Maternal care of platypus nestlings (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica L. Thomas ◽  
Marissa L. Parrott ◽  
Kathrine A. Handasyde ◽  
Peter Temple-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Care ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Maternal Behaviour ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Dietary Energy Intake ◽  
Ornithorhynchus Anatinus ◽  
Lactating Females ◽  
Rapid Transition ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Breeding Seasons

Maternal care in platypuses has never been rigorously studied due to the difficulty in locating and accessing nesting burrows. Here we describe the maternal behaviour of a captive female platypus and the growth and development of her offspring over 11 breeding seasons. We located a nesting burrow and inserted a camera to record the activity and behaviour of the female and her offspring. We also measured the female’s food intake during lactation. The ages of the offspring were assigned to developmental milestones including opening of the eyes and development of pelage. Twins (n=4) were left alone for periods longer than 24h by the mother at an earlier age than single nestlings (n=2). The dietary energy intake of the breeding female was more than double that of non-lactating females in the last month of lactation, indicating the large energy requirements of milk production. The mean age of young at emergence from the burrow was 128±1 days and in 60% of nestlings emergence occurred after weaning. This suggests a rapid transition from a completely milk-based diet to a diet of aquatic macroinvertebrates. The techniques we developed have allowed us to study maternal care in platypuses and the development of nestlings, both of which were previously only poorly understood.

The Ontogeny of Ultrasonic Vocalization in Microtus Montanus

Behaviour ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 60 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 115-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.J. De Ghett
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
Maternal Care ◽  
Ultrasonic Vocalization ◽  
Ultrasonic Vocalizations ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Maternal Behaviour ◽  
Postnatal Ontogeny ◽  
Microtus Montanus ◽  
Early Peak ◽  
The Mean

AbstractDevelopmental changes in parameters of ultrasound production were investigated in M. montanus young. The rate of ultrasonic vocalization reached a peak on Day 2 of postnatal ontogeny and declined to zero on Day 15. A similar developmental pattern has been found in several other rodent species. However, the comparatively early peak rate is indicative of a degree of ontogenic precociousness. Other developmental changes, both behavioural and morphological, tend to confirm that M. montanus young are relatively precocious. The duration of ultrasonic vocalizations did not show a significant change across early development. The mean duration for each vocalization sampled was 22.92 msec. The distribution of these vocalizations showed that a considerable number of vocalizations were of very short duration (<30 msec). The developmental changes in the percentage of young emitting ultrasounds began to decline following Day 8 and reached zero percent on Day 15. This decline in the percentage of young vocalizing corresponded to changes in maternal behaviour. Both the rate of ultrasonic vocalization and the percentage of young vocalizing were significantly correlated with the age of the young. Being correlated with age, these parameters of ultrasound production have the possibility of having great communicative value for the purposes of maternal care.

scholarly journals MIS and SGA Indices as Predictors of Mortality and Their Relationship with Nutrition Parameters in Hemodialysis Patients (P18-009-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Diaz-Martinez ◽  
Preciosa Martinez-Motta ◽  
Adriana Campa ◽  
Ivan Delgado-Enciso ◽  
Fatma Huffman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Subjective Global Assessment ◽  
Dietary Energy Intake ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Prediction Of Mortality ◽  
Catabolic Rate ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Inflammation Score

Abstract Objectives To compare the value of Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) and Malnutrition-Inflammation Score (MIS) for the prediction of mortality and examine their relationship with other nutritional parameters. Methods Nutrition status was assessed at baseline by SGA and MIS; albumin, protein catabolic rate (nPCR) were obtained from chart; 24-hr dietary recalls were used to estimate daily dietary protein intake (DPI) and dietary energy intake (DEI). Deaths were recorded for 12 months Results Seventy-seven participants receiving HD were included, with a mean age of 63.2 ± 14.2 years; 71.2% were male, 58.4% had diabetes and the average time on dialysis was 6.2 ± 4.2 years. The Mean ± SD of nPCR was 0.9 ± 0.2, albumin was 3.8 ± 0.3, DEI was 1867.3 ± 367.9 kcal/kg and DPI was 80.0 ± 15.8 gm/kg. MIS ≥ 6 and SGA > 1 were used as cut-off values to detect malnourished participants; 46% were malnourished by MIS vs. 35% by SGA. Albumin, nPCR, DPI and DEI were all inversely correlated with both indices (P < 0.05).Ten patients (13%) died of cardiovascular disease. Well-nourished participants with MIS < 6 lived longer (11.8 months, CI 95%, 11.6–12.1) than malnourished with MIS ≥ 6 (10.9 months, CI 95%, 10.1–11.7) (Log Rank P = 0.04). MIS was a significant predictor of mortality, while SGA did not reach significance (P = 0.264). Conclusions MIS was a more sensitive index to detect malnutrition than SGA among HD patients. Only MIS was a significant predictor of mortality. Both indices were strongly correlated to the examined nutrition parameters. Funding Sources No funding sources.

Reproduction in Sminthopsis-Macroura (Marsupialia, Dasyuridae) .1. The Female

1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 187 ◽  
Author(s):  
PA Woolley
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Laboratory Colony ◽  
Histological Appearance ◽  
Lactating Females ◽  
Sminthopsis Macroura ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Cycle ◽  
Breeding Seasons

A laboratory colony of S. macroura, founded by three females and four males, was maintained over four breeding seasons. Reproductive success was high and four generations were produced before the colony was disbanded. Descendants of these animals are still breeding in another laboratory 11 years after the founding of the colony. A detailed prescription for the maintenance and management of a breeding colony is given. The animals bred between June and February, most females first entering oestrus in the early months of the season, in July or August. Female young born early in the season (before mid-October) matured in the season of their birth at an age of 86-159 days; those born later matured in the following season at an age of 185-262 days. In each group, those born later matured earlier. Minimum body weight at sexual maturity was 12.5 g. At least two litters can be reared in a season and individuals may breed in more than one season. S. macroura is polyoestrous with a mean cycle length of 23.25 days. The gestation period is about 11 days and up to eight young can be accommodated in the pouch. Lactating females may return to oesrrus up to 10 days before the young are weaned at 70 days old. Ovulation occurs spontaneously and the mean number of corpora lutea formed was 20.7. The corpora lutea reach maximal size late in pregnancy and they regress more rapidly in lactating than in non- lactating females. Up to three generations of corpora lutea could be recognised in the ovaries of females undergoing cycles uninterrupted by lactation. Changes In body weight, the pouch, and the gross and histological appearance of the reproductive tract were the same in pregnant and pseudopregnant females.

Gestation, maternal behaviour, growth and development in the subterranean caviomorph rodent Ctenomys mendocinus (Rodentia, Hystricognathi, Ctenomyidae)

2010 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Camín
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Care ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Gestation Period ◽  
Maternal Behaviour ◽  
External Ear ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Phylogenetic Inertia

AbstractThe first information on the gestation period, maternal behaviour, neonatal development and growth of the subterranean caviomorph rodent Ctenomys mendocinus Philippi, 1869, is reported herein. My hypothesis was that, despite its belonging to a typically precocial suborder, the life history traits of C. mendocinus would favour its altricial condition. The off spring of C. mendocinus were categorized as altricial by using two different classification systems. This condition was also reflected in maternal care. Females built large nests (2000 cm3) where, after a long gestation period (95.9 days), they gave birth to litters of blind pups, half-naked, with external ear meatus open and good physical coordination. The mothers suckled the off spring in long bouts (19.9 min), retrieved their pups, and these showed no tactics to reduce the suckling bout. Overall, evidence was consistent with the hypothesis analyzed, although particularities found, e.g. some precocial traits, suggest the existence in C. mendocinus of a trade-off between the constraints and advantages related to its subterranean way of life and the phylogenetic inertia typical of caviomorphs.

EFFECTS OF HOUSING AND TYPE OF FORAGE ON THE RESPONSE OF PREGNANT BEEF COWS TO DIETARY ENERGY INTAKE IN WINTER

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 671-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. E. LISTER ◽  
W. A. JORDAN ◽  
W. J. PIGDEN ◽  
J. M. WAUTHY ◽  
J. E. COMEAU
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Dietary Energy Intake ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Forced Air

Pregnant hay-fed beef cows confined in an insulated, forced-air ventilated barn (In) and those in an open yard with access to a log barn (In–Out), gained weight from autumn to late winter (273 and 257 g/day for In and In–Out, respectively), compared with those out-of-doors with only a windbreak shelter (Out), which lost weight (−31 g/day) (P < 0.05), when all groups were adjusted by co-variance to the mean digestible energy (DE) intake for hay-fed cows. For grass silage-fed cows, the In groups gained 196 g/day, more (P < 0.05) than the In–Out (132 g/day), and In, and In–Out groups gained more (P < 0.05) than Out cows (−185 g/day) when all groups were adjusted to the mean DE intake for silage-fed groups. Estimated daily DE intake required for maternal maintenance and fetal growth for the period covered by this experiment (beginning 238–243 days, ending 59–75 days before parturition) was 3.10, 3.12, and 4.32 Mcal/100 kg initial weight (IW) for hay-fed cows In, In–Out, and Out, respectively, and 2.84, 3.00, and 3.91 Mcal/100 kg IW for silage-fed cows In, In–Out, and Out, respectively.

Misreporting of dietary energy intake in adolescents

2010 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luana C. dos Santos ◽  
Mariana N. Pascoal ◽  
Mauro Fisberg ◽  
Isa de P. Cintra ◽  
Lígia A. Martini
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Dietary Energy Intake

scholarly journals Estimating my equilibrium energy intake during lockdown: very introspective study

BMJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. m4561
Author(s):  
R A Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Saturday Morning ◽  
Dietary Energy Intake ◽  
Body Weight Data ◽  
Tuesday Afternoon ◽  
Weight Data ◽  
At Home

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the daily dietary energy intake for me to maintain a constant body weight. How hard can it be?DesignVery introspective study.SettingAt home. In lockdown. (Except every Tuesday afternoon and Saturday morning, when I went for a run.)ParticipantsMe. n=1.Main outcome measuresMy weight, measured each day.ResultsSleeping, I shed about a kilogram each night (1.07 (SD 0.25) kg). Running 5 km, I shed about half a kilogram (0.57 (SD 0.15) kg). My daily equilibrium energy intake is about 10 000 kJ (10 286 (SD 201) kJ). Every kJ above (or below) 10 000 kJ adds (or subtracts) about 40 mg (35.4 (SD 3.2) mg).ConclusionsBody weight data show persistent variability, even when the screws of control are tightened and tightened.

Growth and development of collagen fibrils in immature tissues from rat and sheep

1981 ◽  
Vol 212 (1186) ◽  
pp. 85-92 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Collagen Fibril ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Collagen Fibrils ◽  
Diameter Distribution ◽  
Rat Tissues ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fibril Diameter

The collagen fibril diameter distribution of four immature tissues from both rat and sheep have been determined from transverse sections observed in the transmission electron microscope. In many instances before birth, the form of the distribution for the tissues is both unimodal and sharp and the mean diameters of the distributions lie close to a multiple of 80 Å. For some tissues, the collagen fibril diameter distributions may be resolved into a number of components, each of which represents a population of fibrils with a diameter close to a multiple of 80 Å (8 nm). These data confirm and extend previous observations by the authors that small collagen fibrils all have diameters that are multiples of about 80 Å and that the fibril growth occurs by the accretion of 80 Å units. The form of the collagen fibril diameter distribution at birth is broad for the sheep tissues but narrow for the rat tissues, thus confirming that the range of fibril diameters at this stage of life reflects the differing degree of development of precocious and altricious animals.

THE ROLE OF EDUCATED LEADERS IN ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT: EVIDENCE FROM CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC AND SINGAPORE

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (01) ◽  
pp. 81-102
Author(s):  
OLUWOLE OWOYE ◽  
OLUGBENGA A. ONAFOWORA
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Central African Republic ◽  
Economic Growth And Development ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Educational Attainments ◽  
Fundamental Causes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Neoclassical Growth

This paper postulates that highly educated leaders matter in economic growth and development and that this is one of the fundamental causes of the differences in income between countries. To verify this assertion, we examine Central African Republic and Singapore within the neoclassical growth model that incorporates educational attainments of leaders as the functionally relevant explanatory variable. We found the mean years of schooling of educated leaders to be statistically and significantly different in both countries, but more importantly, educational attainments of leaders have a positive and statistically significant effect on economic growth in Singapore, but negative in Central African Republic.

scholarly journals Unique associations of the Job Demand-Control-Support model subscales with leisure-time physical activity and dietary energy intake

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-117
Author(s):  
Christopher G. BEAN ◽  
Helen R. WINEFIELD ◽  
Amanda D. HUTCHINSON ◽  
Charli SARGENT ◽  
Zumin SHI
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Leisure Time Physical Activity ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Dietary Energy Intake ◽  
Job Demand ◽  
Demand Control ◽  
Support Model
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