scholarly journals Digestibility and nitrogen balance of the feed of dairy cows with urea as the sole or partial source of nitrogen

1977 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 192-198
Author(s):  
M. Kreula ◽  
T. Ettala
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Low Protein

The digestibility and nitrogen balance tests were performed both with cows on purified protein-free feed (0-feed) with urea as the sole source of nitrogen, and with cows on a urea-rich, low-protein diet (ULP-feed). In addition to ordinary low-protein fodders, ULP-feed contained also as the source of energy so-called hemicellulose and 0-fibre, which are waste products of the cellulose industry. The determinations were made either with chromic oxide as an indicator, or by collecting the faeces and urine separately. The average digestibility percentage of the nitrogen (= urea-N) with 0-cows was 67.0±5.2, that of the dry matter 73.9±5.1 and that of the organic matter 76.6±5.1. With ULP-cows the average digestibility percentage of the total nitrogen was 71.2±4.9 and that of the urea nitrogen varied between 70 and 86. The average digestibility percentage of hemicellulose was 83 and that of the 0-fibre of the sulphite cellulose industry (0-fibre 2) 80. The nitrogen balance was positive in all experiments, + 20.4 ± 20.6 g with 0-cows and + 39,4 ± 16.4 g with ULP-cows per day.

scholarly journals Effect of amino acid supplementation and choline chloride for low protein diet on nitrogen efficiency and methane emission of dairy cows

2022 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-178
Author(s):  
Shahram Shirmohammadi ◽  
◽  
Akbar Taghizadeh ◽  
Ali Hosseinkhani ◽  
Hossein Janmohammadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Methane Emission ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Low Protein

Ruminants are one of the largest anthropogenic methane and nitrous oxide emissions. Therefore, the hypothesis was to study the effects of reducing dietary crude protein (CP) level on environmental contaminators when rumen-protected amino acids and choline chloride were supplemented. Sixty Holstein dairy cows were used during the experiment. Test diets were: (1) CD = Control diet with16.2 g of crude protein/ Kg of DM); (2) LM = Low protein diet with 14.2 g of crude protein/ Kg of DM + methionine ; (3) LL = Low protein diet with 14.2 g of crude protein/ Kg of DM + lysine; (4) LML = Low protein diet with 14.2 g of crude protein/ Kg of DM + methionine + lysine; (5) LMLC = Low protein diet with 14.2 g of crude protein/ Kg of DM + methionine + lysine + choline. Dry matter and NDF intake were not different, but the control group received higher CP and ADF compared with other groups (P < 0.05). Fecal CP and ADF of control group were lower (P < 0.05), but no differences were observed for fecal dry matter (DM) and NDF. Milk yield and protein content were higher for LML and LMLC like control group (P < 0.05). Nitrogen intake, urinary N, urinary urea N and total excreta N decreased (P < 0.05) when animals fed low protein. There was no difference in ruminal pH and acetate to propionate ratio, whereas the ruminal ammonia-N decreased with the low protein (P < 0.05). The 120-h gas production test, showed no difference on the kinetics of digestion and in vitro methane emission. However, the inclusion of DMI in the calculations revealed that low protein can reduce (P < 0.05) methane emission. Overall, our findings indicated that low protein can be compensated for by adding rumen-protected amino acids, not only to maintain the animal performance, but also to decrease nitrogen excretion and methane emission.

Salvage of Exogenous Urea Nitrogen Enhances Nitrogen Balance in Normal Men Consuming Marginally Inadequate Protein Diets

1996 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracey S. Meakins ◽  
Alan A. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Urea Hydrolysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Normal Men ◽  
Protein Diets

1. Urea kinetics were measured in six healthy men using prime/intermittent oral doses of [15N15N] urea, after five days consuming one of four diets which varied in their nitrogen content: a reference diet (REF, 70 g of protein and 11.2 g of N); a low-protein diet (LP, 30 g of protein and 4.8 g of N); a low-protein diet with 6.9 g of urea added (LP-U1, 30 g of protein and 8 g of N); a low-protein diet with 13.7 g of urea added (LP-U2, 30 g of protein and 11.2 g of N). 2. Apparent nitrogen balance on the REF diet was significantly better than on the LP or the LP-U1 diets. The addition of the higher level of urea in the LP-U2 diet enhanced apparent nitrogen balance compared with the LP or LP-U1 diets, and was not different to apparent nitrogen balance on the REF diet. 3. On the LP, LP-U1 and LP-U2 diets, the rate of endogenous urea production was not different, and was about 60% of that on the REF diet, a statistically significant difference. The addition of a dietary supplement of urea increased the rate of urea appearance in the urea pool in direct relation to the dose of urea taken. There was no difference in the rate of appearance between the REF and LP-U2 diets, for both of which the rate of appearance was significantly greater than on the LP diet. 4. The excretion of urea in urine on the LP diet was 62% of that on the REF diet, a significant difference. There was no significant difference in the rate of urea excretion between the REF, LP-U1 and LP-U2 diets. 5. The rate of urea hydrolysis by the colonic microflora on the REF diet was more than twice that on the LP or LP-U1 diets. Supplementation with urea at the higher level, LP-U2, significantly increased hydrolysis to the same level as on the REF diet. Most of the nitrogen derived from urea hydrolysis was retained in the metabolic pool (>80%), with no difference in the rate of retention between the REF and LP-U2 diets, both greater than the LP or LP-U1 diets. 6. The dietary supplements of urea increased the size of the body urea pool significantly. Renal clearance of urea was highest on the REF diet and decreased 13–29% on the low-protein diets. Bowel clearance was highest on the REF diet and decreased 46–55% on the low-protein diets. Neither urinary excretion of urea nor urea hydrolysis in the bowel were related simply to the concentration of urea in blood. Urea hydrolysis related most closely to the rate of appearance of urea in the urea pool. 7. The salvage of urea nitrogen was increased on the highest level of supplementation, but the overall sensitivity of the system was low, suggesting that other factors might be limiting for effective urea hydrolysis and the salvage of urea nitrogen.

Wartime changes in the winter diet of dairy cows in the Eastern Counties of England

1946 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 222-225
Author(s):  
G. H. N. Pettit
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Daily Ration ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Modest Increase ◽  
Winter Diet ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Wheat Products

The general characteristics of a group of thirtynine herds of dairy cows in the Eastern Counties of England, and the method of obtaining information about their diet during the winters 1938–9 to 1942–3 inclusive, are briefly described.The first three winters of the war show a continuous decline in starch equivalent and protein equivalent per cow, followed by a recovery during winter 1942–3.Comparing winter 1942–3 with winter 1938–9: Consumption per cow of concentrates declined by one-third, reductions in proprietary compounds and mixtures and in maize and wheat products being outstanding.The more important increases were in oats, straw and succulent foods, notably mangolds, sugar-beet tops and kale.Hay retained its important place with little overall change; a modest increase in silage was restricted to a few herds.The crude weight of the average daily ration increased from 44 to 61 lb., but its dry matter only from 21·0 to 22·6 lb.The residue: total dry matter less digestible organic matter—increased from 7·2 to 8·4 lb. per cow daily. Reference is made to changes in palatability.

scholarly journals The influence of the method of preservation of forages on the digestion in dairy cows. 1. Composition of the forages and digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and nitrogen.

1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
S. Tamminga ◽  
C.J. van der Koelen
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Mixed Diet ◽  
Apparent Digestibility

1. Grass from the same sward was ensiled without additive, with 14.6 g formic acid/100 g crude protein or 10.8 g formic acid and 10.6 g formaldehyde/100 g crude protein. Similar grass was dried and pelleted. Drying or ensiling with the mixture reduced solubility of N in the preserved grass but formic acid increased it, and ensiling without additive increased it even more. Apparent digestibility of N in the rumen of cows tended to decrease with decrease in solubility. Digestibility in vitro of the mixed diet given to the cows, calculated from digestibility of the separate components, agreed well with the values in vivo for diets with silages, but was high for that with dried grass. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Digestion by sheep of concentrate diets containing formaldehyde-treated peanut meal

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 859 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Peanut Meal ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Protein Diets

The effect of formaldehyde treatment of peanut meal on the digestion of barley-peanut meal diets was studied in fistulated crossbred sheep at two peanut meal and therefore dietary protein levels. There were no differences either between protein levels or due to treatment in the overall digestion of organic matter, but more of this digestion took place in the stomach when the low protein diets were given. Dietary starch was completely digested. There was no effect of protein level or of formaldehyde treatment on the partition of starch digestion between the stomach and the intestines. About 10% of the dietary nitrogen disappeared from the stomach when the high protein diet containing untreated peanut meal was given; treatment resulted in a small net gain of nitrogen in the stomach. There was a net gain of nitrogen in the stomach when the low protein diets were given, the gain tending to be greater when the peanut meal was treated. When the meal was treated, there was a small but not significant increase (c. 2%) for the low protein diet and a substantial increase (c. 31 %) for the high protein diet in the amount of crude protein digested in the intestines per unit of digestible organic matter intake. Changes observed in the composition and flow of digesta and in plasma urea and cc-amino nitrogen levels are discussed in relation to the digestion of organic matter and protein.

MEASUREMENT OF DUODENAL FLOW IN DAIRY COWS BY EITHER TOTAL COLLECTION OR SPOT SAMPLING, USING A SPECIAL CANNULA

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 116-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. ROHR ◽  
M. BRANDT ◽  
P. LEBZIEN ◽  
H. SCHAFFT
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Single Marker ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Special Cannula ◽  
Friesian Cows

Duodenal flow as derived from total collection and spot sampling was compared in three Friesian cows, using a re-entrant cannula without transecting the intestine. Cr2O3 was used as a single marker. Small differences in flow of dry matter, organic matter and nitrogen indicate that the spot sampling procedure may render valid results. The mean recovery of Cr2O3 was 96.7%. Key words: Cattle, duodenal flow, sampling technique, marker

Estimation of roughage intake in sheep using a known daily intake of a labelled supplement

2005 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Elwert ◽  
H. Dove
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Diet Composition ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Supplement Intake ◽  
Matter Basis

AbstractA feeding trial with growing sheep was conducted on mixed roughage-supplement diets, to test whether roughage intake could be estimated from a known intake of a supplement and an alkane-based estimate of the supplement and roughage proportions in the diet (diet composition) without the need for separate dosing with external marker alkanes. Diets consisted of chaffed Trifolium subterraneum hay (SC), or a mix of SC and beeswax-labelled cottonseed meal (CSM) in the proportions of 7: 1, 6: 2, 5: 3 and 4: 4 (air-dry matter basis). Six sheep were given the pure SC diet and three sheep were given each of the mixed diets. Additionally, the CSM was also labelled with octatriacontane (C38) to investigate its use for labelling supplements. Due to unexpectedly low recoveries, C38 was not included in any estimation of diet composition or digestibility.The inclusion of beeswax-labelled CSM in a SC diet resulted in lower faecal alkane recoveries (as proportions of alkane ingested; P ≤ 0·05). Within mixed diets, recoveries decreased significantly with increasing proportion of CSM, but this effect was significant (P < 0·05) only for alkanes consisting of 25, 26, 27 and 29 carbon-atoms. Estimates of diet composition were close to measured values. Daily SC intake and organic matter digestibility (OMD) differed by −3·7 to 7·2% and −2·0 to 5·7% from measured values if a mean faecal recovery, across diets, was applied for each alkane. Accuracy increased greatly if estimates were based upon faecal alkane recoveries for individual diets, instead of mean recoveries across diets (−0·3 to 0·9% and −0·2 to 0·0% for SC intake and OMD, respectively).The results indicate that roughage intake can be estimated from a combination of known supplement intake and an estimate of diet composition, which obviates the need for separate alkane dosing to estimate intake. The method should be applicable in situations in which animals either normally receive supplements (e.g., dairy cows) or could readily be given supplements.

The effects of grazing intensity on herbage consumption and animal production: IV. An evaluation of two methods for avoiding the rejection of fouled herbage by dairy cows

1972 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Reid ◽  
J. F. D. Greenhalgh ◽  
J. N. Aitken
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Grazing Intensity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Adjacent Area ◽  
Pasture Area

SUMMARYFor phase I of a rotational grazing experiment (three grazing cycles; May–July) a group of nine cows (group S) were ‘conditioned’ to eat fouled herbage by being allowed to graze only on slurry-treated pasture (area 1), and two further groups of nine (groups H and C) grazed on an adjacent area (2) of untreated pasture. One-third of area 2 was harrowed after each grazing. During phase II (the fourth grazing cycle; August) group H grazed on the harrowed part and groups S and C grazed on the remainder of area 2. The herbage allowance was 15 kg dry matter per cow per day in phase I and 12 kg in phase II.In phase I, group S cows ate significantly less than groups C and H combined (9·2 v. 10·5 kg organic matter per day), and lost weight (– 0·37 v. + 0–03 kg/day), but their milk yields were not significantly lower (16·1 v.16–6 kg/day). In phase II neither intake nor milk yield differed significantly between the three groups, but group S cows gained weight while the other two groups lost weight.It was concluded that neither conditioning the cows nor harrowing the pasture was an effective means of avoiding rejection of fouled pasture.

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