Inheritance of coleoptile tiller appearance and size in wheat

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 863 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Rebetzke ◽  
C. López-Castañeda ◽  
T. L. Botwright Acuña ◽  
A. G. Condon ◽  
R. A. Richards
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Genetic Control ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Plant Leaf ◽  
Generation Means ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Seedling Leaf

Selection for rapid leaf area growth has the potential to increase wheat biomass, and both water-use efficiency and weed competitiveness early in the season. Several morphological components contribute to increased seedling leaf area, including rapid seedling emergence and production of longer, wider leaves. Early emergence of a large coleoptile tiller has also been demonstrated to increase plant leaf area and biomass in wheat and other grass seedlings. Yet little is known of the extent and nature of genotypic variation for coleoptile tiller growth in wheat. A random set of 35 wheat, barley, and triticale genotypes was evaluated in glasshouse and outdoor studies for seedling characteristics, including coleoptile tiller growth and total plant leaf area. Coleoptile tillers were produced more reliably for seedlings grown outdoors and when supplied with additional soil nitrogen. Genotypic differences in coleoptile tiller frequency and leaf area were large, ranging from 0 to 78% and from 0.0 to 1.4 cm2, respectively at very early growth stages. Australian commercial wheats tended to produce fewer coleoptile tillers of smaller size than overseas germplasm where the coleoptile tiller accounted for up to 12% of total seedling leaf area. This compared favourably with mainstem tiller leaf area, which ranged from 0 to 3.5 cm2 and accounted for up to 16% of plant leaf area. Broad-sense heritabilities were high for coleoptile tiller presence and size in favourable conditions (c. 75%) but low (c. 40%) for seedlings evaluated across nitrogen content-varying soils. Generation means analysis was used to investigate genetic control for coleoptile tiller growth across multiple populations. Significant (P < 0.05) differences were observed among generations for coleoptile tiller frequency and growth (numbers of leaves, leaf area, and biomass). These differences reflected strong additive genetic control with little evidence for any gene action × year interaction. Increases in coleoptile tiller frequency and mass were correlated with larger embryo size and wider seedling leaves to increase seedling leaf area (rg = 0.89). Comparisons between reciprocal F1 and F2 generation means indicated strong maternal effects for coleoptile tiller growth in some but not all crosses. Screening in favourable environments will increase heritability and aid in selection for progenies producing large coleoptile tillers. Evidence for additive genetic control should permit early generation selection but not without some progeny-testing for coleoptile tiller growth together with other early vigour components associated with increased plant leaf area.

Test-weight and weathering of spring wheat

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 677-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. T. Gan ◽  
T. N. McCaig ◽  
P. Clarke ◽  
R. M. DePauw ◽  
J. M. Clarke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Screening Strategy ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Selection For

Wet weather often delays harvest and results in a grade reduction of wheat because of a decrease in test-weight, an important grading factor in Canada. The objectives of this study were to assess the effect of delayed harvest on test-weight loss of 14 Canadian wheat cultivars representing three different classes, and to develop a screening strategy for retention of test-weight for breeding programs. Non-weathered test-weight (NWTWt), weathered test-weight (WTWt), and test-weight loss (TWtLoss; i.e. NWTWt – WTWt) in the field, averaged over five field locations and 2 yr were similar within the CPS, CWAD and CWRS wheat classes, although there were genotypic differences for all three variables. Because test-weight requirements for the top grades are higher in the CWAD class than in other classes, durum cultivars would be more susceptible to downgrading during wet harvests. Historical data from the Durum Wheat Co-operative Test also suggests that, since 1950, the mean test-weight of the genetic lines has decreased by 3.7 kg hL−1, and is now close to the minimum for grade #1 in the CWAD class. Most of the decrease in test-weight observed over several weeks in the field could be simulated by a single 5 – 10 min soaking of non-weathered seed in the laboratory. Linear regression analyses of both field and laboratory samples indicated that 90% of the genotypic variation in weathered test-weight could be attributed to differences in the NWTWt. These results suggest that the screening strategy for retaining test-weight should focus on selection for increased NWTWt. This is much simpler than screening for high WTWt or low TWtLoss, which requires soaking of the seed or field weathering. Key words: Triticum aestivum, Triticum turgidum, quality

Growth, ion content, gas exchange, and water relations of wheat genotypes differing in salt tolerances

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salah E. El-Hendawy ◽  
Yuncai Hu ◽  
Urs Schmidhalter
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Wheat Genotypes ◽  
Spad Value ◽  
Osmotic Potentials

Although the mechanisms of salt tolerance in plants have received much attention for many years, genotypic differences influencing salt tolerance still remain uncertain. To investigate the key physiological factors associated with genotypic differences in salt tolerance of wheat and their relationship to salt stress, 13 wheat genotypes from Egypt, Australia, India, and Germany, that differ in their salt tolerances, were grown in a greenhouse in soils of 4 different salinity levels (control, 50, 100, and 150 mm NaCl). Relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf area ratio (LAR), photosynthesis, chlorophyll content (SPAD value), and leaf water relations were measured at Days 45 and 60 after sowing. Mineral nutrient content in leaves and stems was determined at Day 45 and final harvest. Salinity reduced RGR, NAR, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, water and osmotic potentials, and K+ and Ca2+ content in stems and leaves at all times, whereas it increased leaf respiration, and Na+ and Cl– content in leaves and stems. LAR was not affected by salinity and the effect of salinity on SPAD value was genotype-dependent. Growth of salt-tolerant genotypes (Sakha 8, Sakha 93, and Kharchia) was affected by salinity primarily due to a decline in photosynthetic capacity rather than a reduction in leaf area, whereas NAR was the more important factor in determining RGR of moderately tolerant and salt-sensitive genotypes. We conclude that Na+ and Cl– exclusion did not always reflect the salt tolerance, whereas K+ in the leaves and Ca2+ in the leaves and stems were closely associated with genotypic differences in salt tolerance among the 13 genotypes even at Day 45. Calcium content showed a greater difference in salt tolerance among the genotypes than did K+ content. The genotypic variation in salt tolerance was also observed for the parameters involved in photosynthesis, and water and osmotic potentials, but not for turgor pressure.

Genetic control of sodium exclusion in durum wheat

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rana Munns ◽  
Gregory J. Rebetzke ◽  
Shazia Husain ◽  
Richard A. James ◽  
Ray A. Hare
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Genetic Control ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Genetic Effect ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
High Accumulation ◽  
Wheat Landrace ◽  
F2 Generation ◽  
Sodium Exclusion ◽  
Na Uptake

Salt tolerance in the genus Triticum is associated with low accumulation of Na+ in leaves. Durum and other tetraploid wheats generally have high accumulation of Na+ relative to bread wheat, and are salt sensitive, but a durum wheat landrace, Line 149, was found to have unusually low leaf Na+ accumulation. Populations were developed from crosses between 149 and the high Na+ accumulation variety Tamaroi, as well as between 149 and a durum wheat landrace with very high Na+ accumulation, Line 141. The third leaf of parental lines, F1, F2, and low- and high-selected F2:3 progeny was assayed for Na+ uptake when grown in 150 mM NaCl. Sodium concentrations were significantly (P < 0.01) lower in the low Na+ uptake Line 149 compared with high Na+ uptake Tamaroi (5-fold greater Na+ accumulation) and Line 141 (7-fold greater Na+ accumulation). There was no evidence of any maternal genetic effect on Na+ accumulation. The F1 progeny mean was intermediate to the mid- and low-parent means, suggesting incomplete dominance gene action. Progeny in the F2 generation of both populations segregated for Na+ accumulation in a 15 (low Na+) : 1 (high Na+) ratio (χ215:1 = 0.27 and 0.46, P > 0.50n.s. for 149/Tamaroi and 149/141, respectively), indicating duplicate dominance epistasis arising from segregation of 2 interacting dominant genes. Small yet significant (P < 0.01) genotypic variation was also observed for minor genes affecting Na+ accumulation. Realised heritabilities were moderate to high (h2R = 0.43–0.90) across populations, indicating good response to selection for low Na+ accumulation in the F2 generation. The simple genetic control of Na+ accumulation suggests relative ease of selection of lines with low Na+ accumulation. However, presence of dominance will require selection to be delayed until after 1 or 2 generations of inbreeding, or after progeny-testing of selected low Na+ accumulation families.

Genetic variability in sunflower cultivars under drought. II. Growth and water relations

1986 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 583 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Gimenez ◽  
E Fereres
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Leaf Area Duration ◽  
Root Water Extraction ◽  
Yield Responses

Experiments were conducted between 1981 and 1983 at Cordoba, Spain, to determine the morphophysiological basis for the differences in yield responses to drought of eight sunflower genotypes. There was genotypic variation in most characters examined, particularly in maximum leaf area and in leaf area duration, biomass accumulation and distribution, and in root water extraction. Long-season genotypes had greater leaf area and produced more biomass under drought conditions, exploring the subsoil down to 270 cm. Short-season genotypes restricted water extraction to the top 180 cm of the soil profile and had about half of the leaf area duration of a long-season cultivar. Evidence is presented of small differences in osmotic adjustment among genotypes. The relations between leaf area and grain yield as well as calculations of a carbon balance for the reproductive period suggest genotypic differences in photosynthetic efficiency under drought.

Genotypic Variation in C and N Isotope Discrimination Suggests Local Adaptation of Heart-Leaved Willow

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Hu ◽  
Robert D Guy ◽  
Raju Y Soolanayakanahally
Keyword(s):  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Local Adaptation ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Carbon Isotopic Composition ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Clinal Variation ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Uptake Efficiency ◽  
N Uptake Efficiency

Abstract Plants acquire multiple resources from the environment and may need to adjust and/or balance their respective resource-use efficiencies to maximize grow and survival, in a locally adaptive manner. In this study, tissue and whole-plant carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) and C/N ratios provided long-term measures of use efficiencies for water (WUE) and nitrogen (NUE), and a nitrogen isotopic composition (δ15N) based mass balance model was used to estimate traits related to N uptake and assimilation in heart-leaved willow (Salix eriocephala Michx.). In an initial common garden experiment consisting of 34 populations, we found population level variation in δ13C, C/N and δ15N, indicating different patterns in WUE, NUE and N uptake and assimilation. Although there was no relationship between foliar δ13C and C/N ratios among populations, there was a significant negative correlation between these measures across all individuals, implying a genetic and/or plastic trade-off between WUE and NUE not associated with local adaptation. To eliminate any environmental effect, we grew a subset of 21 genotypes hydroponically with nitrate as the sole N-source, and detected significant variation in δ13C, δ15N and C/N ratios. Variation in δ15N was mainly due to genotypic differences in the nitrate efflux/influx ratio (E/I) at the root. Both experiments suggested clinal variation in δ15N (and thus N uptake efficiency) with latitude of origin, which may relate to water availability and could contribute to global patterns in ecosystem δ15N. There was a tendency for genotypes with higher WUE to come from more water replete sites with shorter and cooler growing seasons. We found that δ13C, C/N, and E/I were not inter-correlated, suggesting that selection of growth, WUE, NUE and N uptake efficiency can occur without trade-off.

scholarly journals Development of software for plant leaf area estimation

2019 ◽  
Vol 390 ◽  
pp. 012029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Astashev ◽  
Olga Beloshapkina ◽  
Andrey Kvitko ◽  
Alexey Matasov ◽  
Roman Zakharyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Leaf ◽  
Area Estimation

scholarly journals PHOSPHATE AND POTASSIUM FERTILIZATION FOR RADISH GROWN IN A LATOSOL WITH A HIGH CONTENT OF THESE NUTRIENTS

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 412-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
ARTHUR BERNARDES CECÍLIO FILHO ◽  
ALEXSON FILGUEIRAS DUTRA ◽  
GILSON SILVERIO DA SILVA
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Plant Leaf ◽  
Potassium Fertilization ◽  
Chemical Fertilization ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Better Than

ABSTRACT The intensive cultivation of vegetables with frequent chemical fertilization may cause accumulation of nutrients in the soil. This, in turn, may reduce crop yields and damage the environment due to contamination of ground water and rivers. Thus, to increase the effects of P (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg ha -1 of P2O5) and K (0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg ha-1 of K2O) doses on the growth and productivity of radish cultivars (Sakata 19 and Sakata 25) in a soil with high levels of these nutrients, two experiments were conducted in randomized blocks with the factors cultivars and doses arranged in a 2 x 5 factorial design with three replications. Number of leaves per plant, leaf area, shoot and root dry mass, total and commercial productivity, percentage of cracked roots and P and K contents in the plant and in the soil were evaluated. The Sakata 19 cultivar performed better than the Sakata 25 in both experiments. The fertilization with P or K did not influence the growth and the productivity of both radish cultivars. Therefore, both cultivars of radish evaluated do not need to be fertilized with P and K when planted in a Latosol with high levels of these nutrients.

scholarly journals Yield, Antioxidant Components, Oil Content, and Composition of Onion Seeds Are Influenced by Planting Time and Density

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmine Amalfitano ◽  
Nadezhda A. Golubkina ◽  
Laura Del Vacchio ◽  
Giuseppe Russo ◽  
Mario Cannoniero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Density Increase ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Planting Time ◽  
Plant Leaf ◽  
Crop Cycle

Research was carried out on onion landrace (Ramata di Montoro) for seed production in southern Italy, with the aim to evaluate the effects on yield and quality of four bulb planting times in factorial combination with four densities, using a split plot design with three replicates. The number of flower stalks per plant, their height and diameter, and the inflorescence diameter decreased with the bulb planting delay and density increase. The highest plant leaf area and LAI (leaf area index), seed yield, number, and mean weight were recorded with the earliest planting time, with the lowest bulb density eliciting the highest plant leaf area but the lowest LAI and seed yield per hectare. The ratio between seeds and inflorescence weight, and seed germinability, decreased with the planting delay and density increase. Seed oil, protein, and antioxidant content (polyphenols and selenium) were highest with the last crop cycle. The polyunsaturated fatty acids, predominant in oil, increased with planting time delay, whereas the monounsaturated fatty acids decreased. Linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acid prevailed among polyunsaturated, monounsaturated, and saturated fatty acids, respectively. Planting from 20 December to 10 January with 3.3 cold-stored bulbs per m2 was the most effective combination in terms of seed yield per hectare, whereas seed oil content and quality were the best, with the last crop cycle starting on 21 February, independent of bulb density.

scholarly journals 2D In Situ Method for Measuring Plant Leaf Area with Camera Correction and Background Color Calibration

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Li-fen Tu ◽  
Qi Peng ◽  
Chun-sheng Li ◽  
Aiqun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Measurement Accuracy ◽  
Area Measurement ◽  
Background Color ◽  
Correction Algorithm ◽  
Plant Leaf ◽  
Color Calibration ◽  
In Situ Method ◽  
Environmental Adaptability

In order to measure the plant leaf area conveniently and quickly in an indoor laboratory and outdoor field, a set of scaffold leaf area measurement systems was designed and manufactured. A 2D in situ method for measuring plant leaf area with camera correction and background color calibration was proposed. The method integrates three subalgorithms: fast calibration and distortion correction algorithm, background color calibration algorithm, and edge error correction algorithm. At the same time, the Visual Studio 2015 and OpenCV 3.4.0 were used to develop and test the algorithm. In order to verify the measurement speed and environmental adaptability of the system, the test was carried out in the complex light disturbance outdoors, and the results were consistent with those in the room. In order to verify the measurement accuracy of the system, this method was used to measure the standard rectangular gauge block of known area and the real leaf area, respectively, and its data were compared with the data measured by Wanshen LA-S plant image analyzer. The results show that both methods have a good stability, and the algorithm proposed in this paper performs better in measurement accuracy and environmental adaptability.

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