The effects of temperature on the early vegetative growth of Phalaris canariensis L. and P. tuberosa L.

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Scurfield
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Size ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Culture Solution ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Root Temperature ◽  
Nutrient Culture ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Phalaris Canariensis

Seedlings of Phalaris canariensis and P. tuberosa were grown in pots outdoors and under glass-house conditions in experiments at Canberra. Sigmoid curves expressed the increase in total dry weight, dry weight of plant parts, and tiller number for both species grown outdoors for 5 months. Phase 1 — the vegetative phase of growth — ended on about September 18 for P. canariensis and September 12 for P. tuberosa. Subsequent experiments were concerned with the effects of temperature on this growth phase. In experiments lasting for up to 44 days, both species were grown under natural (winter) conditions of light intensity and day length (less than 12 hr) and 16 combinations of day and night temperature. The optimum regime for dry weight production — 24/18–19°C — did not correspond with that optimal for tiller initiation. Highest tiller numbers were obtained when night temperature exceeded day temperature (19/22° or 19/24°), or approached the optimum day temperature (24/22° or 24/24°), or there was a relatively large fluctuation between day and night temperature (28/18°, for example). P. canariensis outyielded P. tuberosa under optimum temperature conditions, but P. tuberosa appeared to be less sensitive to night temperatures of 22–24°. No consistent trends in the effects of day or night temperature on the nitrogen content of tops, leaf length, leaf breadth, or the ratio leaf length/breadth were obtained. Leaf size and shape were, however, influenced by temperature. A comparison of the growth of the Australian commercial P. tuberosa was made with that of strains from Israel and Algeria under six temperature regimes. Under cold and cool conditions, the Algerian strain resembled the Australian strain, both being outyielded by the Israeli strain. Under a regime of 28/23°, however, the Algerian and Israeli strains were adversely affected, the latter more than the former. In nutrient culture solution, a root temperature of 20° approached the optimum for dry weight production and tiller initiation by P. canariensis more nearly than one of either 12° or 27°, ambient temperature being 24/20°. Leaf size was also influenced by root temperature.

The effects of temperature and day length on species of Eucalyptus

1961 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Scurfield
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Temperature Conditions ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Temperature Levels ◽  
Short Days

Seedlings of Eucalyptus bicostata, E. blakelyi, E. niphophila, E. pauciflora, E. polyanthemos, E. rubida, and E . Stelldata were grown under various defined temperature and day-length regimes and response was assessed in terms of height, dry weights of stems, roots, leaves, and branches, number of leaves and branches, and leaf shape. Seedlings of E. bicostata, E. blakelyi, E. niphophila, E. pauciflora, and E. Rubida were capable of continuous growth under short days (8 hr) provided temperature conditions were appropriate. These species can be allocated, therefore, to Class C of Nitsch (1957). Growth was greater under long days of 18 hr than under short days of 8 hr. Irrespective of the temperature regime operating, the order of dry weight increase over 60 days was: E. bicostata > E. blahelyi > E. polyanthemos > E. niphophila. Growth of E. bicostata, E. blalcelyi, and E. polyanthemos increased as mean temperature levels increased thus: 14/8°C, 19/11°C, 20/17°C, 25/20°C. Further increase to 27/24°C had an adverse effeot upon growth of E. polyanthemos, but not on that of E. bicostata and E. blakelyi. Increasing night temperature from 6°C to 24°C when the day temperature was either 11, 20, 24, or 28°C generally increased height, dry weights of stems, roots, and leaves, and total leaf area of E. blakelyi. Similar effects were produced when day temperatures were increased from 11°C to 2S°C, night temperatures being either 6, 16, 19, or 24°C. Consequently, under short days of winter, the 28/24°C regime was most nearly optimal for growth. Adverse effects on growth appeared to be produced when night temperature exceeded a low day temperature (as under the 11/24°C regime). Average day and night temperature interacted in a statistically significant way upon growth. In E. paucifiora, increasing night temperature from 8°C to 24°C when the average day temperature was either 14, 20, 25, or 27°C, and increasing day temperature from 14°C to 27°C when night temperature was 8, 17, 20, or 24°C increased growth. Thus, the regime 27/24°C approached the optimum for growth, as in E. blakelyi. In E. blakelyi and E. paucifiora, branching was most restricted in plants which were tallest. There were indications that the magnitude of diurnal temperature fluctuations might be important in determining the degree of lateral branching (apical dominance). Leaf size, shape, and number were related to day length and temperature conditions. Leaf shape (as measured by length/breadth ratios) was a function of day and night temperatures, not being significantly related to either alone. Day length appeared to exert a more pronounced effeot upon leaf shape (long days tending to shift shape in the direction juvenile → adult) than temperature. The ratios top/root and leaflstem, especially the latter, were significantly lower in E. blakelyi than in E. pauciflora.

Effects of day-night temperature combinations under constant day length on emergence and early growth of sericea lespedeza genotypes

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-81
Author(s):  
K. L. Kalburtji ◽  
J. A. Mosjidis ◽  
A. P. Mamolos
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Difference ◽  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Sericea Lespedeza ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight ◽  
Maximum Minimum ◽  
Number Of Branches

Establishment of sericea lespedeza [Lespedeza cuneata (Dumont de Courset) G. Don.] in southeastern USA is difficult. Seedling emergence may be related to the range of temperatures prevalent during establishment. A growth chamber study was undertaken to measure the effect of temperature on seedling emergence of 56 sericea lespedeza genotypes. Main treatments were: (1) plants grown at three day-night temperature combinations with maximum/minimum temperature difference of 14°C. The temperature combinations were 22/8°C, 27/13°C, and 32/18°C; (2) plants grown at three day-night temperature combinations with maximum/minimum temperature difference of 7°C. This was accomplished by lowering the day temperature and keeping the night temperature the same as above. Emergence was reduced by about 27% with reduction of 7°C in day-night temperature within the range of temperatures used. Plant height, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight and number of branches were very sensitive to temperature combinations. Increases in temperature caused increases in height, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight and number of branches of all genotypes. Further screening of sericea for emergence and growth under low temperature may lead to cultivars with more vigorous seedlings that can be better established early in the season. Key words: Plant growth, temperatures, seedling emergence, Sericea, southern USA

Effects of temperature and salinity on the germination of Puccinellia ciliata (Bor) cv. Menemen

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 561 ◽  
Author(s):  
BA Myers ◽  
DI Couper
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Osmotic Effect ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Early Seedling Growth ◽  
Early Seedling ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

Puccinecia ciliata is a salt-tolerant, winter-growing grass. The responses of germination of P. ciliata to salinity and temperature were investigated. With a day/night temperature regime of 25/15�C, the final germination percentage of P. ciliata in distilled water was 54%, and was not significantly affected by salinities up to 87 mol m NaCl (osmotic potential, =, -0.4 MPa), but decreased to 5.2% in 260 mol m-3 NaCl (=, -1.2 MPa). The n at which the final germination percentage was reduced by 5O0/n of that in distilled water was about -0.5 MPa, which was similar to that of Lolium perenne. However, for L. perenne, the final germination percentage decreased more rapidly with increasing salinity and from a higher value in distilled water (97%) compared with P. ciliata. Germination of P. ciliata was completely inhibited at constant 33�C and was low (<20%) where day temperature was 30�C and night temperature was greater than or equal to 17�C. Maximum germination was observed where day and night temperatures were between 17 and 24�C, but were not equal. The rate of germination decreased with increasing salinity and was maximal at temperatures between 17�C and 24�C. The reduction in the final germination percentage in NaCl solution was apparently an osmotic effect since the final germination percentage in iso-osmotic solutions of mannitol, polyethylene glycol, NaCl, KC1 and KNO3 were similar. P. ciliala and L. perenne were more salt sensitive during germination than during early seedling growth; for 35-day-old seedlings, shoot dry weight was reduced by 50% of that of the nonsaline treatment when irrigated with solution with = of -0.75 MPa for L. perenne and - 1.25 MPa for P. ciliala.

scholarly journals Substrate Acidification by Geranium: Temperature Effects

2008 ◽  
Vol 133 (4) ◽  
pp. 508-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D. Taylor ◽  
Paul V. Nelson ◽  
Jonathan M. Frantz
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
The Third ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Substrate Ph ◽  
Tissue Phosphorus

Sudden pH decline (SPD) describes the situation where crops growing at an appropriate pH rapidly (within 1–2 weeks) cause the substrate pH to shift downward one to two units. ‘Designer Dark Red’ geraniums (Pelargonium ×hortorum Bailey) were grown in three experiments to assess possible effects of temperature on SPD. The first experiment tested the effect of four day/night temperature regimes (14 °C day/10 °C night, 18 °C day/14 °C night, 22 °C day/18 °C night, and 26 °C day/22 °C night) on substrate acidification. At 63 days after transplanting (DAT), substrate pH declined from 6.8 to 4.6 as temperature increased. Tissue phosphorus (P) of plants grown at the highest three temperatures was extremely low (0.10%–0.14% of dry weight), and P stress has been reported to cause acidification. It was not possible to determine if the drop in substrate pH was a singular temperature effect or a combination of high temperature and low P. To resolve this, a second experiment tested a factorial combination of the three highest temperatures from the first experiment and five preplant P rates (0, 0.065, 0.13, 0.26, or 0.52 g·L−1 substrate). Regardless of tissue P concentrations, which ranged from deficient to above adequate, substrate pH decreased with increasing temperature. At 63 DAT, in the 0.065 and 0.13 P treatments, tissue P was deficient and pH decreased with increasing temperature from 5.6 to 4.7 and 5.9 to 4.7, respectively. In the 0.26 P treatment, tissue P was adequate at the lowest temperature and there was no acidification. At the mid- and highest temperatures, tissue P was deficient and statistically equivalent, yet pH decreased to 5.2 and 4.7, respectively. In the highest P treatment, tissue P levels were unaffected by temperature, above adequate, and pH declined with each increase in temperature from 6.5 to 5.0. The results at 63 DAT once more showed that temperature acted independent of tissue P and caused geraniums to acidify the substrate. In the third experiment, the amount of acidity produced by roots of plants grown at the two highest temperatures used in the first two experiments was quantified. Plants grown at the higher temperature produced 28% more acid per gram dry root. The results herein indicate that high temperature can induce SPD by geranium.

VERNALIZATION OF TRITICUM VULGARE (VAR. RIDEAU): MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 853-863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pearl Weinberger ◽  
C. Godin
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Development ◽  
Great Increase ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Triticum Vulgare ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Meristematic Activity

Leaf length and dry weight measurements indicated that vernalization accelerated all stages of leaf development although the maximum leaf size was unaffected. Vernalization caused a great increase in meristematic activity of the root tip.

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Nutrient Culture Solutions with Agar Addition as An Evaluation Media of Rice Under Iron Toxicity Conditions

BIOEDUSCIENCE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-29
Author(s):  
Turhadi ◽  
Miftahuddin ◽  
Hamim ◽  
Munif Ghulamahdi
Keyword(s):  
Culture Media ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Culture Solution ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Agar Solution ◽  
Nutrient Culture ◽  
Half Strength ◽  
The Media ◽  
Fe Toxicity

Background: Evaluation of the tolerance level of rice to iron (Fe) toxicity stress can be done using a hydroponic system in a nutrient culture solution under a controlled condition. This study aimed to obtain a nutrient culture solution that effective as a medium for evaluating the response of rice under Fe toxicity stress condition. Methods: This experiment was carried out by comparing the effectiveness of three kinds of nutrient culture media, namely Yoshida’s Half-Strength solution (HSY), Yoshida’s Half-Strength + 0.2% agar solution (HSYA), and Yoshida’s Full-Strength + 0.2% agar solution (FSYA) using two rice genotypes, Inpara 5 (sensitive to Fe toxicity) and Mahsuri (tolerant to Fe toxicity). Leaf bronzing level, plant dry weight, and pH of nutrient culture media were observed in this experiment. Results: The results showed that the stress response as represented by the bronzing score in Inpara 5 leaves was known to be higher than that of Mahsuri in the three nutrient culture media. The decrease of root and shoot dry weight in Inpara 5 was higher than that of Mahsuri. In addition, the decrease in the pH of nutrient culture solution media without an agar addition (HSY) occurred faster than the media with the agar addition (HSYA and FSYA). Conclusion: The HSYA and FSYA media exhibited a similar pattern of pH declining but causing significant differences in growth responses between Inpara 5 and Mashuri indicating the HSYA medium is considered more efficient compared to the FSYA medium because it only requires a smaller amount of agar.

Effects of Temperature and Photoperiod on Growth and Development of Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia)

Weed Science ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 574-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Matter Production

Sicklepod was grown in controlled-environment chambers in 16 day/night temperature regimes ranging from 19/11 to 34/26 C. Maximum dry weight, leaf area, plant height, node number, and leaf number after 46 d occurred at 29/26 and 34/26 C. Temperatures of 29/21 C or lower reduced dry weight by more than 50%. Leaf number, leaf weight, and leaf area were more sensitive to changes in day temperature, whereas plant height and root, stem, and total dry weight were more sensitive to night temperature. Dry matter production was more closely correlated with leaf area duration than with its other component, net assimilation rate. Leaf appearance rate and dry matter production were linearly related to average daily temperature. The low-temperature threshold for leaf production was 13 ± 1 C. Observations of plant development in photoperiods ranging from 10 to 16 h confirmed that sicklepod is a short-day plant with a critical day length of 13 to 14 h. No reproductive development occurred in photoperiods of 15 or 16 h. Seedlings that emerged in 10-h photoperiods required more than 1-wk exposure to short days to initiate and continue reproductive development. Plants from a North Carolina population flowered earlier than plants from a Florida population in photoperiods of 12, 13, or 14 h, but in an 11-h photoperiod the two populations flowered at the same time.

Temperature effects on flower initiation in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis)

1976 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 399 ◽  
Author(s):  
GI Moss
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Root Temperature ◽  
Inhibition Of Growth ◽  
Inductive Treatment ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

The effects of temperature on flower induction in sweet orange were studied over a range of shoot and root temperatures representing the conditions found in the field in commercial growing regions. Rooted cuttings of the orange cultivar 'Late Valencia' were used in the Canberra phytotron, with an extended photoperiod of 16 hours and a photo-temperature of 8 hours' duration. Following low temperature inductive conditions (5 weeks at 15/10°C), profuse flowering occurred at 24/19°; flowering was only slightly less at this air temperature with a root temperature of 30°, and at an air temperature of 30/25°. At 36/31° few flowers were formed and these abscissed before opening. However, when the root temperature was maintained at 22° with this shoot temperature a few flowers were formed. In another experiment a root temperature of 30° and shoot temperature of 24/19° reduced the number of flowers that formed (86 cf. 137). Only a small part of the effect of high temperature in inhibiting flower initiation was due to root temperature. Two attempts were made to induce flowering under non-inductive temperatures (27/22°) with low root temperatures (15 and 11°). Flowering could not be induced under these conditions, and the lack of flowers apparently was not due to inhibition of growth by low root temperature. Although few flowers were formed at 27/22° without any previous inductive treatment (15 flowers per plant), profuse flowering was induced by 27/13° (141 flowers/plant), which indicated that a low night temperature will induce flowering. A high root temperature (29°) during inductive conditions (15/10°) had little effect on the number of flowers formed. It appeared that the site of flower stimulation by temperature was in the shoot only, and that subsequent high root temperature effected floral development. It was concluded that flowering could be induced in the field during the summer by low night temperature, and root temperatures would probably have little influence on floral development.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF GENOTYPE AND ENVIRONMENT ON YIELD COMPONENTS OF PRIMOCANE-FRUITING RED RASPBERRIES WITH EMPHASIS ON TEMPERATURE AND DAY LENGTH.

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1118f-1118
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Privé ◽  
J.A. Sullivan ◽  
J.T.A. Proctor
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Flower Number ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Temperature Regimes

`Autumn Bliss', `Heritage' and `Redwing' were grown in a controlled environment setting at three day/night temperature regimes (30/25, 25/20, 20/15C) at either 12 or 16 hour photo periods. Vegetative (height, diameter, node number, leaf area, leaf, cane and root dry weight) and reproductive (precocity, numbers of fruiting laterals, flower number and dry weight) parameters were analyzed. Optimum vegetative growth was obtained when plants were subjected to short photoperiods (12 hrs) and cool (20/15C) or moderate (25/20C) day/night temperatures. Reproductive characteristics were enhanced when grown under long photoperiods (16 hrs) and moderate temperatures. High temperatures (30/25) reduced cane height due to a decrease in internode length with the greatest reduction occurring under long photo periods. Precocity and flowering was enhanced by long photoperiods especially at cool and moderate temperatures. This may have implications for the reproductive potential of these cultivars when grown in north temperate areas where high temperatures are common for most of the summer.

scholarly journals Calcium and 1-Methylcyclopropene Delay Desiccation of Lupinus havardii Cut Racemes

HortScience ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.A. Picchioni ◽  
M. Valenzuela-Vazquez ◽  
L.W. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Culture Solution ◽  
Weight Retention ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Nutrient Culture ◽  
Greenhouse Culture ◽  
Flower Quality

Lupinus havardii Wats. is a promising new specialty cut flower crop, but data on its greenhouse culture and management are limited. Two experiments investigated senescence-delaying activity of preharvest Ca fertilization and postharvest preconditioning with 1-MCP on L. havardii `Texas Sapphire' cut flower stems (racemes). In the first study, Ca (as CaCl2) was added to the nutrient culture solution at concentrations of 0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mm for 88 days in a greenhouse. Additional CaCl2 supply did not affect the total number of racemes produced per plant, the average number of flowers per raceme, or the retention of individual flowers on cut racemes over a 7-day vase period. However, Ca concentration in cut raceme tissues, ranging from 5.3 to 7.6 mg·g-1 dry weight, increased linearly with increasing Ca concentration in the nutrient solution, which was accompanied by a linear increase in average fresh weight retention per raceme and individual mature flowers (up to 7% above controls) during the 7-day vase period. In the second study under similar plant culture and vase conditions, 1-MCP applied at harvest resulted in an average fresh weight retention increase of 9% above controls during 7 days in the vase. Equivalent levels of desiccation in control racemes (loss in fresh weight retention) were delayed by 1.5 to 3 days in racemes with the highest Ca concentrations and those that had been preconditioned with 1-MCP. In view of the physiological significance of desiccation in cut flower quality loss, preharvest Ca fertilization and postharvest 1-MCP preconditioning may be useful techniques for delaying senescence and maintaining vase quality of cut L. havardii racemes. Chemical name used: 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP)

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