword(s):  
Critically Ill ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Protein Targets ◽  
Protein Target ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

Abstract Background and aims Combining energy and protein targets during the acute phase of critical illness is challenging. Energy should be provided progressively to reach targets while avoiding overfeeding and ensuring sufficient protein provision. This prospective observational study evaluated the feasibility of achieving protein targets guided by 24-h urinary nitrogen excretion while avoiding overfeeding when administering a high protein-to-energy ratio enteral nutrition (EN) formula. Methods Critically ill adult mechanically ventilated patients with an APACHE II score > 15, SOFA > 4 and without gastrointestinal dysfunction received EN with hypocaloric content for 7 days. Protein need was determined by 24-h urinary nitrogen excretion, up to 1.2 g/kg (Group A, N = 10) or up to 1.5 g/kg (Group B, N = 22). Variables assessed included nitrogen intake, excretion, balance; resting energy expenditure (REE); phase angle (PhA); gastrointestinal tolerance of EN. Results Demographic characteristics of groups were similar. Protein target was achieved using urinary nitrogen excretion measurements. Nitrogen balance worsened in Group A but improved in Group B. Daily protein and calorie intake and balance were significantly increased in Group B compared to Group A. REE was correlated to PhA measurements. Gastric tolerance of EN was good. Conclusions Achieving the protein target using urinary nitrogen loss up to 1.5 g/kg/day was feasible in this hypercatabolic population. Reaching a higher protein and calorie target did not induce higher nitrogen excretion and was associated with improved nitrogen balance and a better energy intake without overfeeding. PhA appears to be related to REE and may reflect metabolism level, suggestive of a new phenotype for nutritional status. Trial registration 0795-18-RMC.

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